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題名 台商在中國大陸購併策略之研究
Study on the Mergers and Acquitions Strategy of Taiwaness Enterprises in Mainland China
作者 吳芳銘
WU, FANG-MING
貢獻者 于卓民
Yu, Chou-Ming
吳芳銘
WU, FANG-MING
關鍵詞 國際購併╱跨國購併
台商╱台資企業
中國大陸
成長策略
國際市場進入模式
International Mergers and Acquisitions (International M&As) / Cross-border M&As
Taiwanese Enterprise
Mainland China
Growth Strategy
International Market Entry Mode
日期 2000
上傳時間 11-Sep-2009 17:54:51 (UTC+8)
摘要 如何成長,是企業尋求永續經營所關心的永恆主題;如何國際化則是企業在經濟全球化時代面臨的挑戰。國際購併作為企業的擴張模式,同時兼具了企業追求成長和國際化佈局的內涵和效果,是歐美企業經常使用的成長策略和國際市場擴張策略。尤其在廿世紀的九○年代,全球化的風潮和跨國企業(MNCs)的全球化佈局,助長了跨國購併的盛行。
     
     中國大陸在地理上緊鄰台灣,自1978年改革開放後,經濟呈現高度成長,除了是開發中國家首位國際對外直接投資(FDI)的目的地之外,更是全球最大的新興市場和製造工廠。惟與國際購併作為對外直接投資的主要模式比較起來,外資透過購併來經略中國市場並不普遍,在成交金額上僅佔5.5%,這主要是因為中國相關的購併法律環境還不健全、市場機制不成熟、資本市場也未全面開放所導致。因此,跨國購併目前並不是進入中國投資的主流模式。近年來,中國政府加強改善購併相關環境的工作,一方面使得購併活動蓬勃發展,另方面也讓外資得以在中國以購併方式經略中國。
     
     本論文「以成長策略為經,以國際市場進入模式為緯」探討台資企業在中國大陸的購併策略,研究的出發點主要是關懷台商如何以及能否以購併策略來經略中國市場,並探究是否成功。由於過去與此相關的研究相當稀少,本研究可以定位為初探性研究,研究主要採取個案研究法,並在對三個個案研究公司從事購併的高階主管進行深度訪談,以及次級資料蒐集的輔助下,實證研究有幾項結論發現,分述如下:
     
     一、台商以購併方式在中國大陸投資的主要考量是:如何以時間爭取市場空間。簡言之,面對大陸新興市場的高速成長,時間價值取得了投資策略思考的主導地位,形成了廠商以併購方式在中國投資的策略。當廠商面對快速成長的新興市場,購併是快速進入市場的最佳相配適策略。尤其當「時間對市場」變得相當重要的時候,購併是進入一個新市場最迅速的投資方式,此時併購相對於其他投資方式有其獨具的優勢。
     
     在時間上,併購既有廠房確實比新建投資來得快速,進一步拿購併與投入新建廠房的兩三年內相比,在主併公司良好的整合策略配合下,開出新產能和建立新市場,其績效也比自建新廠來得好。以購併作為成長策略,主併公司借助了外部的力量而得以跳躍成長,省卻了以自己內部實力從事創新和開發所需的時間,其成長曲線不同於內部成長策略的S曲線。
     
     二、海外購併投資同時是台資企業國際化的成長策略和海外市場的進入模式。國際併購作為台商的海外市場進入策略,通常兼具有策略性購併的特質,且都是以追求快速成長為目標。併購策略具有台資企業國際化歷程的中繼或過度性質特徵。易言之,在進入策略上,台商和許多其他國家國際企業一樣,採取了從低涉入到高涉入、資源投入從低到高、控制從低到高的模式,而購併模式在國際化過程中,往往是一個過度性質的中繼站,接著再以自建新廠的方式繼續投資,而且多是獨資的方式為之,此乃內部成長策略和外部成長策略兼採的市場進入方式;不過,亦有持續地單以併購與合資等外部成長方式作為投資的模式,來進行國際化的佈局。
     
     購併投資若駕馭得當,可以達成企業設定的成長策略目標,但應考慮經營環境的內外變化,以規避快速成長所帶來的風險。企業外部環境的風險和內部經營能力對購併的影響,當主併公司的企業經營能力不能駕馭經營環境面臨的高度風險挑戰,將把獲來的資產化成為泡沫,一切成為烏有;若是企業能力優良,並且擁有低風險的經營環境,則購併後的主併公司將呈現蛙跳成長,成長快速。若是主併公司的經營能力和經營環境風險有相適應的發展,則呈現穩定的成長狀態,但公司宜加強經營能力,以防風險係數提高,造成公司難以應付的危機出現。
     
     三、在購併整合和是否達成購併目標上發現:(一)購併後的整合端視主併公司與被併公司在資源互賴需求和組織獨立需求高低而決定。這點印證了Haspealagh and Jemison提出的資源整合矩陣觀點。(二)購併後若發生股權變動的情況,亦可能導致整合文化的變化,這說明了購併後整合模式具有動態變化的特性。(三)如果購併方是具有經營優勢的企業,被併者是家虧損企業,則通常購併後整合的主導模式是順向整合的吸納式。(四)整合模式與被併購方的母國和主併公司的母國是否為同一國家沒有必然的關聯。(五)購併雙方規模的大小或許也會影響整合的方式,在三個個案實例中,大對小進行購併都出現了吸納式整合模式,說明了其間的關聯性,但這層關係可能是建築在中介變數的影響下才成立的。筆者認為,主併公司的經營優勢或所有權優勢可能是中介變數,這才是影響主併公司採取吸納式整合模式的關鍵。(六)台商從事購併的整合活動都是從交易後才開始的現象。這和西方在目標公司選擇過程中,或交易談判時即開始進行的習慣有明顯的不同。因此,以「購併」─所透露的「先購後併」意義來形容台商購併的經歷應是較適宜的。(七)當購併達成了公司的策略目標或合併綜效,可以為公司創造價值或增值;反之,則會為公司帶來價值破壞,嚴重者甚至毀滅公司所有價值,將購併成長而來的價值付之一炬。(八)購併成功的可能性來自於整合和時間因素的作用,在購併後短時間內(通常在二年以內)發生整合效益,則購併成功的可能性高;若是購併後經歷了一段長時間(通常在二年以上)而未獲得整合效益,則購併以失敗告終的可能性高,也就是成功的可能性低。
     
