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題名 國際型臨床研究專業服務機構選擇進入台灣或新加坡市場模式之探討
An Investigation into Market Entry Options Contemplated by International
作者 尹繼源
Edward C. IAN
貢獻者 李易諭
Lee, Y. Y.
尹繼源
Edward C. IAN
關鍵詞 臨床研究專業服務機構
外包服務
藥物研發
Contract Research Organization
Outsourcing
New Drug Application
Investigational New Drug
日期 2007
上傳時間 12-Sep-2009 12:53:56 (UTC+8)
摘要 Contract Research Organization (CRO) industry has been a fast growingservice sector within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry since the early 1980’s. Aiming at assisting its clients in obtaining product registration and market approval from the health authorities (i.e. Food and Drug Administration of the US and Department of Health of Taiwan), CRO’s provide extensive consultations as well as clinical research and management services, covering both pre-clinical and clinical arenas.
     In recent years, global CRO’s have been expanding towards the Southeastern Asian (thereafter “SEA”) region targeting, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, and South Korea. While most of the empirical research on market entry mode has targeted the manufacturing industries, more recent studies have been completed on service sectors targeting advertising and financing industries. Since the history of CRO is relatively short, limited study has been performed on this industry, especially on the international entry patterns and behaviors for the CRO industry. This research document examines the current environments of CRO industry in Taiwan and Singapore and the factors influencing international company’s decisions on the entry mode. A recommendation of the best options to enter Taiwan and Singapore for the international CRO’s is presented. The paper concludes with findings as well as recommendations for further investigation directions.
Chapter 1
     RATIONALE AND SELECTION OF RESEARCH TOPIC………………………......1
     1.1 Introduction of CRO……………………………………………………………......1
     1.2 Review of the current CRO market entry behaviors in Taiwan and Singapore……………………………………………………………………......... 1
     1.3 Objectives of Research………………………………………………….......2
     
     Chapter 2
     LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………………………............3
     2.1 The Industry……………………………………………………………………….........3
     2.1.1 Industry Background………..…………………………………...........3
     2.1.2 Service Industry and Unique Characteristics of CRO in Providing Clinical Management and Testing Services………5
     2.1.3 CRO Expansion into the Southeast Asia region……… 6
     2.2 Type of International Market Entries…………………………..6
     2.2.1 Merger and Acquisition…………….…………………………..........7
     2.2.2 Greenfield Investment…………………………………………...........7
     2.2.3 Joint Venture………………………………………………………..............8
     2.3 Market Entry and Ownership…………………………………………………...9
     2.4 Literature Review on Service Sector…………………………...10
     2.4.1 Factors Influencing Entry Modes………………………….......11
     2.4.2 Firm-Specific Advantages……………………………………..........14
     
     Chapter 3
     RESEARCH METHOD………………………………………………………………………..............17
     3.1 Research Design…………………………………………………………………........17
     3.2 Sample………………………………………………………………………………............17
     3.3 Questionnaire and Interviews………………………………........18
     3.4 Data Analysis and Validation………………………………….......19
     
     Chapter 4
     RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………..........20
     4.1 Entry Mode Pattern……………………………………………….……………......22
     4.2 Entry Behaviors………………………………………………….……………….......23
     4.3 Influential Factors and country Specific Findings.. 24
     4.3.1 Cultural Factors……………………..……………………….............24
     4.3.2 Government Factors……………………………………................26
     4.3.3 Regulatory Factors………………………………………………............27
     4.3.4 Resource Factors………………………………………………….............30
     4.3.6 Cost Factors………………………………………………………...............31
     4.3.7 Country Summary………………………………………………...............31
     4.4 Future CRO Environment in Taiwan and Singapore .35
     
     Chapter 5
     RECOMMENDATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH………………………………….......37
     BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCE WEBSITES.....................38
     Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………............38
     Reference Websites…………………………………………………………………………..........40
     
