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題名 考慮信用風險之可轉債評價研究
作者 劉昶輝
貢獻者 陳威光<br>江彌修
劉昶輝
關鍵詞 可轉換公司債
結構式信用風險模型
CreditGrades 模型
最小平方蒙地卡羅模擬
Convertible Bonds
Structural Models
CreditGrades Model
Least Square Monte Carlo Simulation
日期 2008
上傳時間 14-Sep-2009 09:31:14 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文將信用風險模型CreditGrades model延伸至可轉債評價。相對 Hung and Wang (2002) 與 Chambers and Lu (2007), 本文信用風險模型的設定較有經濟意涵。除了結構式模型(structural models) 本身就比縮減式模型 (reduced-form models) 較具經濟意涵外, 本文模型在股價愈低時, 發生違約的機率愈高, 與在真實世界公司股價愈低愈有可能發生違約的現象一致。但是 Hung and Wang (2002) 與Chambers and Lu (2007) 的設定隱含假設公司股價高低於皆不影響違約發生機率。Ayache, Forsyth and Vetzal (2003) 雖然將違約強度設定為股價的遞減函數, 試圖捕捉股價愈低違約機率愈高的現象。卻沒有說明如何估計該設定的參數。本文模型的參數校準容易而且快速。<br>本研究選用最小平方蒙地卡羅法(Least Square Monte Carlo, LSM) 進行評價。相對於樹狀法與有限差分法, 蒙地卡羅法能夠輕易評價具有路徑相依性質條款的可轉債。此外, 未來如果需要新增其它隨機因子, 比起樹狀法與有限差分法更有彈性。蒙地卡羅法的缺點為評價時間冗長, 本文以準隨機亂數(quasi-random sequences) 輔助, 縮短評價時間。<br>本文有以下發現:考慮信用風險的模型價格比起未考慮信用風險更接近市場價格; 可轉債對波動度較不敏感, 與Brennan and Schwartz (1988) 的觀察一致; 股價波動度愈大會使得可轉債價值提高, 但具有贖回條款的可轉債, 提高幅度不如沒有贖回條款的可轉債; 加入賣回條款的可轉債對利率較不敏感, 利率上升會降低可轉債的價值, 但具有賣回條款的可轉債, 下跌幅度小於沒有賣回條款的可轉債。
參考文獻 張世東(2003), “海外可轉換公司債的評價— 考慮平均重設條款、信用風險
及利率期間結構”, 碩士論文, 國立政治大學金融研究所。
郭翔宇(2009), “考慮信用風險之可轉換公司債二因子樹狀評價模型”, 碩士論文, 國立台灣大學財務金融研究所。
粘哲偉(2004), “多資產結構型商品之評價與避險— 利用Quasi-Monte
Carlo 模擬法”, 碩士論文, 國立政治大學金融研究所。
Akihiko Takahashi, Takao Kobayashi and Nakagawa, Naruhisa (2001),“Pricing convertible bonds with default risk”,
Journal of Fixed Income.
Andersen, Leif and Buffum, Dan (2004), “Calibration and implementation of convertible bond models”, Journal of Computational Finance.
Ayache, E., Forsyth, P., and Vetzal, K. (2003), “Valuation of convertible bonds with credit risk”, Journal of Derivatives.
Benjamin Yibin Zhang, Hao Zhou and Zhu, Haibin (2005), “Explaining credit default swap spreads with equity volatility and jump risks of individual firms”, Technical report, Bank for International Settlements.
Brealey, Richard A. and Myers, Stewart C. (2004), Principle of Corporate Finance, McGraw-Hill.
Brennan, Michael and Schwartz, Eduardo (1988), “The case for convertibles", Journal of Applied Corporate Finance.
Brennan, Michael J. and Schwartz, Eduardo S.(1977), “Convertible bonds:valuation and optimal strategies for call and conversion”, Journal of Finance.
Brennan, Michael J. and Schwartz, Eduardo S.
(1980), “Analyzing convertible bonds”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis.
Brigham, Eugene F. (1966), “An analysis of convertible debentures”, Journal of Finance.
