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| Title | 選擇性保證封包到達之通訊協定設計 |
| Creator | 吳明翰 |
| Contributor | 連耀南 吳明翰 |
| Key Words | 部分保護 選擇重傳 partial reliable selective retransmission tcp |
| Date | 2007 |
| Date Issued | 11-Sep-2009 16:03:48 (UTC+8) |
| Summary | 隨著網路的進步與發展，許多新興的資訊服務，如影音資訊，在網路上傳輸時並未要求封包都送達，不同的封包有不同的重要性，例如 MPEG的關鍵畫面(I -Frame)就比其他畫面重要。常用的傳輸層通訊協定中，UDP與TCP都對所有的封包一視同仁，前者不做任何保證，而後者雖可保證所有封包的送達，但效率較差。 本研究提出一個新的TCP，”Partial-Reliable TCP”，使用選擇性重傳機制，配合應用程式的需求，對指定的封包提供遞送保護。當封包遺失時，只重傳保護的封包，可減少額外的網路資源消耗，並提升服務的品質。 此外，我們提出Single-Side的版本，接收端可以使用一般的 TCP，在封包傳送時，讓接收端以為封包都是無誤傳達的，在server-client架構的網路服務中，只有伺服器端必須使用我們的Partial-Reliable TCP，大幅提高本通訊協定的可行性。 最後我們利用網路模擬工具NS-2來模擬實際網路環境，將我們的方法與現行的通訊協定在可解畫面封包數、PSNR值及額外耗用的網路資源三個參數做比較。我們使用兩個 Video 影像作為傳輸標的，在高遺失率的有線與無線網路的環境中進行實驗。當傳輸時間限制很短時，（例如影像會議的應用），在有線的環境中， Basic PR-TCP比TCP Reno、TFRC最少增加約18%的可解畫面封包數，比UDP、TFRC及TCP Reno的PSNR值最少高出約15%，比TCP Reno及TFRC最少節省了12%的頻寬資源，Single-Side PR-TCP比Basic PR-TCP的PSNR值約低了11%，額外耗用的頻寬約多出10%。在無線的環境中，Basic PR-TCP比TCP Reno、TFRC最少增加約19%的可解畫面封包數，比UDP、TFRC及TCP Reno的PSNR值最少高出約20%，比Single-Side PR-TCP、TCP Reno及TFRC最少節省了15%的頻寬資源，Single-Side PR-TCP比Basic PR-TCP的PSNR值約低了14%。當傳輸時間限制較充裕時 (例如VoD應用)，Basic PR-TCP雖然比TCP Reno及TFRC降低了約3%的PSNR值，但是最少能節省8%的頻寬耗費，Single-Side PR-TCP的PSNR值跟Basic PR-TCP相近，但是額外耗用約5%的頻寬資源。 With the advance of computer and communication networks, many new information services over IP-based networks such as video streaming and VoIP (Voice over IP) are growing rapidly. These services can tolerate some packets lost in transmission without too much damage to their quality. The content carried in the packets of these services is not equally important in their replay processes. For example, key frames (e.g. I-Frames) of a video encoded in MPEG format are more important than others. The loss of I-frames may have a large impact to the quality of the transmitted video, while the loss of other types of frames may only have nominal damage. Unfortunately, the two most popular transport protocols, UDP and TCP, treat all packets equally without any discrimination. TCP guarantees the delivery of all packets, while UDP doesn`t. TCP may waste too much resource to guarantee the delivery of unimportant packets, while UDP may fail to deliver too many important packets. This thesis proposes a new TCP protocol, named Partial-Reliable TCP (PR-TCP), which applies selective retransmission strategy to provide delivery guarantee to the selected packets designated by the application programs. In this way, we can save bandwidth consumption and reduce the average delivery time without significant quality degradation. In fact, if the delivery of an object requires a stringent delivery time, the reduction of average delivery time may also lead to the reduction of abandoned packets at the receiver end. We propose two different versions of PR-TCP, Basic PR-TCP and Single-Side PR-TCP. Basic PR-TCP requires both ends of a connection to adopt PR-TCP while Single-Side PR-TCP only requires the sender end to adopt it. It is much easier to deploy Single-Side PR-TCP on the client-server systems where only servers need to use PR-TCP. Finally, we use NS-2 network simulator to evaluate our PR-TCP against TCP Reno, TFRC and UDP. Two video stream samples are used for video sources. Three quality parameters are evaluated: wasted