     APPENDIX 42
     1 Questionnaire Questions……………………………………………………………….....42
     2 Telephonic Interview Questions………………………….…..........43
     3 Country Summary………………………………………………………………………..........44
     4 SWOT Analysis, Taiwan and Singapore…………………………………....46
參考文獻 i. Bibliography
Ariely, R. (2002), Does Size Matter in the CRO Industry? Frost & Sullivan Publication
Bartlett, C., Ghoshal, S., & Birkinshaw, J. (2003), Transnational Management; Text, Cases, and Readings in CRO’s -Border Management,” 4th edn., New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Beamish, P. & Banks, J. (1987), “Equity Joint Ventures and the Theory of Multinational Enterprise,” Journal of International Business Studies, pp. 13-14
Boggarapu, K. (2005), Contract Research Organization (CRO) Trends and Opportunities in Asia Pacific, Frost & Sullivan Publication
Buckley, P. & Casson M. (1988), “A Theory of Co-Operation in International Business,” Management International Review Special Issue
Contractor F. & Lorange P. (1988), “Competition vs. Cooperation: A Benefit/Cost Framework for Choosing Between Fully-Owned Investments and Cooperative Relationships,” Management International Review, Vol. 28 Special Issue, pp. 5-18
Cornelius, N. (2002), Human Resource Management, 2nd edn., London: Thomson Learning
Dolven, B. (1999), Singlish Can or Not? Far Eastern Economic Review
Ekeledo, I. & Sivakumar, K. (2004), “International market Entry Mode Strategies of Manufacturing firms and Service Firms: A Resource-Based Perspective,” International Marketing Review, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2004 pp. 68-101(34).
EMEA (European Medicines Agency) (1998), “Note for guidance on ethnic factors in the acceptability of foreign clinical data,” September
Erramilli, M. & Rao, C. (1990), “Choice of Foreign Market Entry Modes by Service Frims: Role of Market Knowledge,” Management International Review, pp. 135-150.
Erramilli, M. (1991), “The Experience Factor in Foreign Market Entry Behaviour of Service Firms,” Journal of International Business Studies, 22(3) pp. 479-501
Erramilli, M. & Rao, C. (1993), “Service Firms’ International Entry-mode Choice: A Modified,” Journal of Marketing, 57(3), pp.19-38
Erramilli, M. (1996), “Nationality and Subsidiary Ownership Patterns in Multinational Corporations,” Journal of International Business Studies, 27(2) pp. 225-248
Geroski, P. (1991), Market Dynamics and Entry, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Gronroos, C. (1999), “Internationalization Strategies for Services,” Journal of Services Marketing, 13 (2), pp. 33-58
Harzing, A. (2002), “Acquisitions versus Greenfield Investments: International Strategy and Management of Entry Modes,” Strategic Management Journal, 23 (1), pp. 211- 227
Jayashree (2005), Clinical Research Outsourcing Overview: Current Scenario & Future Outlook, International Biopharmaceutical Association Publication
Jobber, D. & Fahy J. (2003), Foundations of Marketing, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education
Kambil, A., Long V., Kwan, C. (2006), “The Seven Disciplines for Venturing in China,” MIT Sloan Management Review, 47(2), pp. 85-89
Kogut, B. & Singh H. (1988), “The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode,” Journal of International Business Studies, 19(3), pp. 411-432
Li, J. (1995), “Foreign Entry and Survival: Effects of Strategic Choice on Performance in International Market,” Strategic Management Journal, 16 (5), pp. 333-351,
Li, J. & Guisinger, S. (1991), “Comparative Business Failures of Foreign-Controlled Firms in the United States,” Journal of International Business Studies, 22(2), pp. 209-224
McFarlin, D. & Sweeney, P. (2006), International Management: Strategic Opportunities and Cultural Challenges, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company
Mirowski, P. & Van Horn, R. (2005), “The Contract Research Organization and the Commercialization of Scientific Research,” Social Studies of Science 35(4), pp. 503-548
Neal, M. (1998), The Culture Factor: CRO’s-National Management and the Foreign Venture, London: MacMillan Press Ltd.
Pehrsson, A. (2004), Strategy Competence: A Study of Successful Business Establishments, Strategic Change, Aug, Vol. 13, Iss. 5
Pharmaceutical and Biotech Analyst Group (PBAG) (2003), World Contract Research Organizations (CRO’s) Market: Poised for Strong Growth Despite Challenges, Frost & Sullivan Publication
Pharmaceutical and Biotech Analyst Group (PBAG), Taiwanese Biotechnology Industry Needs to Devise Inventive Strategies to Compete Effectively against Foreign Markets, Frost & Sullivan Publication
Reardon, J. R., Erramilli, MK, Dsouza, D. et. al. (1996), “International Expansion of Service Firms: Problems and Strategies,” Journal of Professional Services Marketing, 15(1), pp. 31-46
Slangen, A. & Hennart. J. F. (2004), Entry Mode Choice and Integration: How Do They Affect Subsidiary Performance? Tilburg University Publication, August
Walls S. & Rees B. (2004), International Business, 2nd edn., Essex: Peraon Education Limited
ii. Reference Websites
Coface Risk Rating: www.coface-usa.com/
PubMed: www.pubmed.com , Attitude towards clinical trials: results of a survey of persons interested in research, accessed on May 28th, 2006
Paraxel International: http://www.parexel.com/about/locations.asp
Kendle International: http://www.kendle.com/)
Quintiles Transnational: http://www.quintiles.com/Corporate_Info/default.htm
Covance: http://www.covance.com/aboutcvd/index.php
ICON Clinical: www.iconclinical.com
PRA International: www.prainternational.com
Protech Pharmaservices Corporation: www.ppccro.com
Apex International: www.apex-cro.com/about_us.htm
Contract Research Organization: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_research_organizatio
Biopolis Development : www.temasekholdings.com.sg
Taiwan Industry Outlooks- Biotechnoloy/Pharmaceutial Industryhttp://www.biopharm.org.tw/download/pdf/incentive_taiwan.pdf
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
經營管理碩士學程(EMBA)
929325101
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0929325101
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李易諭zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lee, Y. Y.en_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 尹繼源zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Edward C. IANen_US
dc.creator (作者) 尹繼源zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Edward C. IANen_US
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 12-Sep-2009 12:53:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 12-Sep-2009 12:53:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 12-Sep-2009 12:53:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0929325101en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/30799-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 經營管理碩士學程(EMBA)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 929325101zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Contract Research Organization (CRO) industry has been a fast growingservice sector within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry since the early 1980’s. Aiming at assisting its clients in obtaining product registration and market approval from the health authorities (i.e. Food and Drug Administration of the US and Department of Health of Taiwan), CRO’s provide extensive consultations as well as clinical research and management services, covering both pre-clinical and clinical arenas.
     In recent years, global CRO’s have been expanding towards the Southeastern Asian (thereafter “SEA”) region targeting, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, and South Korea. While most of the empirical research on market entry mode has targeted the manufacturing industries, more recent studies have been completed on service sectors targeting advertising and financing industries. Since the history of CRO is relatively short, limited study has been performed on this industry, especially on the international entry patterns and behaviors for the CRO industry. This research document examines the current environments of CRO industry in Taiwan and Singapore and the factors influencing international company’s decisions on the entry mode. A recommendation of the best options to enter Taiwan and Singapore for the international CRO’s is presented. The paper concludes with findings as well as recommendations for further investigation directions.		en_US
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Chapter 1
     RATIONALE AND SELECTION OF RESEARCH TOPIC………………………......1
     1.1 Introduction of CRO……………………………………………………………......1
     1.2 Review of the current CRO market entry behaviors in Taiwan and Singapore……………………………………………………………………......... 1
     1.3 Objectives of Research………………………………………………….......2
     
