學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 影響交換生適應地主國因素之研究
Factors affecting exchange students’ adjustment in host countries作者 胡婷 貢獻者 于卓民
胡婷關鍵詞 適應
交換生
地主國日期 2008 上傳時間 11-Sep-2009 16:50:27 (UTC+8) 摘要 本研究以台灣研究所學生參與歐洲學校交換計畫為例，以個案研究法探討影響交換學生適應地主國環境之因素，提出兩大研究問題：(1) 離開母國前，哪些因素影響交換生在地主國之適應行為？ (2) 抵達地主國後，哪些因素影響交換生在地主國之適應程度？ 針對以上問題，本研究將影響交換生適應因素分為兩大類，在「離開母國前的影響因素」，研究發現「語言能力」、「事前準備」、「態度與動機」與「人格特質」、「文化差距」、「物價水準」以及「交換學校提供國際學生之資源」，皆對交換學生之適應有影響，且台灣與外籍交換學生在「態度與動機」有明顯不同，因此對對適應行為和適應程度之定義也有差異。 在「抵達地主國後的影響因素」方面，交換學生「人際社交行為」對象，以來自母國和華裔背景交換學生之互動和親友之支持與鼓勵對適應程度的幫助最大；台灣與外籍交換學生在「環境互動行為」方面具顯著差異；而基本需求之滿足，是驅動交換學生所有適應行為之根本，對適應具有重大影響。 而當交換學生遭遇「適應不良」的情形時，會透過改變心態被動接受或主動創造新生活兩種方式，改變交換學生在地主之適應行為。最後，本研究歸納交換學生適應程度可以「心理感到舒適自在」、「生理對環境適應狀況」、「受他人肯定程度」以及「建立對地主國生活的喜好」等四個標準衡量。 本研究建議交換學生可透過維持和母國相同的生活品質、建立在地主國的社交人脈，以及創造屬於地主國的新生活模式等方式，提高在地主國之適應程度。交換學校方面，則應創造國際交換學生交流的機會，並依亞洲與歐美交換學生，動機與目的之不同而調整學校宣傳特色。 參考文獻 中文部分
1. 李政賢 譯，Catherine MArshall Gretchen B. Rossman 著，質性研究設計與計畫撰寫，台北：五南書局，民95年。
2. 丁嘉琳，「交換學生扭轉他們的一生」，天下雜誌，第375期，2007年7月，頁156-160。
3. 史書華，「嚴長壽：你要掙脫學校和學歷的保護」，Cheers，第105期，2009年6月，頁49。
4. 吳韻儀、陳名君，「全球征戰新人才」，天下雜誌，第375期，2007年7月，頁132-143。
5. 洪鐿月，「外派人員跨文化適應之研究」，國立成功大學國際企業研究所碩士學位論文，民92年。
6. 張紹勳，研究方法，台中：滄海書局，民93年。
7. 黃士杰，「台商中小企業派駐馬來西亞經理人海外適應之研究」，暨南國際大學東南亞研究所碩士論文，民91年。
8. 賴玫君，「文化衝擊、文化調適與學習策略之探討-以留學美國之國際交換學生為例」，南台科技大學技職教育與人力資源發展研究所碩士學位論文，民97年。
9. 闕君茹，「國家高級人力培育計畫-海外留學生之留學經驗與社會支持之相關性研究：以千里馬專案計畫為例」，國立台灣科技大學技術及職業教育研究所碩士學位論文，民94年。
英文部分
1. Abe, J., Tanlbot, D.M., and Geelhoed, R.J., “Effects of a peer program on international student adjustment,” Journal of College Student Development, Vol. 39, No. 6, 1998, pp. 539-547.
2. Armes, K., and Ward, C., “Cross-cultural transitions and sojourner adjustment in Singapore,” Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 12, 1989, pp. 273-275.
3. Bank, M. and Rothmann, S., “Correlations of expatriates’ cross-culture adjustment,” Management Dynamics, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2006, pp. 29-40.
4. Berry, J.H.W., “Acculturation: Theory, models and some new findings,” in A.M Padilla(Ed.), Acculturation as varieties of adaptation, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980, pp. 9-25.
5. Black, J.S. and Mendenhall, M.E., “The U-Curve Adjustment Hypothesis Revisited: A Review and Theoretical Framework,” Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1991, pp. 225-248.