bandwidth consumption, PSNR, and the number of packets in decodable frames. Under heavy loaded wired network and short delay bound (<0.8 sec.), the simulation shows that Basic PR-TCP can outperform TCP Reno and TFRC in the number of packets in decodable frames by at least 18%. It can outperform TCP Reno, TFRC, and UDP in PSNR by at least 12%. The performance of Single-Side PR-TCP is less then Basic PR-TCP in terms of PSNR by 10%, and it consumes larger bandwidth by 8%. Under wireless environments where error rate is high, the simulation shows that Basic PR-TCP can outperform TCP Reno and TFRC in the number of packets in decodable frames by at least 19% as well as wasted transmission overhead by at least 15%. It can also outperform TCP Reno, TFRC, and UDP in PSNR by at least 20%. The performance of Single-Side PR-TCP is less then Basic PR-TCP in terms of PSNR by 14%, and it consumes larger bandwidth by 10%. Under large delay bound (>8 sec.), the quality (PSNR) of the video transmitted using Basic PR-TCP is downgraded by only 3%, while it can save network bandwidth by 8%. The performance of Single-Side PR-TCP is about the same as Basic PR-TCP in terms of PSNR, but it consumes slightly larger bandwidth by 5%. |
| 參考文獻 | [1] A.L. Caro, et al., “SCTP: A Proposed Standard for Robust Internet Data Transport,” IEEE Comp., vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 56-63, Nov. 2003. [2] D. Clark, “Window and Acknowledgement Strategy in TCP,” IETF RFC 813, 1982. [3] D. Chiu and R. Jain, “Analysis of the Increase and Decrease Algorithms for Congestion Avoidance in Computer Networks,” Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, vol. 1 no. 2, pp. 1-14, 1989. [4] K. Chandra and A.R. Reibman, “Modeling one and two layer variable bit rate video,” IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 398–413, Jun. 1999. [5] W.C. Feng and J. Rexford, “Performance evaluation of smoothing algorithms for transmitting prerecorded variable-bit-rate video,” IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 302–312, Sep. 1999. [6] S. Floyd and T. Henderson, “The NewReno Modification to TCP`s Fast Recovery Algorithm,” IETF RFC 2582, 1999. [7] M. Handley, S. Floyd, J. Padhye, and J. Widmer, “TCP friendly rate control protocol specification (TFRC),” RFC3448, Jan. 2003. [8] V. Jacobson, “Congestion Avoidance and Control,” Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, pp. 314-329, Aug. 1988. [9] V. Jacobson, “Modified TCP Congestion Avoidance Algorithm,” IETF RFC 2001, Apr. 1990. [10] E. Kohler, et al., “Designing DCCP: Congestion Control without Reliability,” ICNP 2003. [11] J. Klaue, B. Rathke, and A. Wolisz, “EvalVid - A Framework for Video Transmission and Quality Evaluation,” Proc. of the 13th International Conference on Modelling Techniques and Tools for Computer Performance Evaluation, pp. 255-272, Sep. 2003. [12] Y.N. Lien, H.C. Jang, T.C. Tsai and H. Luh, “Budget Based QoS Management Infrastructure for All-IP Networks,” Proc. of the IEEE 25th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT2005), Feb. 2005. [13] M. Mathis, J. Mahdavi, S. Floyd, and A. Romanow, “TCP Selective Acknowledgement Options,” IETF RFC 2018, 1996. [14] J. Postel, “Internet Protocol,” RFC 760, USC/Information Sciences Institute, 1980. [15] J. Postel, “Transmission