     Chapter 2
     LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………………………............3
     2.1 The Industry……………………………………………………………………….........3
     2.1.1 Industry Background………..…………………………………...........3
     2.1.2 Service Industry and Unique Characteristics of CRO in Providing Clinical Management and Testing Services………5
     2.1.3 CRO Expansion into the Southeast Asia region……… 6
     2.2 Type of International Market Entries…………………………..6
     2.2.1 Merger and Acquisition…………….…………………………..........7
     2.2.2 Greenfield Investment…………………………………………...........7
     2.2.3 Joint Venture………………………………………………………..............8
     2.3 Market Entry and Ownership…………………………………………………...9
     2.4 Literature Review on Service Sector…………………………...10
     2.4.1 Factors Influencing Entry Modes………………………….......11
     2.4.2 Firm-Specific Advantages……………………………………..........14
     
     Chapter 3
     RESEARCH METHOD………………………………………………………………………..............17
     3.1 Research Design…………………………………………………………………........17
     3.2 Sample………………………………………………………………………………............17
     3.3 Questionnaire and Interviews………………………………........18
     3.4 Data Analysis and Validation………………………………….......19
     
     Chapter 4
     RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………..........20
     4.1 Entry Mode Pattern……………………………………………….……………......22
     4.2 Entry Behaviors………………………………………………….……………….......23
     4.3 Influential Factors and country Specific Findings.. 24
     4.3.1 Cultural Factors……………………..……………………….............24
     4.3.2 Government Factors……………………………………................26
     4.3.3 Regulatory Factors………………………………………………............27
     4.3.4 Resource Factors………………………………………………….............30
     4.3.6 Cost Factors………………………………………………………...............31
     4.3.7 Country Summary………………………………………………...............31
     4.4 Future CRO Environment in Taiwan and Singapore .35
     
     Chapter 5
     RECOMMENDATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH………………………………….......37
     BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCE WEBSITES.....................38
     Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………............38
     Reference Websites…………………………………………………………………………..........40
     