Bystr¨om, Hans (2006), “Creditgrades and the itraxx cds index market”, Financial Analysis Journal.
Calamos, John P. (1998), Convertible Securities, McGraw-Hill.
Campbell, John Y. and Taksler, Glen B. (2003), “Equity volatility and corporate bond yields”, Journal of Finance.
Carayannopoulos, Peter and Kalimipalli, Madhu (2003), “Convertible bonds prices and inherent biases”, Journal of Fixed Income.
Chambers, Donald R. and Lu, Qin (2007), “A tree model for pricing convertible bonds with equity, interest rate, and default risk”, Journal of Derivatives.
Chaudhary, Suneal K. (2005), “American options and the lsm
algorithm:quasi-random sequences and brownian bridges”, Journal of Computational Finance.
Chemmanur, Thomas J. and Simonyan, Karen (2008), “What drives the issuance of putable convertibles:risk-shifting or asymmetric information?”,Technical report, SSRN.
Collin-Dufresne, Pierre and Goldstein, Robert S. (2001), “Do credit spreads reflect stationary leverage ratios?”, Journal of Finance.
Davis, M. and Lischka, F. R. (1999), “Convertible bonds with market risk and credit risk”, Technical report, Tokyo-Mitsubishi International PLC.
Derman, E. (1994), “Valuing convertible bonds as derivatives”, Technical report, Goldman Sachs.
Finger, Pan Lardy Ta, Finkelstein and Tierney (2002), “Creditgrades technical document”, Technical report, RiskMetrics Group.
Gatheral, Jim (2006), The Volatility Surface, Wiley.
Glasserman, Paul (2004), Monte Carlo Methods in Financial Enginering, Springer.
Grimwood, Russell and Hodges, Stewart (2002), “The valuation of convertible bond:a study of alternative pricing models”, Technical report, Warwick Business School.
Hull, John C. (2006), Risk Management and Financial Institutions, Pearson Education.
Hull, John C. (2006), Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, Pearson Education.
Hung, Mao-Wei and Wang, Jr-Yan (2002), “Pricing convertible bonds subject to default risk”, Journal of Derivatives.
Ingersoll, Jonathan E. (1977), “A contingent claims valuation of convertible securities”, Journal of Financial Economics.
Jackel, P. (2002), Monte Carlo Methods in Finance, Wiley.
John Hull, Izzy Nelken and White, Alan (2004), “Merton’s model, credit risk, and volatility skews”, Journal of Credit Risk.
Kang, Jun-Koo and W.Lee, Yul (1996), “The pricing of convertible debt offerings”, Journal of Financial Economics.
Longstaff, Francis A. and Schwartz, Eduardo S. (2001), “Valuing american options by simulaion : A simple least-squares approach”, The Rewiew of Financial Studies.
Manuel Ammann, Axel Kind and Wilde, Christian (2006),
“Simulation-based pricing of convertible bonds”, Journal of Empirical Finance.
McConnell, John J. and Schwartz, Eduardo S. (1986), “Lyon taming”, Journal of Finance.
McConnell, John J. and Schwartz, Eduardo S.“The origin of lyons:a case study in financial innovation”, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance.
Moreno, M. and Navas, J. F. (2003), “On the robustness of least squares monte carlo for pricing american derivatives”, Review of Derivatives Research.
Niederreiter, Harald (1992), Random number generation and quasi-Monte Carlo methods, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
Olsen (2002), “Convertible bonds:a technical introduction”, Technical report, Barclays Capital.
Overhaus, Marcus, Bermudez, Ana, Buehler, Hans, Ferraris, Andrew, Jordinson, Christopher, and Lamnouar, Aziz (2007), Eauity Hybrid Derivatives, Wiley.
Pan, George (2001), “Equity to credit pricing”, Risk Magazine.
Paskov, Spassimir H. and Traub, Joseph F. (1995), “Faster valuation of financial derivatives”, Journal of Portfolio Management.
Sepp, Artur (2006), “Extended creditgrades model with stochastic volatility and jumps”, Wilmott magazine.