     四、台資企業以國際併購方式進入中國大陸市場投資是條可行的方式,但由於是外資購併,影響其成敗的因素多元,在購併決策和購併後整合經營時仍須謹慎應對,才能確保成功的可能性。在中國大陸經濟的持續成長、國有企業的轉型與改革和外商購併法制環境趨於健全之際,台商以購併進入中國投資是可以考慮的方式,尤其是對跟隨者和後進者來說,更是一個追求快速成長者的較佳選擇,或許可以透過此投資方式,取得與先驅者並駕齊驅或迎頭趕上的機會。但投資者也應考慮在中國大陸從事購併可能的風險。尤其,中國大陸的政經環境不可預期因素較多、資訊的不對稱和不夠透明化、產權(股權)問題的限制、公司治理結構的制約、司法救濟的不足、法律與文化差異等仍是外資購併大陸企業的障礙,這是想要以購併投資中國公司所必須考慮的問題。
     
     總之,透過購併來達成公司成長,須在明確的公司願景和成長目標下,審視自身的能力與條件,以及外在環境的變化,根據需要制定一套可行的購併策略,再確實執行,並做好整合工作,購併才能增加公司的價值,以成長達到公司追求的願景。
Keeping growth has been the core issue for corporations seeking continuous operations whereas internationalization poses a new challenge in this global era.
     
     International mergers and acquisitions (M&As) as a means for corporations aiming at business expansion are common occurrences, especially in the late 20th century when multinational companies (MNCs) were aggressively seeking global presence and expanding overseas operations.
     
     Mainland China, geographically adjacent to Taiwan, has been implementing its economic reforms since 1978 and grew rapidly as the new powerhouse of the world in manufacturing as well as in consumption. China has inevitably become one of the top-tier for foreign direct investment (FDI) among all developing countries. International M&As/ Cross-border M&As, however, have not been commonly utilized as vehicles by foreign investors to penetrate China’s market. In the year of 2000, international M&As only represented 5.5 % of the total FDI in China, mainly resulted from the strict regulations on its immature market mechanism and capital market.
     
     In light of the Chinese government’s recent attempts to improve its investment environment, including the deregulation of M&As, and to attract foreign investment via M&As, this research project focuses on Taiwanese enterprises’ M&As strategy in Mainland China in line with seeking continuous growth and through internationalization. Major emphasis on investment avenues Taiwanese enterprises to be the best situations of taking advantage in penetrating Chinese markets, and whether Taiwanese enterprises gaining better access to the Chinese market via M&As.
     
     In the past, the volume of research in this field is comparatively low; therefore, this research can be regarded as an exploratory study. With in-depth case studies of three selected Taiwanese enterprises that have adopted M&A strategy to enter the Chinese market, based upon my studies, key findings below.
     
     1.“Time Saving" would be the major concern in taking M&A as approach for Taiwanese enterprises to invest in Mainland China. That is to say, to enter a rapidly growing market like China within the shortest time period has not only become the key successful factor (KSF) but also the theme center while envisioning its investment strategy. M&As are under most circumstances, considered as the most suitable and fastest strategy to enter the market, within the shortest time frame, especially when “time” is considered as KSF, and crucial element. Therefore, compared to other FDI avenues, M&As indeed have their unique edge.
     
     In terms of saving time, acquiring an existing operation is more effective than starting from ground zero, i.e. building new facilities. Given the identical time frame, with good strategic planning from the home country, the buy-in approach has advantages in boosting up capacity, creating new markets, avoiding high expenses caused by inefficiencies in the start-up period. Parent companies are more likely to have a leap in growth by taking acquisitions with assistance from the external and the growth curve would be different from the S curve.
     
     2.M&As become the major growth strategy for Taiwanese enterprises to approach both purposes of internationalization, and entrance of overseas markets. That cross-border acquisitions of Taiwanese enterprise vehicles to enter overseas markets usually combines two characteristics, strategic acquisitions and rapid growth. M&As often act as a transition point for most Taiwanese enterprise in internationalization process. In other words, Taiwanese enterprise entry policy, like that of the MNCs counterpart, tends to take modules of starting from a low involvement to high, from a low degree of investment to high, and from a low level of control to high; The internationalization process is most often initiated by M&As, followed by increasing investment in constructing new facilities with full ownership. Applying such a policy to enter a foreign market utilizes both internal and external forces to obtain a company’s growth whereas a number of companies, after M&As are completed, prefer strategic alliances with external parties to sustain internationalization.
     
     As companies reach their desired growth goals and objectives via well planned investment strategy in the first stage, such as M&As, they should constantly be aware of any subtle changes in the investment environment in order to reduce potential risks arising from any rapid expansion and growth. In a relatively low-risk investment environment, steady growth is anticipated if the parent company is well managed and capable of adapting to environmental changes. That is to say, a parent company should always enhance its operating capability in order to mitigate risks from the ever- changing environment.
     