Control Protocol,” IETF RFC 793, 1981. [16] J. Postel, “User Datagram Protocol,” IETF RFC 768, 1981. [17] M. Piecuch, K. French, G. Oprica, and M. Claypool, “A Selective Retransmission Protocol for Multimedia on the Internet,” Proc. of SPIE Multimedia Systems and Applications, Nov. 5-8, 2000 [18] S. Ryu, C. Rump, and C. Qiao, “Advances in Internet Congestion Control,” IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, vol 5. no. 2, 2003. [19] J. D. Salehi, Z. L. Zhang, J. F. Kurose, and D. Towsley, “Supporting stored video: Reducing rate variability and end-to-end resource requirements through optimal smoothing,” IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 397–410, Aug. 1998. [20] S. Sen, J. L. Rexford, J. K. Dey, J. F. Kurose, and D. F. Towsley, “Online Smoothing of Variable-Bit-Rate Streaming Video,” IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 37–48, Mar. 2000. [21] W. Stevens, “TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms,” IETF RFC 2001, 1997. [22] J. Vieron and C. Guillemot, “Real-time constrained TCP-compatible rate control for video over the Internet,” IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 634–646, Aug. 2004. [23] M. Van and S. Shankar, “Cross-layer wireless multimedia transmission: challenges, principles, and new paradigms,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 50-58, Aug. 2005. [24] S. Wenger, “H.264/AVC over IP,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 13, no. 7, July 2003. [25] D. Wu, Y.T. Hou, W. Zhu, T.H.Chiang, Y.Q. Zhang, and H.J. Chao, “On end-to-end architecture for transporting MPEG-4 video over the Internet,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 923-941, Sept. 2000. [26] D. Wu, Y.T. Hou, W. Zhu, and Y.Q. Zhang, “Streming Video over the Internet: Approaches and Directions,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 11, no. 3, Mar. 2001. [27] T. Wiegand, J. Gary, G. Bjontegaard, and A. Luthra, “Overview of the H.264 / AVC Video Coding Standard,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 13, no 7, pp. 560-576, July 2003. [28] G.K. Wallace, “The JPEG Sill Picture Compression Standard,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 31-44, Apr. 1991. [29] C.Y. Yu, C.H. Ke, C.K. Shieh, and N. Chilamkurti, “MyEvalvid-NT - A Simulation Tool-set for Video Transmission and Quality Evaluation,” TENCON 2006., pp. 1-4, Nov. 2006. [30] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, “Technical Specification Group Services and Systems Aspects: Architecture for an All IP network”, 3GPP TR 23.922 version 1.0.0, Oct. 1999. [31] “The Network Simulator,” http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/. [32] http://140.116.72.80/~smallko/ns2/ns2.htm. [33] “YUV Video Sequences,” http://trace.eas.asu.edu/yuv/index.html. [34] ISO/IEC International Standard 11172; “Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media up to about 1.5 Mbits/s,” Nov. 1993. [35] ISO/IEC International Standard 13818; “Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information,” Nov. 1994. |
| Description | 碩士 國立政治大學 資訊科學學系 94753042 96 |
| 資料來源 | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094753042 |
| Type | thesis |
| dc.contributor.advisor | 連耀南 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 吳明翰 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | 吳明翰 | zh_TW |