6. Brewster, C., Lundmark, A. and Holden, L., A Different Tack: An Analysis of British and Swedish Management Styles, Lund: Studentlitteratur, 1993.
7. Briody, E. and Chrinsman, J., “Cultural adaptation on the overseas assignment,” Human Organization, Vol. 50, 1991, pp. 264-282.
8. Caligiuri, P.M. and Phillips, J.M., “An application of self-assessment realistic job previews to expatriate assignments,” International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 14, 2003, pp. 1102-1116.
9. Caligiuri, P.M., “The big five characteristics as predictors of expatriates’ desire to terminate the assignment and supervisor-rated performance,” Personnel Psychology, Vol.53, 2000, pp. 66-88.
10. Caligiuri, P.M., Hyland, M.M., Joshi, A. and Vross, A.S., “Testing a theoretical model for examing the relationship between family adjustment and expatriates’ work adjustment,” Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 83, 1998, pp. 598-614.
11. Caligiuri, P.M., Phillips, J., Lazarova, M.Tarique I. and Burgi, P., “The theory of met expectations applied to expatriate adjustment: The more of cross-cultural training,” International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 12, 2001, pp. 653-665.
12. Caligiuri, P.M.J. and Lazarova, M., “A model for the influence of social interaction and social support on female expatriates’’ cross-cultural adjustment,” International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.13, 2002, pp. 761-772.
13. Chen, C.P., “Common stressors among international college students: Research and counseling implications,” Journal of College Counseling, Vol. 2, 1999, pp. 49-67.
14. Costa, P.T. Jr. and McCrae, R.M., Revised NEO personality Inventory and Five Factor Inventory Professional Manual, Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc, 1992.
15. Dao, T.K., Lee, D. and Chang, H. L., “Acculturation Level, Perceived English Fluency, Perceived Social Support Level, and Depression Among Taiwanese International Students,” College Student Journal, Vol. 41, No. 2, Jun 2007, pp. 287-296.
16. Erbacher, D., D`Netto, B. and España, J., “Expatriate Success in China: Impact of Personal and Situational Factors,” Journal of American Academy of Business, Vol. 9, No. 2, Sep 2006, pp. 183-189.
17. Forster, N., “The Persistent Myth of High Expatriate Failure Rates: A Reappraisal,” International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.8, No.4, 1997, pp. 414-433.
18. Furnham, A. and Alibhai, N., “The friendship networks of foreign students: A replication and extension of the function model,” International Journal of Psychology, Vol. 20, 1985, pp. 709-722.
19. Furnham, A., “The adjustment of sojourners,” in Y.Y. Kim & W.B. Gudykunst (Eds.), Cross-cultural adaptation: Current approaches, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988, pp 42-61.
20. Gudykunst, W.B. and Kim, Y.Y., Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication, New York: Random House, 1984.
21. Gudykunst, W.B., Guzley, R.M. and Hammer, M.R., ‘‘Designing intercultural training’’, in Landis, D. and Bahgat, R.S. (Eds), Handbook of Intercultural Training, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.,.1996.
22. Gudykunst, W.B., Hammer, M.R., & Wiseman, R.L., “An analysis of an integrated approach to cross-cultural training,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 1, 1977, pp. 99-110.
23. Hannigan, T.P., “Traits, attitudes, and skills that are related to intercultural effectiveness and their implications for cross-cultural training: A review of the literature,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 14, 1990, pp. 89-111.
24. Huang, K., “Campus mental health: The foreigner at your desk,” College Health, Vol. 25, 1977, pp. 216–219.
25. Hull, W.F., Foreign students in the United States of America: Coping behavior within the educational environment, New York: Praeger, 1987.
26. Kim Y.Y., Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory, Philadalphia: Multilingual Matters Ltd., 1988.
27. Lee, H.W. and Lui, C.H., “Determinants of the Adjustment of Expatriate Managers to Foreign Counteiew: An Emprical Study,” International Journal of Management, Vol. 23, No. 2, Jun 2006; pp. 302-312.
28. Luzzo, D.A., Henao, C. and Wilson, M., “An innovative approach to assessing the academic and social needs of international students,” Journal of College Student Development, Vol. 37, 1990, pp 351-352.