     3.Can M&A strategy be applied to achieve goals and objectives? Here’s the brief of my thesis conclusion.
     (1) Post merger integrations (PMI) depend on the degree of interdependence between parent company and acquired company, such as resource supplies and organizational structure, which has matched Integration Matrix Theory by Haspealagh and Jemison.
     (2) Stock shares reallocations after acquisitions may result in the changes of integrated corporate culture, which illustrates that PMI is subject to variation.
     (3) When a parent company benefits from the operating over its acquired company, the PMI module is usually in the form of forward integration.
     (4) There are no correlations between the country origins of the parent company and the acquired company.
     (5) Scales of the parent company and the acquired company may influence PMI modules. Correlations are defined via these 3 case studies that absorption mode occurs when the parent company has operating advantages over acquired company. Based on the study result, the parent company’s operating advantages or scale over the acquired company are key elements for the occurrence of absorption mode.
     (6) Unlike enterprises in the USA or Europe where integrations usually begin during M&A negotiation or the process of searching for acquiring targets, Taiwanese enterprises normally start integration process after the acquisition deal is completed.
     (7) Additional value is created only when M&As comply with a company’s goals and objectives; otherwise, negative impacts from M&As apply.
     (8) How and when to integrate may be two key factors for a successful acquisition. The study indicates that integration would have a higher chance of success if the process is initiated within two years’ time frame after acquisition.
     
     4.It is recommended that Taiwanese enterprises’ take on M&A as an approach to enter the Chinese market. However, many factors may attribute the results of M&As. The strategic forming and the PMI need to be carefully planned. Mainland China’s investment environment is improving, especially in the deregulation upon FDI’s M&As activities. With its increasing volumes of governmental entities’ reforms and transform actions, as well as its continuous economic growth, M&As strategy is indeed an alternative for Taiwanese enterprises to enter Chinese markets. Such strategy benefits market followers the most as resources and market entry can be obtained within the shortest time frame, and eventually to compete with other market frontiers. Nevertheless, investors should take risks into consideration, comparatively, there are higher levels of uncertainty in its economic and legal environments, restrictions toward ownership and organizational structure, shareholder limitations, culture and legal differences, as well as controlled information channels and sharing.
     
     In summary, to reach continuous growth via M&As, strategy should be in line with company goals and objectives. Such strategy should only be made with intensive evaluation of one’s capabilities and environmental circumstances, followed by well planned implementation and integration. By doing so, M&As will create additional value toward companies’ goals and objectives in seeking continuous growth.
"學位委員會審定書 i
     中文摘要 iii
     英文摘要 v
     謝誌 ix
     中文目錄 xi
     英文目錄 xiii
     表目錄 xv
     圖目錄 xvii
     第一章 導論 1
     第一節 研究背景 1
     第二節 研究動機 6
     第三節 研究問題與研究目的 11
     第四節 研究流程與論文架構 12
     第二章 理論回顧與文獻探討 15
     第一節 購併的理論與意涵 15
     第二節 購併的動機 28
     第三節 購併的類型 31
     第四節 購併與公司策略 34
     第五節 購併整合與績效 43
     第六節 企業的重整策略 53
     第七節 國際購併與國際市場進入模式 59
     第三章 購併的環境與實踐 77
     第一節 中國大陸企業併購的發展與環境 77
     第二節 中國企業購併的類型與特色 91
     第三節 台商進入中國市場投資的模式與發展 95
     第四節 外資在中國購併的實踐經驗 108
     第四章 研究方法與架構 119
     第一節 研究方法 119
     第二節 研究範圍與個案 121
     第三節 研究架構與設計 121
     第四節 研究執行 122
     第五章 個案研究與分析 125
     第一節 柏承科技購併群雄電子 125
     第二節 信益陶瓷購併蕭山陶瓷 150
     第三節 三夏企業、大福國際與福邦控股的併購成長與重組 169
     第四節 研究發現 207
     第六章 結論與建議 211
     第一節 結論 211
     第二節 研究限制220 
     第三節 研究建議 221
     附錄 227
     參考書目 231
     