     APPENDIX 42
     1 Questionnaire Questions……………………………………………………………….....42
     2 Telephonic Interview Questions………………………….…..........43
     3 Country Summary………………………………………………………………………..........44
     4 SWOT Analysis, Taiwan and Singapore…………………………………....46		-
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1
     RATIONALE AND SELECTION OF RESEARCH TOPIC………………………......1
     1.1 Introduction of CRO……………………………………………………………......1
     1.2 Review of the current CRO market entry behaviors in Taiwan and Singapore……………………………………………………………………......... 1
     1.3 Objectives of Research………………………………………………….......2
     
     Chapter 2
     LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………………………............3
     2.1 The Industry……………………………………………………………………….........3
     2.1.1 Industry Background………..…………………………………...........3
     2.1.2 Service Industry and Unique Characteristics of CRO in Providing Clinical Management and Testing Services………5
     2.1.3 CRO Expansion into the Southeast Asia region……… 6
     2.2 Type of International Market Entries…………………………..6
     2.2.1 Merger and Acquisition…………….…………………………..........7
     2.2.2 Greenfield Investment…………………………………………...........7
     2.2.3 Joint Venture………………………………………………………..............8
     2.3 Market Entry and Ownership…………………………………………………...9
     2.4 Literature Review on Service Sector…………………………...10
     2.4.1 Factors Influencing Entry Modes………………………….......11
     2.4.2 Firm-Specific Advantages……………………………………..........14
     
     Chapter 3
     RESEARCH METHOD………………………………………………………………………..............17
     3.1 Research Design…………………………………………………………………........17
     3.2 Sample………………………………………………………………………………............17
     3.3 Questionnaire and Interviews………………………………........18
     3.4 Data Analysis and Validation………………………………….......19
     
     Chapter 4
     RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………..........20
     4.1 Entry Mode Pattern……………………………………………….……………......22
     4.2 Entry Behaviors………………………………………………….……………….......23
     4.3 Influential Factors and country Specific Findings.. 24
     4.3.1 Cultural Factors……………………..……………………….............24
     4.3.2 Government Factors……………………………………................26
     4.3.3 Regulatory Factors………………………………………………............27
     4.3.4 Resource Factors………………………………………………….............30
     4.3.6 Cost Factors………………………………………………………...............31
     4.3.7 Country Summary………………………………………………...............31
     4.4 Future CRO Environment in Taiwan and Singapore .35
     
     Chapter 5
     RECOMMENDATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH………………………………….......37
     BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCE WEBSITES.....................38
     Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………............38
     Reference Websites…………………………………………………………………………..........40
     