29. Martin, J.N., “The relationships between student sojourner perceptions of intercultural competencies and previous sojourn experience,” International Journal of Inter-Cultural Relations, Vol. 11, 1987, pp. 337-355.
30. Misra, R., Crist, M. and Burant, C.J., “Relationship among life stress, social support, academic stressors, and reactions to stressors of international students in the United States,” International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 10, 2003, pp. 137-157.
31. Nishida, H., “Japanese intercultural communication competence and cross-cultural adjustment,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 9, 1985, pp. 247-269.
32. Oei, T.P.S., and Notowidjojo, F., “Depression and loneliness in overseas students,” The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol. 36, 1990, pp. 121-130.
33. Olivas, M. and Li, C.S., “Understanding Stressors of International Students in Higher Education: What College Counselors and Personnel Need to Know,” Journal of Instructional Psychology, Vol. 33, No. 3, Sep 2006, pp. 217-223.
34. Peterson, R.D., Sargent, J., Napier, N. and Shim, W.S., “Corporate Expatriate HRM Policies, Internationalization, and Performance in the World’s Largest MNCs,” Management International Review, Vol. 36, No. 3, 1996, pp. 215-30.
35. Poyrazli, S., Arbona, C., Nora, A., McPherson, R. and Pisecco, S., “Relation between assertiveness, academic self-efficacy, and psychological adjustment among international graduate students,” Journal of College Student Development, Vol. 43, 2002, pp. 632-642.
36. Poyrazli, S., Arbona, C., Nora, A., McPherson, R., and Pisecco, S., “Relation between assertiveness, academic selfefficacy, and psychological adjustment among international graduate students,” Journal of College Student Development, Vol. 43, 2002, pp. 632–642.
37. Robertson, R.W. and Gaggiotti, H., “Strangers in a Strange Land: Shock, Disappointment, and Adjustments Experiences of Expatriates in Central Asia,” Public Organization Review, Vol. 7, No. 3, Sep 2007, pp. 209-220.
38. Selmer, J. and Shiu, L.S.C., “Coming Home? Adjustment of Hong Kong Chinese Expatriate Business Managers Assigned to the People’s Republic of China,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 23, No.3, 1999, pp. 447-463.
39. Selmer, J., “Cultural novelty and adjustment: Western business expatriates in China,” International Journal of Human Resources Management, Vol. 17, No. 7, July 2006, pp. 1209-1222.
40. Selmer, J., “The Chinese Connection? Adjustment of Western vs. Overseas Chinese Expatriate Managers in China,” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 55, No. 1, 2002, pp. 41-50.
41. Selmer, J., “Which Is Easier, Adjusting to a Similar or to a Dissimilar Culture? American Business Expatriates in Canada and Germany,” International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 7, No. 2, Aug 2007, pp. 185-202.
42. Selmer, J., Chiu, R.K. and Shenkar, O., “Cultural distance asymmetry in expatriate adjustment,” Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2007, pp. 150-162.
43. Shen, J., “International training and management development: theory and reality,” The Journal of Management Development, Vol. 24, No. 7/8, 2005, pp. 656-667.
44. Shimoni, T., Ronen, S. and Roziner, I., “Predicting Expatriate Adjustment: Israel as a Host Country,” International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 5, No. 3; Dec 2005, pp. 293-313.
45. Shinn, M., Lehmann, S. and Wong, N.W., “Social interaction and social support,” Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 40, 1984, pp. 55-76.
46. Sodowsky, G.R. and Plake, B.S., “A study of acculturation differences among international people and forsensitivity to within-group differences,” Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol. 71, 1992, pp. 53-59.
47. Sümer, S., Poyrazli, S. and Grahame, K., “Predictors of Depression and Anxiety Among International Students,” Journal of Counseling & Development, Vol. 86, Fall 2008, pp. 217-227.
48. Surdam, J. C., and Collins, J.R., “Adaptation of international students: A cause for concern,” Journal of College Student Personnel, Vol. 25, 1984, pp. 240–245.
49. Tomich, P.C., McWhirter, J.J. and Darcy, M.U.A., “Personality and International Students’ Adaptation Experience,” International Education, Vol. 33, No. 1; Fall 2003, pp 22-40.
50. Torbiorn, I., Living abroad: Personal adjustment and personnel policy in the overseas setting, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982.