     
     Contents
     Abstract iii
     Acknowledge iv
     Contents xi
     List of Tables xv
     List of Figures xvii
     Chapter 1 Introductions 1
     1-1 Research Background 1
     1-2 Research Motivations 6
     1-3 Research Targets and Purposes 11
     1-4 Research Flows and Structure 12
     Chapter 2 Theories and Academic Studies 15
     2-1 Theories and Meaning of Mergers and Acquisitions 15
     2-2 Motivation of Mergers and Acquisitions  28
     2-3 Types of Mergers and Acquisitions 31
     2-4 Mergers and Acquisitions versus Corporate Strategies 34
     2-5 Integrations and Effects 43
     2-6 Integration Strategy 53
     2-7 International Mergers and Acquisitions, and International Market Entry Modes
     Chapter 3 Environment and Implementations of Mergers and Acquisitions 77
     3-1 Development and Investment Environment of Mergers and Acquisitions in Mainland China 77
     3-2 Types and Characteristics of Mergers and Acquisitions in Mainland China 91
     3-3 Taiwanese Enterprises’ Investment Modes and Development in Entering Chinese Market 95
     3-4 The Empirical Experience: FDI in China via Mergers and Acquisitions 108
     Chapter 4 Research Methods and Structure 119
     4-1 Research Methods 119
     4-2 Research Field and Case Study 121
     4-3 Research Structure and Design 121
     4-4 Research Implementations 122
     Chapter 5 Case Study and Analysis 125
     5-1 PLOTECH Co. Ltd. Acquired CHIUN HSIUNG Electronics Co. 125
     5-2 SINYIH Ceramic Co. Acquired HSIAOSHAN Ceramic Co. 150
     5-3 Effects of Growth and Integrations via Mergers and Acquisitions among SAN SHIAN Enterprise Co. Ltd.、DAFU International and FULBOND Holding Co. 169
     5-4 Research Findings 207
     Chapter 6 Summary and Suggestions 211
     6-1 Summary 211
     6-2 Research Limitations 220 
     6-3 Research Suggestions 221
     Appendix 227
     References 231
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2001 《大陸台商策略聯盟之模式研究-以中達斯米克為例》,高雄:國立中山大學大陸研究所碩士論文,未出版。
張建泰
 2003 《本省木材生產與林產品進出口貿易統計》,台北:林業試驗所林業經濟組。
1995a 〈中策集團北京召開第三次合資企業總經理會議,田紀雲肯定中策模式〉,2月6日,第10版,大陸版。
1993 《企業購併之組織整合程序及管理活動之研究》,台北:國立中興大學企業管理研究所碩士論文,未出版。
張彥寧
1988 〈推動工業百年,提高經濟效益〉,《企業管理》,第十一期。
張惠郁
 2003 《如何因應中國大陸市場再創台灣石化產業之高峰》,台北:經濟部技術處,初版。
張毓家
1988 〈大陸住房改革 水漲船高,陶瓷業上市公司紛紛進軍大陸,轉虧為盈獲利增多〉,《投資中國月刊》,第六十期,二月號。
黃日燦
2003 〈中國企業併購新法則〉,《經濟日報》,4月14日,第六版。
府江春
黃玉珍
1995b 〈四十一家市管國企業交港中策集團一籃子嫁接,泉州中策模式獲李鵬認同〉, 4月3日,第10版,大陸版。
 2002 《企業併購法解析》,台北:聯經初版事業公司,初版。
黃世聰
2001 〈PCB新霸主-聯耀電子—別人垂頭喪氣,曹興誠一鼓作氣〉,《財訊月刊》,第二三一期,六月號。
黃金印
 1999 〈企業購併與企業再造-塊世紀競爭策略〉,《經濟情勢暨評論季刊》,第四卷,第四期。
黃俊英
1994 《企業研究方法》,台北:國立編譯館。
黃真傳
 2003 〈兩岸建材產業簡介〉,上海:元富證券(香港)有限公司上海代表處。
1997 《台商以策略聯盟模式進軍大陸市場之研究》,台南:國立成功大學企業管理學系碩士論文,未出版。
黃速建
尹虹、游小棠、徐平
1999 《企業併購方略》,廣州:廣東經濟出版社,第一版。
黃國維
 2003 《2002全球石化產業回顧與2003年展望》,新竹:工業技術研究院產業經濟與資訊服務中心,初版。
黃偉權
2001 《合併購併之價值創造與風險之研究-以台積電購併德基與世大為例》,新竹:國立交通大學管理學院(管理科學學程)碩士論文,未出版。
黃清浩
2000 《多次購併企業綜效之探討》,台北:銘傳大學管理科學研究所碩士論文,未出版。
武國元
黃夢華
2002 《企業購併公司治理管理制度之研究》,台北:國立台灣科技大學管理研究所碩士論文,未出版。
彭進軍
2001 〈新世紀牆地磚工業展望〉,《佛山陶瓷》,第三期。
1999 《股份制企業兼併與收購》,北京:中國人民大學出版社,第一版。
游淑芬
2001 《企業以購併進行多角之探討-以Gillete公司為例》,台北:國立台灣大學商學研究所碩士論文,未出版。
經濟部技術處
2002 《PCB產業趨勢分析》,新竹:工業技術研究院產業經濟與資訊服務中心,初版。
2003a 《2003電子零組件工業年鑑》,新竹:工業技術研究院產業經濟與資訊服務中心,初版。
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 2003c 《2003石化工業年鑑》,新竹:工業技術研究院產業經濟與資訊服務中心,初版。
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 2003 〈世界衛生建築衛生陶瓷發展現狀與先進設備〉,《中華民國陶業研究學會會刊》,第二十二卷第四期,pp.12~19。
楊嘉瑜
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2001 《探討企業購併與策略聯盟對財務績效之影響》,中壢:中原大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文,未出版。
葉正信
 2003 《全球汽車產業購併之研究-以Renault-Nissan,Daimler-Chrysler與GM-Dawoo為例》,新竹:國立交通大學管理學院(管理科學學程)碩士班碩士論文,未出版。
葉俊敏
 2000 〈陶瓷玻璃業〉,《投資百科》,3月號,台北:元富證券投資顧問股份有限公司出版。
武國元、陳志剛
蔡宏明
 1993 〈大陸經貿政策之政治經濟分析〉,《社法制論叢》,一月。
蔡文華
 2003 〈台灣建築陶瓷產業生產管理趨勢〉,《中華民國陶業研究學會會刊》,第二十二卷第四期,pp.1~11。
蔡憲宗
 2000 《國際企業:環境與管理》,台北:華泰文化事業公司,初版。
2001 《大陸陶瓷產業競爭優勢之經營策略分析》,新竹:中華大學經營管理研究所碩士論文,未出版。
熊南京
 2002 《併購創富》,成都:四川人民出版社,第一版。
熊思浩、王遂
 2003 〈入世後外資併購的特點與趨勢實證分析〉,收錄於《中國併購評論(第二冊)》,北京:清華大學出版社,第一版, pp.24-30。
 2000 《大併購─世界兼併收購浪潮與中國對策》,北京:光明日報出版社,第一版。
劉青
2003 《戰略併購的協同效應與併購績效》,廣東:暨南大學經濟學、國際貿易學專業碩士學位論文,未出版。
劉金條
2001 《企業購併後組織整合管理之研究-以日月光購併環隆電氣為例》,雲林:國立雲林科技大學企業管理學系碩士班碩士論文,未出版。
劉家麟
牛文文、劉亞洲、丁偉
2001 《購併企業之人力資源管理措施探討》,雲林:國立東華大學企業管理學系碩士班碩士論文,未出版。
劉常勇、洪清德、俞慧芸
1997 《台灣本土企業個案集》,高雄:管科學會高雄市分會出版。
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2003 《跨國公司併購浪潮研究及對我國的影響》,北京:首都經濟貿易大學商務管理學系產業經濟學專業碩士學位論文,未出版。
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薛明玲
2002 〈十年公司,十年之癢〉,《中國企業家》,第十二期。
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2001 《企業合併綜效及其影響因素之研究》,台北:銘傳大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文,未出版。
謝劍平
1997 《財務管理-新觀念與本土化》,台北:新陸書局股份有限公司,初版。
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1999 《中國企業兼併研究》,北京:經濟管理出版社,第一版。
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 1998 《產業重組、時不我待》,北京:中國人民大學出版社,第一版。
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 2001 〈大陸公司併購法律教戰守則〉,《實用稅務》,第324期,pp.81~ 88。
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
經營管理碩士學程(EMBA)
89932019
89
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089932019
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 于卓民zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yu, Chou-Mingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳芳銘zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) WU, FANG-MINGen_US
dc.creator (作者) 吳芳銘zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) WU, FANG-MINGen_US
dc.date (日期) 2000en_US
dc.date.accessioned 11-Sep-2009 17:54:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 11-Sep-2009 17:54:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 11-Sep-2009 17:54:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0089932019en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/30432-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 經營管理碩士學程(EMBA)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89932019zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 如何成長,是企業尋求永續經營所關心的永恆主題;如何國際化則是企業在經濟全球化時代面臨的挑戰。國際購併作為企業的擴張模式,同時兼具了企業追求成長和國際化佈局的內涵和效果,是歐美企業經常使用的成長策略和國際市場擴張策略。尤其在廿世紀的九○年代,全球化的風潮和跨國企業(MNCs)的全球化佈局,助長了跨國購併的盛行。
     