| dc.date (日期) | 2007 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 11-Sep-2009 16:03:48 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 11-Sep-2009 16:03:48 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 11-Sep-2009 16:03:48 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | G0094753042 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/29687 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 資訊科學學系 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 94753042 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 96 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 隨著網路的進步與發展，許多新興的資訊服務，如影音資訊，在網路上傳輸時並未要求封包都送達，不同的封包有不同的重要性，例如 MPEG的關鍵畫面(I -Frame)就比其他畫面重要。常用的傳輸層通訊協定中，UDP與TCP都對所有的封包一視同仁，前者不做任何保證，而後者雖可保證所有封包的送達，但效率較差。 本研究提出一個新的TCP，”Partial-Reliable TCP”，使用選擇性重傳機制，配合應用程式的需求，對指定的封包提供遞送保護。當封包遺失時，只重傳保護的封包，可減少額外的網路資源消耗，並提升服務的品質。 此外，我們提出Single-Side的版本，接收端可以使用一般的 TCP，在封包傳送時，讓接收端以為封包都是無誤傳達的，在server-client架構的網路服務中，只有伺服器端必須使用我們的Partial-Reliable TCP，大幅提高本通訊協定的可行性。 最後我們利用網路模擬工具NS-2來模擬實際網路環境，將我們的方法與現行的通訊協定在可解畫面封包數、PSNR值及額外耗用的網路資源三個參數做比較。我們使用兩個 Video 影像作為傳輸標的，在高遺失率的有線與無線網路的環境中進行實驗。當傳輸時間限制很短時，（例如影像會議的應用），在有線的環境中， Basic PR-TCP比TCP Reno、TFRC最少增加約18%的可解畫面封包數，比UDP、TFRC及TCP Reno的PSNR值最少高出約15%，比TCP Reno及TFRC最少節省了12%的頻寬資源，Single-Side PR-TCP比Basic PR-TCP的PSNR值約低了11%，額外耗用的頻寬約多出10%。在無線的環境中，Basic PR-TCP比TCP Reno、TFRC最少增加約19%的可解畫面封包數，比UDP、TFRC及TCP Reno的PSNR值最少高出約20%，比Single-Side PR-TCP、TCP Reno及TFRC最少節省了15%的頻寬資源，Single-Side PR-TCP比Basic PR-TCP的PSNR值約低了14%。當傳輸時間限制較充裕時 (例如VoD應用)，Basic PR-TCP雖然比TCP Reno及TFRC降低了約3%的PSNR值，但是最少能節省8%的頻寬耗費，Single-Side PR-TCP的PSNR值跟Basic PR-TCP相近，但是額外耗用約5%的頻寬資源。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | With the advance of computer and communication networks, many new information services over IP-based networks such as video streaming and VoIP (Voice over IP) are growing rapidly. These services can tolerate some packets lost in transmission without too much damage to their quality. The content carried in the packets of these services is not equally important in their replay processes. For example, key frames (e.g. I-Frames) of a video encoded in MPEG format are more important than others. The loss of I-frames may have a large impact to the quality of the transmitted video, while the loss of other types of frames may only have nominal damage. Unfortunately, the two most popular transport protocols, UDP and TCP, treat all packets equally without any discrimination. TCP guarantees the delivery of all packets, while UDP doesn`t. TCP may waste too much resource to guarantee the delivery of unimportant packets, while UDP may fail to deliver too many important packets. This thesis proposes a new TCP protocol, named Partial-Reliable TCP (PR-TCP), which applies selective retransmission strategy to provide delivery guarantee to the selected packets designated by the application programs. In this way, we can save bandwidth consumption and reduce the average delivery time without significant quality degradation. In fact, if the delivery of an object requires a stringent delivery time, the reduction of average delivery time may also lead to the reduction of abandoned packets at the receiver end. We propose two different versions of PR-TCP, Basic PR-TCP and