51. Wanda, L.C.B., “The influence of dogmatism on cultural adaptation of international students at the University of Minnesota” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1996.
52. Ward, C. and Searle, W., “The impact of value disvrepancies and cultural identity on psychological and socio-cultural adjustment of sojourners,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol.15. 1991, pp. 209-225.
53. Wethington, E., and Kessler, R.C., “Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 27, 1986, pp. 78–89.
54. Wong, S.L., “Depression level in inner-city Asian American adolescents: The contributions of cultural orientation and interpersonal relationships,” Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, Vol. 3, 2001, pp. 49-64.
55. Yang, B. and Clum, G.A., “Life stress, social support, and problem-solving skills predictive of depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in an Asian student population: A test of a model,” Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, Vol. 24, 1994, pp. 127–135.
56. Yeh, C.J.and Inose, M., “International students’ reported English fluency, social support satisfaction, and social connectedness as predictors of acculturative stress,” Counseling Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 16, 2003, pp. 15-28.
57. Ying Y.W. and Liese, L.H., “Initial adjustment of Taiwanese students to the United States: The impact of post arrival variables,” Journal of Cross - Cultural Psychology, Vol. 25, No. 4, Dec 1994, pp 466.
58. Zahi, L., “Studying international students: Adjustment issues and social support,” ERIC Document 474481, 2002.
相關網站
教育部統計處資料網站：http://www.edu.tw/statistics/content.aspx?site_content_sn=8956描述 碩士
國立政治大學
企業管理研究所
95355028
97資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095355028 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 于卓民 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 胡婷 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 胡婷 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 2008 en_US dc.date.accessioned 11-Sep-2009 16:50:27 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 11-Sep-2009 16:50:27 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 11-Sep-2009 16:50:27 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0095355028 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/29907 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 企業管理研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 95355028 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 97 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究以台灣研究所學生參與歐洲學校交換計畫為例，以個案研究法探討影響交換學生適應地主國環境之因素，提出兩大研究問題：(1) 離開母國前，哪些因素影響交換生在地主國之適應行為？ (2) 抵達地主國後，哪些因素影響交換生在地主國之適應程度？ 針對以上問題，本研究將影響交換生適應因素分為兩大類，在「離開母國前的影響因素」，研究發現「語言能力」、「事前準備」、「態度與動機」與「人格特質」、「文化差距」、「物價水準」以及「交換學校提供國際學生之資源」，皆對交換學生之適應有影響，且台灣與外籍交換學生在「態度與動機」有明顯不同，因此對對適應行為和適應程度之定義也有差異。 在「抵達地主國後的影響因素」方面，交換學生「人際社交行為」對象，以來自母國和華裔背景交換學生之互動和親友之支持與鼓勵對適應程度的幫助最大；台灣與外籍交換學生在「環境互動行為」方面具顯著差異；而基本需求之滿足，是驅動交換學生所有適應行為之根本，對適應具有重大影響。 而當交換學生遭遇「適應不良」的情形時，會透過改變心態被動接受或主動創造新生活兩種方式，改變交換學生在地主之適應行為。最後，本研究歸納交換學生適應程度可以「心理感到舒適自在」、「生理對環境適應狀況」、「受他人肯定程度」以及「建立對地主國生活的喜好」等四個標準衡量。 本研究建議交換學生可透過維持和母國相同的生活品質、建立在地主國的社交人脈，以及創造屬於地主國的新生活模式等方式，提高在地主國之適應程度。交換學校方面，則應創造國際交換學生交流的機會，並依亞洲與歐美交換學生，動機與目的之不同而調整學校宣傳特色。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 4 第一節 研究背景及動機 4 第二節 研究目的與問題 6 第三節 研究流程與章節安排 6 第二章 文獻探討 9 第一節 跨文化適應 9 第二節 影響跨文化適應的因素 10 第三節 變數間的關係 17 第三章 研究架構與方法 20 第一節 研究架構 20 第二節 研究方法 23 第三節 研究對象 25 第四節 研究限制 27 第四章 訪談結果整理 28 第一節 個案A：荷蘭 28 第二節 個案G：荷蘭 32 第三節 個案C：德國 37 第四節 個案D：德國 42 第五節 個案B：挪威 45 第六節 個案E：挪威 50 第七節 個案F：挪威 53 第八節 個案H、I：荷蘭 58 第五章 個案分析 62 第一節 離開母國前的影響因素 62 第二節 抵達地主國後的影響因素 65 第三節 適應不良對「抵達地主國後的影響因素」之影響 68 第四節 適應程度 69 第六章 結論與建議 72 第一節 研究結論 72 第二節 對交換學生與學校之建議 74 第三節 後續研究建議 77 參考文獻 78 附錄 83 zh_TW dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095355028 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 適應 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 交換生 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 地主國 zh_TW dc.title (題名) 影響交換生適應地主國因素之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Factors affecting exchange students’ adjustment in host countries en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. 李政賢 譯，Catherine MArshall Gretchen B. Rossman 著，質性研究設計與計畫撰寫，台北：五南書局，民95年。 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. 丁嘉琳，「交換學生扭轉他們的一生」，天下雜誌，第375期，2007年7月，頁156-160。 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. 史書華，「嚴長壽：你要掙脫學校和學歷的保護」，Cheers，第105期，2009年6月，頁49。 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. 吳韻儀、陳名君，「全球征戰新人才」，天下雜誌，第375期，2007年7月，頁132-143。 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. 洪鐿月，「外派人員跨文化適應之研究」，國立成功大學國際企業研究所碩士學位論文，民92年。 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6. 張紹勳，研究方法，台中：滄海書局，民93年。 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7. 黃士杰，「台商中小企業派駐馬來西亞經理人海外適應之研究」，暨南國際大學東南亞研究所碩士論文，民91年。 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. 