     中國大陸在地理上緊鄰台灣,自1978年改革開放後,經濟呈現高度成長,除了是開發中國家首位國際對外直接投資(FDI)的目的地之外,更是全球最大的新興市場和製造工廠。惟與國際購併作為對外直接投資的主要模式比較起來,外資透過購併來經略中國市場並不普遍,在成交金額上僅佔5.5%,這主要是因為中國相關的購併法律環境還不健全、市場機制不成熟、資本市場也未全面開放所導致。因此,跨國購併目前並不是進入中國投資的主流模式。近年來,中國政府加強改善購併相關環境的工作,一方面使得購併活動蓬勃發展,另方面也讓外資得以在中國以購併方式經略中國。
     
     本論文「以成長策略為經,以國際市場進入模式為緯」探討台資企業在中國大陸的購併策略,研究的出發點主要是關懷台商如何以及能否以購併策略來經略中國市場,並探究是否成功。由於過去與此相關的研究相當稀少,本研究可以定位為初探性研究,研究主要採取個案研究法,並在對三個個案研究公司從事購併的高階主管進行深度訪談,以及次級資料蒐集的輔助下,實證研究有幾項結論發現,分述如下:
     
     一、台商以購併方式在中國大陸投資的主要考量是:如何以時間爭取市場空間。簡言之,面對大陸新興市場的高速成長,時間價值取得了投資策略思考的主導地位,形成了廠商以併購方式在中國投資的策略。當廠商面對快速成長的新興市場,購併是快速進入市場的最佳相配適策略。尤其當「時間對市場」變得相當重要的時候,購併是進入一個新市場最迅速的投資方式,此時併購相對於其他投資方式有其獨具的優勢。
     
     在時間上,併購既有廠房確實比新建投資來得快速,進一步拿購併與投入新建廠房的兩三年內相比,在主併公司良好的整合策略配合下,開出新產能和建立新市場,其績效也比自建新廠來得好。以購併作為成長策略,主併公司借助了外部的力量而得以跳躍成長,省卻了以自己內部實力從事創新和開發所需的時間,其成長曲線不同於內部成長策略的S曲線。
     
     二、海外購併投資同時是台資企業國際化的成長策略和海外市場的進入模式。國際併購作為台商的海外市場進入策略,通常兼具有策略性購併的特質,且都是以追求快速成長為目標。併購策略具有台資企業國際化歷程的中繼或過度性質特徵。易言之,在進入策略上,台商和許多其他國家國際企業一樣,採取了從低涉入到高涉入、資源投入從低到高、控制從低到高的模式,而購併模式在國際化過程中,往往是一個過度性質的中繼站,接著再以自建新廠的方式繼續投資,而且多是獨資的方式為之,此乃內部成長策略和外部成長策略兼採的市場進入方式;不過,亦有持續地單以併購與合資等外部成長方式作為投資的模式,來進行國際化的佈局。
     
     購併投資若駕馭得當,可以達成企業設定的成長策略目標,但應考慮經營環境的內外變化,以規避快速成長所帶來的風險。企業外部環境的風險和內部經營能力對購併的影響,當主併公司的企業經營能力不能駕馭經營環境面臨的高度風險挑戰,將把獲來的資產化成為泡沫,一切成為烏有;若是企業能力優良,並且擁有低風險的經營環境,則購併後的主併公司將呈現蛙跳成長,成長快速。若是主併公司的經營能力和經營環境風險有相適應的發展,則呈現穩定的成長狀態,但公司宜加強經營能力,以防風險係數提高,造成公司難以應付的危機出現。
     