Single-Side PR-TCP. Basic PR-TCP requires both ends of a connection to adopt PR-TCP while Single-Side PR-TCP only requires the sender end to adopt it. It is much easier to deploy Single-Side PR-TCP on the client-server systems where only servers need to use PR-TCP. Finally, we use NS-2 network simulator to evaluate our PR-TCP against TCP Reno, TFRC and UDP. Two video stream samples are used for video sources. Three quality parameters are evaluated: wasted bandwidth consumption, PSNR, and the number of packets in decodable frames. Under heavy loaded wired network and short delay bound (<0.8 sec.), the simulation shows that Basic PR-TCP can outperform TCP Reno and TFRC in the number of packets in decodable frames by at least 18%. It can outperform TCP Reno, TFRC, and UDP in PSNR by at least 12%. The performance of Single-Side PR-TCP is less then Basic PR-TCP in terms of PSNR by 10%, and it consumes larger bandwidth by 8%. Under wireless environments where error rate is high, the simulation shows that Basic PR-TCP can outperform TCP Reno and TFRC in the number of packets in decodable frames by at least 19% as well as wasted transmission overhead by at least 15%. It can also outperform TCP Reno, TFRC, and UDP in PSNR by at least 20%. The performance of Single-Side PR-TCP is less then Basic PR-TCP in terms of PSNR by 14%, and it consumes larger bandwidth by 10%. Under large delay bound (>8 sec.), the quality (PSNR) of the video transmitted using Basic PR-TCP is downgraded by only 3%, while it can save network bandwidth by 8%. The performance of Single-Side PR-TCP is about the same as Basic PR-TCP in terms of PSNR, but it consumes slightly larger bandwidth by 5%. | en_US |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 第一章 1 1.1 UDP簡介 3 1.2 TCP簡介 4 1.3多媒體影像在IP網路中傳輸之議題 4 1.4研究動機與目的 5 1.5論文組織架構 6 第二章 7 2.1 TCP介紹 7 2.1.1擁塞控制機制 7 2.1.1.1 TCP Tahoe and TCP Reno 的擁塞控制 8 2.1.1.2慢啟動(Slow Start) 9 2.1.1.3擁塞避免(Congestion Avoidance) 10 2.1.2資料的封裝 13 2.2 Video streaming 14 2.2.1 Structure of video streaming 14 2.2.2影像壓縮技術 15 2.2.3 MPEG ( Motion Picture Experts Group)簡介 15 2.2.4MPEG壓縮原理 17 2.3相關研究 21 2.4小結 24 第三章 25 3.1問題分析 25 3.2設計理念 25 3.3 Basic PR-TCP 26 3.3.1 Protection Class 26 3.3.2 Packet Life Control Scheme for Certified Packets 27 3.3.3 Selective Retransmission Scheme 27 3.3.4 Basic PR-TCP的擁塞控制機制 28 3.3.5小結 34 3.4 Single-Side PR-TCP 34 3.4.1 Protection Class 34 3.4.2 Replication Scheme 35 3.4.3 Single-Side PR-TCP 的擁塞控制機制 38 3.4.4小結 42 3.5 Packet Protection by Forward Error Correction 42 3.6小結 43 第四章 44 4.1實驗環境 44 4.2實驗評估指標 : 46 4.3實驗設計 48 4.4實驗A:有線網路 49 4.4.1實驗目標 49 4.4.2實驗流程 50 4.4.3實驗結果分析 51 4.5實驗B:有線網路+無線網路 57 4.5.1實驗目標 57 4.5.2實驗流程 58 4.5.3實驗結果分析 59 4.6實驗C:影像品質評估 64 4.6.1實驗目標 64 4.6.2實驗流程 64 4.6.3實驗結果分析 65 第五章 69 參考文獻 71 圖目錄 圖1.1 Encoding Order and Display Order of Frames 5 圖2.1 TCP Reno 9 圖2.2 Packet Flow in Slow Start Phase 10 圖2.3 Change of TCP Congestion Window Size 11 圖2.4 User Data Forwarded Thru Layers of Protocols 13 圖2.5 Video streaming over IP network 14 圖2.6 Block of Frames in MPEG 16 圖2.7 Encoding Percedure of MPEG 17 圖2.8 Motion Estimation of MPEG 19 圖2.9 Order of Edcode and Display per GOP 20 圖3.1 Change of Basic PR-TCP Congestion Window Size 29 圖3.2 State Diagram of Basic PR-TCP 30 圖3.3 ACK Arrival Procedure in Baisc PR-TCP 32 圖3.4 Pseudo