賴玫君，「文化衝擊、文化調適與學習策略之探討-以留學美國之國際交換學生為例」，南台科技大學技職教育與人力資源發展研究所碩士學位論文，民97年。 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9. 闕君茹，「國家高級人力培育計畫-海外留學生之留學經驗與社會支持之相關性研究：以千里馬專案計畫為例」，國立台灣科技大學技術及職業教育研究所碩士學位論文，民94年。 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 英文部分 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. Abe, J., Tanlbot, D.M., and Geelhoed, R.J., “Effects of a peer program on international student adjustment,” Journal of College Student Development, Vol. 39, No. 6, 1998, pp. 539-547. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. Armes, K., and Ward, C., “Cross-cultural transitions and sojourner adjustment in Singapore,” Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 12, 1989, pp. 273-275. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. Bank, M. and Rothmann, S., “Correlations of expatriates’ cross-culture adjustment,” Management Dynamics, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2006, pp. 29-40. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. Berry, J.H.W., “Acculturation: Theory, models and some new findings,” in A.M Padilla(Ed.), Acculturation as varieties of adaptation, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980, pp. 9-25. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. Black, J.S. and Mendenhall, M.E., “The U-Curve Adjustment Hypothesis Revisited: A Review and Theoretical Framework,” Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1991, pp. 225-248. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6. Brewster, C., Lundmark, A. and Holden, L., A Different Tack: An Analysis of British and Swedish Management Styles, Lund: Studentlitteratur, 1993. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7. Briody, E. and Chrinsman, J., “Cultural adaptation on the overseas assignment,” Human Organization, Vol. 50, 1991, pp. 264-282. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. Caligiuri, P.M. and Phillips, J.M., “An application of self-assessment realistic job previews to expatriate assignments,” International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 14, 2003, pp. 1102-1116. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9. Caligiuri, P.M., “The big five characteristics as predictors of expatriates’ desire to terminate the assignment and supervisor-rated performance,” Personnel Psychology, Vol.53, 2000, pp. 66-88. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10. Caligiuri, P.M., Hyland, M.M., Joshi, A. and Vross, A.S., “Testing a theoretical model for examing the relationship between family adjustment and expatriates’ work adjustment,” Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 83, 1998, pp. 598-614. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11. Caligiuri, P.M., Phillips, J., Lazarova, M.Tarique I. and Burgi, P., “The theory of met expectations applied to expatriate adjustment: The more of cross-cultural training,” International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 12, 2001, pp. 653-665. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12. Caligiuri, P.M.J. and Lazarova, M., “A model for the influence of social interaction and social support on female expatriates’’ cross-cultural adjustment,” International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.13, 2002, pp. 761-772. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13. Chen, C.P., “Common stressors among international college students: Research and counseling implications,” Journal of College Counseling, Vol. 2, 1999, pp. 49-67. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14. Costa, P.T. Jr. and McCrae, R.M., Revised NEO personality Inventory and Five Factor Inventory Professional Manual, Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc, 1992. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15. Dao, T.K., Lee, D. and Chang, H. L., “Acculturation Level, Perceived English Fluency, Perceived Social Support Level, and Depression Among Taiwanese International Students,” College Student Journal, Vol. 41, No. 2, Jun 2007, pp. 287-296. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 16. Erbacher, D., D`Netto, B. and España, J., “Expatriate Success in China: Impact of Personal and Situational Factors,” Journal of American Academy of Business, Vol. 9, No. 2, Sep 2006, pp. 183-189. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 17. Forster, N., “The Persistent Myth of High Expatriate Failure Rates: A Reappraisal,” International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.8, No.4, 1997, pp. 414-433. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 18. Furnham, A. and Alibhai, N., “The friendship networks of foreign students: A replication and extension of the function model,” International Journal of Psychology, Vol. 20, 1985, pp. 709-722. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 19. Furnham, A., “The adjustment of sojourners,” in Y.Y. Kim & W.B. Gudykunst (Eds.), Cross-cultural adaptation: Current approaches, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988, pp 42-61. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 20. Gudykunst, W.B. and Kim, Y.Y., Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication, New York: Random House, 1984. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 21. Gudykunst, W.B., Guzley, R.M. and Hammer, M.R., ‘‘Designing intercultural training’’, in Landis, D. and Bahgat, R.S. (Eds), Handbook of Intercultural Training, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.,.1996. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 22. Gudykunst, W.B., Hammer, M.R., & Wiseman, R.L., “An analysis of an integrated approach to cross-cultural training,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 1, 1977, pp. 99-110. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 23. Hannigan, T.P., “Traits, attitudes, and skills that are related to intercultural effectiveness and their implications for cross-cultural training: A review of the literature,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 14, 1990, pp. 89-111. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 24. Huang, K., “Campus mental health: The foreigner at your desk,” College Health, Vol. 25, 1977, pp. 216–219. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 25. Hull, W.F., Foreign students in the United States of America: Coping behavior within the educational environment, New York: Praeger, 1987. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 26. Kim Y.Y., Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory, Philadalphia: Multilingual Matters Ltd., 1988. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 27. Lee, H.W. and Lui, C.H., “Determinants of the Adjustment of Expatriate Managers to Foreign Counteiew: An Emprical Study,” International Journal of Management, Vol. 23, No. 2, Jun 2006; pp. 302-312. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 28. Luzzo, D.A., Henao, C. and Wilson, M., “An innovative approach to assessing the academic and social needs of international students,” Journal of College Student Development, Vol. 37, 1990, pp 351-352. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 29. Martin, J.N., “The relationships between student sojourner perceptions of intercultural competencies and previous sojourn experience,” International Journal of Inter-Cultural Relations, Vol. 11, 1987, pp. 337-355. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 30. Misra, R., Crist, M. and Burant, C.J., “Relationship among life stress, social support, academic stressors, and reactions to stressors of international students in the United States,” International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 10, 2003, pp. 137-157. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 31. Nishida, H., “Japanese intercultural communication competence and cross-cultural adjustment,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 9, 1985, pp. 247-269. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 32. Oei, T.P.S., and Notowidjojo, F., “Depression and loneliness in overseas students,” The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol. 36, 1990, pp. 121-130. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 33. Olivas, M. and Li, C.S., “Understanding Stressors of International Students in Higher Education: What College Counselors and Personnel Need to Know,” Journal of Instructional Psychology, Vol. 33, No. 3, Sep 2006, pp. 217-223. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 34. Peterson, R.D., Sargent, J., Napier, N. and Shim, W.S., “Corporate Expatriate HRM Policies, Internationalization, and Performance in the World’s Largest MNCs,” Management International Review, Vol. 36, No. 3, 1996, pp. 215-30. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 35. Poyrazli, S., Arbona, C., Nora, A., McPherson, R. and Pisecco, S., “Relation between assertiveness, academic self-efficacy, and psychological adjustment among international graduate students,” Journal of College Student Development, Vol. 43, 2002, pp. 632-642. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 36. Poyrazli, S., Arbona, C., Nora, A., McPherson, R., and Pisecco, S., “Relation between assertiveness, academic selfefficacy, and psychological adjustment among international graduate students,” Journal of College Student Development, Vol. 43, 2002, pp. 632–642. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 37. Robertson, R.W. and Gaggiotti, H., “Strangers in a Strange Land: Shock, Disappointment, and Adjustments Experiences of Expatriates in Central Asia,” Public Organization Review, Vol. 7, No. 3, Sep 2007, pp. 209-220. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 38. Selmer, J. and Shiu, L.S.C., “Coming Home? Adjustment of Hong Kong Chinese Expatriate Business Managers Assigned to the People’s Republic of China,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 23, No.3, 1999, pp. 447-463. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 39. Selmer, J., “Cultural novelty and adjustment: Western business expatriates in China,” International Journal of Human Resources Management, Vol. 17, No. 7, July 2006, pp. 1209-1222. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 40. Selmer, J., “The Chinese Connection? Adjustment of Western vs. Overseas Chinese Expatriate Managers in China,” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 55, No. 1, 2002, pp. 41-50. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 41. Selmer, J., “Which Is Easier, Adjusting to a Similar or to a Dissimilar Culture? American Business Expatriates in Canada and Germany,” International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 7, No. 2, Aug 2007, pp. 185-202. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 42. Selmer, J., Chiu, R.K. and Shenkar, O., “Cultural distance asymmetry in expatriate adjustment,” Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2007, pp. 150-162. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 43. Shen, J., “International training and management development: theory and reality,” The Journal of Management Development, Vol. 24, No. 7/8, 2005, pp. 656-667. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 44. Shimoni, T., Ronen, S. and Roziner, I., “Predicting Expatriate Adjustment: Israel as a Host Country,” International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 5, No. 3; Dec 2005, pp. 293-313. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 45. Shinn, M., Lehmann, S. and Wong, N.W., “Social interaction and social support,” Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 40, 1984, pp. 55-76. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 46. Sodowsky, G.R. and Plake, B.S., “A study of acculturation differences among international people and forsensitivity to within-group differences,” Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol. 71, 1992, pp. 53-59. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 47. Sümer, S., Poyrazli, S. and Grahame, K., “Predictors of Depression and Anxiety Among International Students,” Journal of Counseling & Development, Vol. 86, Fall 2008, pp. 217-227. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 48. Surdam, J. C., and Collins, J.R., “Adaptation of international students: A cause for concern,” Journal of College Student Personnel, Vol. 25, 1984, pp. 240–245. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 49. Tomich, P.C., McWhirter, J.J. and Darcy, M.U.A., “Personality and International Students’ Adaptation Experience,” International Education, Vol. 33, No. 1; Fall 2003, pp 22-40. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 50. Torbiorn, I., Living abroad: Personal adjustment and personnel policy in the overseas setting, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 51. Wanda, L.C.B., “The influence of dogmatism on cultural adaptation of international students at the University of Minnesota” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1996. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 52. Ward, C. and Searle, W., “The impact of value disvrepancies and cultural identity on psychological and socio-cultural adjustment of sojourners,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol.15. 1991, pp. 209-225. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 53. Wethington, E., and Kessler, R.C., “Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 27, 1986, pp. 78–89. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 54. Wong, S.L., “Depression level in inner-city Asian American adolescents: The contributions of cultural orientation and interpersonal relationships,” Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, Vol. 3, 2001, pp. 49-64. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 55. Yang, B. and Clum, G.A., “Life stress, social support, and problem-solving skills predictive of depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in an Asian student population: A test of a model,” Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, Vol. 24, 1994, pp. 127–135. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 56. Yeh, C.J.and Inose, M., “International students’ reported English fluency, social support satisfaction, and social connectedness as predictors of acculturative stress,” Counseling Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 16, 2003, pp. 15-28. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 57. Ying Y.W. and Liese, L.H., “Initial adjustment of Taiwanese students to the United States: The impact of post arrival variables,” Journal of Cross - Cultural Psychology, Vol. 25, No. 4, Dec 1994, pp 466. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 58. Zahi, L., “Studying international students: Adjustment issues and social support,” ERIC Document 474481, 2002. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 相關網站 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 教育部統計處資料網站：http://www.edu.tw/statistics/content.aspx?site_content_sn=8956 zh_TW