     APPENDIX 42
     1 Questionnaire Questions……………………………………………………………….....42
     2 Telephonic Interview Questions………………………….…..........43
     3 Country Summary………………………………………………………………………..........44
     4 SWOT Analysis, Taiwan and Singapore…………………………………....46		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0929325101en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 臨床研究專業服務機構zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外包服務zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 藥物研發zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Contract Research Organizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Outsourcingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) New Drug Applicationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Investigational New Drugen_US
dc.title (題名) 國際型臨床研究專業服務機構選擇進入台灣或新加坡市場模式之探討zh_TW
dc.title (題名) An Investigation into Market Entry Options Contemplated by Internationalen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) i. Bibliographyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ariely, R. (2002), Does Size Matter in the CRO Industry? Frost & Sullivan Publicationzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bartlett, C., Ghoshal, S., & Birkinshaw, J. (2003), Transnational Management; Text, Cases, and Readings in CRO’s -Border Management,” 4th edn., New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beamish, P. & Banks, J. (1987), “Equity Joint Ventures and the Theory of Multinational Enterprise,” Journal of International Business Studies, pp. 13-14zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boggarapu, K. (2005), Contract Research Organization (CRO) Trends and Opportunities in Asia Pacific, Frost & Sullivan Publicationzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Buckley, P. & Casson M. (1988), “A Theory of Co-Operation in International Business,” Management International Review Special Issuezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Contractor F. & Lorange P. (1988), “Competition vs. Cooperation: A Benefit/Cost Framework for Choosing Between Fully-Owned Investments and Cooperative Relationships,” Management International Review, Vol. 28 Special Issue, pp. 5-18zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cornelius, N. (2002), Human Resource Management, 2nd edn., London: Thomson Learningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dolven, B. (1999), Singlish Can or Not? Far Eastern Economic Reviewzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ekeledo, I. & Sivakumar, K. (2004), “International market Entry Mode Strategies of Manufacturing firms and Service Firms: A Resource-Based Perspective,” International Marketing Review, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2004 pp. 68-101(34).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) EMEA (European Medicines Agency) (1998), “Note for guidance on ethnic factors in the acceptability of foreign clinical data,” Septemberzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Erramilli, M. & Rao, C. (1990), “Choice of Foreign Market Entry Modes by Service Frims: Role of Market Knowledge,” Management International Review, pp. 135-150.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Erramilli, M. (1991), “The Experience Factor in Foreign Market Entry Behaviour of Service Firms,” Journal of International Business Studies, 22(3) pp. 479-501zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Erramilli, M. & Rao, C. (1993), “Service Firms’ International Entry-mode Choice: A Modified,” Journal of Marketing, 57(3), pp.19-38zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Erramilli, M. (1996), “Nationality and Subsidiary Ownership Patterns in Multinational Corporations,” Journal of International Business Studies, 27(2) pp. 225-248zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Geroski, P. (1991), Market Dynamics and Entry, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gronroos, C. (1999), “Internationalization Strategies for Services,” Journal of Services Marketing, 13 (2), pp. 33-58zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Harzing, A. (2002), “Acquisitions versus Greenfield Investments: International Strategy and Management of Entry Modes,” Strategic Management Journal, 23 (1), pp. 211- 227zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jayashree (2005), Clinical Research Outsourcing Overview: Current Scenario & Future Outlook, International Biopharmaceutical Association Publicationzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jobber, D. & Fahy J. (2003), Foundations of Marketing, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Educationzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kambil, A., Long V., Kwan, C. (2006), “The Seven Disciplines for Venturing in China,” MIT Sloan Management Review, 47(2), pp. 85-89zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kogut, B. & Singh H. (1988), “The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode,” Journal of International Business Studies, 19(3), pp. 411-432zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, J. (1995), “Foreign Entry and Survival: Effects of Strategic Choice on Performance in International Market,” Strategic Management Journal, 16 (5), pp. 333-351,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, J. & Guisinger, S. (1991), “Comparative Business Failures of Foreign-Controlled Firms in the United States,” Journal of International Business Studies, 22(2), pp. 209-224zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McFarlin, D. & Sweeney, P. (2006), International Management: Strategic Opportunities and Cultural Challenges, New York: Houghton Mifflin Companyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mirowski, P. & Van Horn, R. (2005), “The Contract Research Organization and the Commercialization of Scientific Research,” Social Studies of Science 35(4), pp. 503-548zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Neal, M. (1998), The Culture Factor: CRO’s-National Management and the Foreign Venture, London: MacMillan Press Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pehrsson, A. (2004), Strategy Competence: A Study of Successful Business Establishments, Strategic Change, Aug, Vol. 13, Iss. 5zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pharmaceutical and Biotech Analyst Group (PBAG) (2003), World Contract Research Organizations (CRO’s) Market: Poised for Strong Growth Despite Challenges, Frost & Sullivan Publicationzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pharmaceutical and Biotech Analyst Group (PBAG), Taiwanese Biotechnology Industry Needs to Devise Inventive Strategies to Compete Effectively against Foreign Markets, Frost & Sullivan Publicationzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reardon, J. R., Erramilli, MK, Dsouza, D. et. al. (1996), “International Expansion of Service Firms: Problems and Strategies,” Journal of Professional Services Marketing, 15(1), pp. 31-46zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Slangen, A. & Hennart. J. F. (2004), Entry Mode Choice and Integration: How Do They Affect Subsidiary Performance? Tilburg University Publication, Augustzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Walls S. & Rees B. (2004), International Business, 2nd edn., Essex: Peraon Education Limitedzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ii. Reference Websiteszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coface Risk Rating: www.coface-usa.com/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) PubMed: www.pubmed.com , Attitude towards clinical trials: results of a survey of persons interested in research, accessed on May 28th, 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Paraxel International: http://www.parexel.com/about/locations.aspzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kendle International: http://www.kendle.com/)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Quintiles Transnational: http://www.quintiles.com/Corporate_Info/default.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Covance: http://www.covance.com/aboutcvd/index.phpzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ICON Clinical: www.iconclinical.comzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) PRA International: www.prainternational.comzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Protech Pharmaservices Corporation: www.ppccro.comzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Apex International: www.apex-cro.com/about_us.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Contract Research Organization: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_research_organizatiozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Biopolis Development : www.temasekholdings.com.sgzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taiwan Industry Outlooks- Biotechnoloy/Pharmaceutial Industryhttp://www.biopharm.org.tw/download/pdf/incentive_taiwan.pdfzh_TW