     三、在購併整合和是否達成購併目標上發現:(一)購併後的整合端視主併公司與被併公司在資源互賴需求和組織獨立需求高低而決定。這點印證了Haspealagh and Jemison提出的資源整合矩陣觀點。(二)購併後若發生股權變動的情況,亦可能導致整合文化的變化,這說明了購併後整合模式具有動態變化的特性。(三)如果購併方是具有經營優勢的企業,被併者是家虧損企業,則通常購併後整合的主導模式是順向整合的吸納式。(四)整合模式與被併購方的母國和主併公司的母國是否為同一國家沒有必然的關聯。(五)購併雙方規模的大小或許也會影響整合的方式,在三個個案實例中,大對小進行購併都出現了吸納式整合模式,說明了其間的關聯性,但這層關係可能是建築在中介變數的影響下才成立的。筆者認為,主併公司的經營優勢或所有權優勢可能是中介變數,這才是影響主併公司採取吸納式整合模式的關鍵。(六)台商從事購併的整合活動都是從交易後才開始的現象。這和西方在目標公司選擇過程中,或交易談判時即開始進行的習慣有明顯的不同。因此,以「購併」─所透露的「先購後併」意義來形容台商購併的經歷應是較適宜的。(七)當購併達成了公司的策略目標或合併綜效,可以為公司創造價值或增值;反之,則會為公司帶來價值破壞,嚴重者甚至毀滅公司所有價值,將購併成長而來的價值付之一炬。(八)購併成功的可能性來自於整合和時間因素的作用,在購併後短時間內(通常在二年以內)發生整合效益,則購併成功的可能性高;若是購併後經歷了一段長時間(通常在二年以上)而未獲得整合效益,則購併以失敗告終的可能性高,也就是成功的可能性低。
     
     四、台資企業以國際併購方式進入中國大陸市場投資是條可行的方式,但由於是外資購併,影響其成敗的因素多元,在購併決策和購併後整合經營時仍須謹慎應對,才能確保成功的可能性。在中國大陸經濟的持續成長、國有企業的轉型與改革和外商購併法制環境趨於健全之際,台商以購併進入中國投資是可以考慮的方式,尤其是對跟隨者和後進者來說,更是一個追求快速成長者的較佳選擇,或許可以透過此投資方式,取得與先驅者並駕齊驅或迎頭趕上的機會。但投資者也應考慮在中國大陸從事購併可能的風險。尤其,中國大陸的政經環境不可預期因素較多、資訊的不對稱和不夠透明化、產權(股權)問題的限制、公司治理結構的制約、司法救濟的不足、法律與文化差異等仍是外資購併大陸企業的障礙,這是想要以購併投資中國公司所必須考慮的問題。
     
     總之,透過購併來達成公司成長,須在明確的公司願景和成長目標下,審視自身的能力與條件,以及外在環境的變化,根據需要制定一套可行的購併策略,再確實執行,並做好整合工作,購併才能增加公司的價值,以成長達到公司追求的願景。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Keeping growth has been the core issue for corporations seeking continuous operations whereas internationalization poses a new challenge in this global era.
     
     International mergers and acquisitions (M&As) as a means for corporations aiming at business expansion are common occurrences, especially in the late 20th century when multinational companies (MNCs) were aggressively seeking global presence and expanding overseas operations.
     
     Mainland China, geographically adjacent to Taiwan, has been implementing its economic reforms since 1978 and grew rapidly as the new powerhouse of the world in manufacturing as well as in consumption. China has inevitably become one of the top-tier for foreign direct investment (FDI) among all developing countries. International M&As/ Cross-border M&As, however, have not been commonly utilized as vehicles by foreign investors to penetrate China’s market. In the year of 2000, international M&As only represented 5.5 % of the total FDI in China, mainly resulted from the strict regulations on its immature market mechanism and capital market.
     
     In light of the Chinese government’s recent attempts to improve its investment environment, including the deregulation of M&As, and to attract foreign investment via M&As, this research project focuses on Taiwanese enterprises’ M&As strategy in Mainland China in line with seeking continuous growth and through internationalization. Major emphasis on investment avenues Taiwanese enterprises to be the best situations of taking advantage in penetrating Chinese markets, and whether Taiwanese enterprises gaining better access to the Chinese market via M&As.
     
     In the past, the volume of research in this field is comparatively low; therefore, this research can be regarded as an exploratory study. With in-depth case studies of three selected Taiwanese enterprises that have adopted M&A strategy to enter the Chinese market, based upon my studies, key findings below.
     
     1.“Time Saving" would be the major concern in taking M&A as approach for Taiwanese enterprises to invest in Mainland China. That is to say, to enter a rapidly growing market like China within the shortest time period has not only become the key successful factor (KSF) but also the theme center while envisioning its investment strategy. M&As are under most circumstances, considered as the most suitable and fastest strategy to enter the market, within the shortest time frame, especially when “time” is considered as KSF, and crucial element. Therefore, compared to other FDI avenues, M&As indeed have their unique edge.
     
     In terms of saving time, acquiring an existing operation is more effective than starting from ground zero, i.e. building new facilities. Given the identical time frame, with good strategic planning from the home country, the buy-in approach has advantages in boosting up capacity, creating new markets, avoiding high expenses caused by inefficiencies in the start-up period. Parent companies are more likely to have a leap in growth by taking acquisitions with assistance from the external and the growth curve would be different from the S curve.
     