Code for ACK Arrival Procedure in Basic PR-TCP 33 圖3.5 No. of Replication V.S. Timeout Probability 35 圖3.6 Single-Side PR-TCP Replication Scheme 37 圖3.7 State Diagram of Single-Side PR-TCP 38 圖3.8 ACK Arrival Procedure in Single-Side PR-TCP 40 圖3.9 Pseudo code for ACK Arrival Procedure in Single-Side PR-TCP 41 圖3.10 Packet Protection by Forward Error Correction 42 圖4.1 Structure of Evalvid 45 圖4.2 Simulation Video:Foreman、Container 49 圖4.3 Topology of Simulation A 50 圖4.4 實驗A結果: 各通訊協定在不同hop數中decodable packets的比較 53 圖4.5 實驗A結果: 各通訊協定在不同hop數中PSNR值的比較 54 圖4.6 實驗A結果: 各通訊協定在不同hop數中額外耗用的網路資源比較 56 圖4.7實驗A結果: PR-TCP比TCP Reno在Saved resouce及PSNR提升比較 57 圖4.8 Topology of Simulation B 58 圖4.9 實驗B結果: 各通訊協定在不同loss rate中decodable packets的比較 60 圖4.10 實驗B結果: 各通訊協定在不同loss rate中PSNR值的比較 62 圖4.11 實驗B結果: 各通訊協定在不同loss rate中bandwidth wasted rate的比較 63 圖4.12 實驗B結果: PR-TCP比TCP Reo在Saved resource及PSNR提升比較 64 圖4.13 Original frame #111 65 圖4.14 實驗C結果: Received Frame #111 by using TCP Reno 66 圖4.15 實驗C結果: Received Frame #111 by using UDP 66 圖4.16 實驗C結果: Received Frame #111 by using Single-Side PR-TCP 67 圖4.17 實驗C結果: Received Frame #111 by using TFRC 67 圖4.18 實驗C結果: Received Frame #111 by using Basic PR-TCP 68 表目錄 表1.1 Services classes 1 表1.2 各服務類別之QoS 品質要求 2 表2.1 TCP實作相關的RFC文件 8 表3.1 Packet Loss Handling Procedure in Basic PR-TCP 28 表3.2 State Transition in Basic PR-TCP 30 表3.3 Replication overhead V.S. Timeout overhead 36 表3.4 Packet Loss Handling Procedure in Single-Side PR-TCP 37 表3.5 State Transition in Single-Side PR-TCP 39 表4.1 PSNR and MOS 47 表4.2 Parameters of Simulation A and B 49 表4.3 Parameters of Simulation A 50 表4.4 Parameters of Simulation B 58 | zh_TW |
| dc.language.iso | en_US | - |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094753042 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 部分保護 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 選擇重傳 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | partial reliable | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | selective retransmission | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | tcp | en_US |
| dc.title (題名) | 選擇性保證封包到達之通訊協定設計 | zh_TW |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | [1] A.L. Caro, et al., “SCTP: A Proposed Standard for Robust Internet Data Transport,” IEEE Comp., vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 56-63, Nov. 2003. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | [2] D. Clark, “Window and Acknowledgement Strategy in TCP,” IETF RFC 813, 1982. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | [3] D. Chiu and R. Jain, “Analysis of the Increase and Decrease Algorithms for Congestion Avoidance in Computer Networks,” Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, vol. 1 no. 2, pp. 1-14, 1989. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | [4] K. Chandra and A.R. Reibman, “Modeling one and two layer variable bit rate video,” IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 398–413, Jun. 1999. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | [5] W.C. Feng and J. Rexford, “Performance evaluation of smoothing algorithms for transmitting prerecorded variable-bit-rate video,” IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 302–312, Sep. 1999. | zh_TW |
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