     2.M&As become the major growth strategy for Taiwanese enterprises to approach both purposes of internationalization, and entrance of overseas markets. That cross-border acquisitions of Taiwanese enterprise vehicles to enter overseas markets usually combines two characteristics, strategic acquisitions and rapid growth. M&As often act as a transition point for most Taiwanese enterprise in internationalization process. In other words, Taiwanese enterprise entry policy, like that of the MNCs counterpart, tends to take modules of starting from a low involvement to high, from a low degree of investment to high, and from a low level of control to high; The internationalization process is most often initiated by M&As, followed by increasing investment in constructing new facilities with full ownership. Applying such a policy to enter a foreign market utilizes both internal and external forces to obtain a company’s growth whereas a number of companies, after M&As are completed, prefer strategic alliances with external parties to sustain internationalization.
     
     As companies reach their desired growth goals and objectives via well planned investment strategy in the first stage, such as M&As, they should constantly be aware of any subtle changes in the investment environment in order to reduce potential risks arising from any rapid expansion and growth. In a relatively low-risk investment environment, steady growth is anticipated if the parent company is well managed and capable of adapting to environmental changes. That is to say, a parent company should always enhance its operating capability in order to mitigate risks from the ever- changing environment.
     
     3.Can M&A strategy be applied to achieve goals and objectives? Here’s the brief of my thesis conclusion.
     (1) Post merger integrations (PMI) depend on the degree of interdependence between parent company and acquired company, such as resource supplies and organizational structure, which has matched Integration Matrix Theory by Haspealagh and Jemison.
     (2) Stock shares reallocations after acquisitions may result in the changes of integrated corporate culture, which illustrates that PMI is subject to variation.
     (3) When a parent company benefits from the operating over its acquired company, the PMI module is usually in the form of forward integration.
     (4) There are no correlations between the country origins of the parent company and the acquired company.
     (5) Scales of the parent company and the acquired company may influence PMI modules. Correlations are defined via these 3 case studies that absorption mode occurs when the parent company has operating advantages over acquired company. Based on the study result, the parent company’s operating advantages or scale over the acquired company are key elements for the occurrence of absorption mode.
     (6) Unlike enterprises in the USA or Europe where integrations usually begin during M&A negotiation or the process of searching for acquiring targets, Taiwanese enterprises normally start integration process after the acquisition deal is completed.
     (7) Additional value is created only when M&As comply with a company’s goals and objectives; otherwise, negative impacts from M&As apply.
     (8) How and when to integrate may be two key factors for a successful acquisition. The study indicates that integration would have a higher chance of success if the process is initiated within two years’ time frame after acquisition.
     
     4.It is recommended that Taiwanese enterprises’ take on M&A as an approach to enter the Chinese market. However, many factors may attribute the results of M&As. The strategic forming and the PMI need to be carefully planned. Mainland China’s investment environment is improving, especially in the deregulation upon FDI’s M&As activities. With its increasing volumes of governmental entities’ reforms and transform actions, as well as its continuous economic growth, M&As strategy is indeed an alternative for Taiwanese enterprises to enter Chinese markets. Such strategy benefits market followers the most as resources and market entry can be obtained within the shortest time frame, and eventually to compete with other market frontiers. Nevertheless, investors should take risks into consideration, comparatively, there are higher levels of uncertainty in its economic and legal environments, restrictions toward ownership and organizational structure, shareholder limitations, culture and legal differences, as well as controlled information channels and sharing.
     
     In summary, to reach continuous growth via M&As, strategy should be in line with company goals and objectives. Such strategy should only be made with intensive evaluation of one’s capabilities and environmental circumstances, followed by well planned implementation and integration. By doing so, M&As will create additional value toward companies’ goals and objectives in seeking continuous growth.
en_US
dc.description.abstract (摘要) "學位委員會審定書 i
     中文摘要 iii
     英文摘要 v
     謝誌 ix
     中文目錄 xi
     英文目錄 xiii
     表目錄 xv
     圖目錄 xvii
     第一章 導論 1
     第一節 研究背景 1
     第二節 研究動機 6
     第三節 研究問題與研究目的 11
     第四節 研究流程與論文架構 12
     第二章 理論回顧與文獻探討 15
     第一節 購併的理論與意涵 15
     第二節 購併的動機 28
     第三節 購併的類型 31
     第四節 購併與公司策略 34
     第五節 購併整合與績效 43
     第六節 企業的重整策略 53
     第七節 國際購併與國際市場進入模式 59
     第三章 購併的環境與實踐 77
     第一節 中國大陸企業併購的發展與環境 77
     第二節 中國企業購併的類型與特色 91
     第三節 台商進入中國市場投資的模式與發展 95
     第四節 外資在中國購併的實踐經驗 108
     第四章 研究方法與架構 119
     第一節 研究方法 119
     第二節 研究範圍與個案 121
     第三節 研究架構與設計 121
     第四節 研究執行 122
     第五章 個案研究與分析 125
     第一節 柏承科技購併群雄電子 125
     第二節 信益陶瓷購併蕭山陶瓷 150
     第三節 三夏企業、大福國際與福邦控股的併購成長與重組 169
     第四節 研究發現 207
     第六章 結論與建議 211
     第一節 結論 211
     第二節 研究限制220 
     第三節 研究建議 221
     附錄 227
     參考書目 231
     
     
     Contents
     Abstract iii
     Acknowledge iv
     Contents xi
     List of Tables xv
     List of Figures xvii
     Chapter 1 Introductions 1
     1-1 Research Background 1
     1-2 Research Motivations 6
     1-3 Research Targets and Purposes 11
     1-4 Research Flows and Structure 12
     Chapter 2 Theories and Academic Studies 15
     2-1 Theories and Meaning of Mergers and Acquisitions 15
     2-2 Motivation of Mergers and Acquisitions  28
     2-3 Types of Mergers and Acquisitions 31
     2-4 Mergers and Acquisitions versus Corporate Strategies 34
     2-5 Integrations and Effects 43
     2-6 Integration Strategy 53
     2-7 International Mergers and Acquisitions, and International Market Entry Modes
     Chapter 3 Environment and Implementations of Mergers and Acquisitions 77
     3-1 Development and Investment Environment of Mergers and Acquisitions in Mainland China 77
     3-2 Types and Characteristics of Mergers and Acquisitions in Mainland China 91
     3-3 Taiwanese Enterprises’ Investment Modes and Development in Entering Chinese Market 95
     3-4 The Empirical Experience: FDI in China via Mergers and Acquisitions 108
     Chapter 4 Research Methods and Structure 119
     4-1 Research Methods 119
     4-2 Research Field and Case Study 121
     4-3 Research Structure and Design 121
     4-4 Research Implementations 122
     Chapter 5 Case Study and Analysis 125
     5-1 PLOTECH Co. Ltd. Acquired CHIUN HSIUNG Electronics Co. 125
     5-2 SINYIH Ceramic Co. Acquired HSIAOSHAN Ceramic Co. 150
     5-3 Effects of Growth and Integrations via Mergers and Acquisitions among SAN SHIAN Enterprise Co. Ltd.、DAFU International and FULBOND Holding Co. 169
     5-4 Research Findings 207
     Chapter 6 Summary and Suggestions 211
     6-1 Summary 211
     6-2 Research Limitations 220 
     6-3 Research Suggestions 221
     Appendix 227
     References 231
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dc.description.tableofcontents 學位委員會審定書 i
     中文摘要 iii
     英文摘要 v
     謝誌 ix
     中文目錄 xi
     英文目錄 xiii
     表目錄 xv
     圖目錄 xvii
     第一章 導論 1
     第一節 研究背景 1
     第二節 研究動機 6
     第三節 研究問題與研究目的 11
     第四節 研究流程與論文架構 12
     第二章 理論回顧與文獻探討 15
     第一節 購併的理論與意涵 15
     第二節 購併的動機 28
     第三節 購併的類型 31
     第四節 購併與公司策略 34
     第五節 購併整合與績效 43
     第六節 企業的重整策略 53
     第七節 國際購併與國際市場進入模式 59
     第三章 購併的環境與實踐 77
     第一節 中國大陸企業併購的發展與環境 77
     第二節 中國企業購併的類型與特色 91
     第三節 台商進入中國市場投資的模式與發展 95
     第四節 外資在中國購併的實踐經驗 108
     第四章 研究方法與架構 119
     第一節 研究方法 119
     第二節 研究範圍與個案 121
     第三節 研究架構與設計 121
     第四節 研究執行 122
     第五章 個案研究與分析 125
     第一節 柏承科技購併群雄電子 125
     第二節 信益陶瓷購併蕭山陶瓷 150
     第三節 三夏企業、大福國際與福邦控股的併購成長與重組 169
     第四節 研究發現 207
     第六章 結論與建議 211
     第一節 結論 211
     第二節 研究限制220 
     第三節 研究建議 221
     附錄 227
     參考書目 231
     
     
     Contents
     Abstract iii
     Acknowledge iv
     Contents xi
     List of Tables xv
     List of Figures xvii
     Chapter 1 Introductions 1
     1-1 Research Background 1
     1-2 Research Motivations 6
     1-3 Research Targets and Purposes 11
     1-4 Research Flows and Structure 12
     Chapter 2 Theories and Academic Studies 15
     2-1 Theories and Meaning of Mergers and Acquisitions 15
     2-2 Motivation of Mergers and Acquisitions  28
     2-3 Types of Mergers and Acquisitions 31
     2-4 Mergers and Acquisitions versus Corporate Strategies 34
     2-5 Integrations and Effects 43
     2-6 Integration Strategy 53
     2-7 International Mergers and Acquisitions, and International Market Entry Modes
     Chapter 3 Environment and Implementations of Mergers and Acquisitions 77
     3-1 Development and Investment Environment of Mergers and Acquisitions in Mainland China 77
     3-2 Types and Characteristics of Mergers and Acquisitions in Mainland China 91
     3-3 Taiwanese Enterprises’ Investment Modes and Development in Entering Chinese Market 95
     3-4 The Empirical Experience: FDI in China via Mergers and Acquisitions 108
     Chapter 4 Research Methods and Structure 119
     4-1 Research Methods 119
     4-2 Research Field and Case Study 121
     4-3 Research Structure and Design 121
     4-4 Research Implementations 122
     Chapter 5 Case Study and Analysis 125
     5-1 PLOTECH Co. Ltd. Acquired CHIUN HSIUNG Electronics Co. 125
     5-2 SINYIH Ceramic Co. Acquired HSIAOSHAN Ceramic Co. 150
     5-3 Effects of Growth and Integrations via Mergers and Acquisitions among SAN SHIAN Enterprise Co. Ltd.、DAFU International and FULBOND Holding Co. 169
     5-4 Research Findings 207
     Chapter 6 Summary and Suggestions 211
     6-1 Summary 211
     6-2 Research Limitations 220 
     6-3 Research Suggestions 221
     Appendix 227
     References 231
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089932019en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際購併╱跨國購併zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台商╱台資企業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國大陸zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 成長策略zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際市場進入模式zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) International Mergers and Acquisitions (International M&As) / Cross-border M&Asen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwanese Enterpriseen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mainland Chinaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Growth Strategyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) International Market Entry Modeen_US
dc.title (題名) 台商在中國大陸購併策略之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Study on the Mergers and Acquitions Strategy of Taiwaness Enterprises in Mainland Chinaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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