Stamicar, Robert and Finger, Christopher C. (2006), “Incorporating equity derivatives into the creditgrades model”, Journal of Credit Risk.
Tsiveriotis, Kostas and Fernandes, Chris (1998), “Valuing convertible bonds with credit risk”, Journal of Fixed Income.
Wilmott, Paul (2006), Paul Wilmott on Quantitative Finance, Wiley.
Yigitbasioglu and Alexander (2006), “Pricing and hedging convertible bond:delayed calls and uncertain volatility”, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance.
Yu, Fan (2006), “How profitable is capital structure arbitrage?”, Financial Analysis Journal.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
金融研究所
96352006
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096352006
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳威光<br>江彌修zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 劉昶輝zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 劉昶輝zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 09:31:14 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 09:31:14 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Sep-2009 09:31:14 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0096352006en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31199-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 金融研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96352006zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文將信用風險模型CreditGrades model延伸至可轉債評價。相對 Hung and Wang (2002) 與 Chambers and Lu (2007), 本文信用風險模型的設定較有經濟意涵。除了結構式模型(structural models) 本身就比縮減式模型 (reduced-form models) 較具經濟意涵外, 本文模型在股價愈低時, 發生違約的機率愈高, 與在真實世界公司股價愈低愈有可能發生違約的現象一致。但是 Hung and Wang (2002) 與Chambers and Lu (2007) 的設定隱含假設公司股價高低於皆不影響違約發生機率。Ayache, Forsyth and Vetzal (2003) 雖然將違約強度設定為股價的遞減函數, 試圖捕捉股價愈低違約機率愈高的現象。卻沒有說明如何估計該設定的參數。本文模型的參數校準容易而且快速。<br>本研究選用最小平方蒙地卡羅法(Least Square Monte Carlo, LSM) 進行評價。相對於樹狀法與有限差分法, 蒙地卡羅法能夠輕易評價具有路徑相依性質條款的可轉債。此外, 未來如果需要新增其它隨機因子, 比起樹狀法與有限差分法更有彈性。蒙地卡羅法的缺點為評價時間冗長, 本文以準隨機亂數(quasi-random sequences) 輔助, 縮短評價時間。<br>本文有以下發現:考慮信用風險的模型價格比起未考慮信用風險更接近市場價格; 可轉債對波動度較不敏感, 與Brennan and Schwartz (1988) 的觀察一致; 股價波動度愈大會使得可轉債價值提高, 但具有贖回條款的可轉債, 提高幅度不如沒有贖回條款的可轉債; 加入賣回條款的可轉債對利率較不敏感, 利率上升會降低可轉債的價值, 但具有賣回條款的可轉債, 下跌幅度小於沒有賣回條款的可轉債。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 1 緒論7
     1.1 研究動機與目的. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
     1.2 研究架構. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
     2 文獻回顧9
     3 研究方法11
     3.1 CreditGrades Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     3.2 可轉債模型設定. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     3.3 可轉債模型參數校準. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     3.4 最小平方蒙地卡羅模擬法(LSM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     3.5 準隨機亂數. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     4 實證結果與分析23
     4.1 Parker Drilling Co 可轉債實證分析. . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     4.2 聯強可轉債實證分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
     5 結論與建議35
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096352006en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 可轉換公司債zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 結構式信用風險模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) CreditGrades 模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 最小平方蒙地卡羅模擬zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Convertible Bondsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Structural Modelsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) CreditGrades Modelen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Least Square Monte Carlo Simulationen_US
dc.title (題名) 考慮信用風險之可轉債評價研究zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張世東(2003), “海外可轉換公司債的評價— 考慮平均重設條款、信用風險zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 及利率期間結構”, 碩士論文, 國立政治大學金融研究所。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 郭翔宇(2009), “考慮信用風險之可轉換公司債二因子樹狀評價模型”, 碩士論文, 國立台灣大學財務金融研究所。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 粘哲偉(2004), “多資產結構型商品之評價與避險— 利用Quasi-Montezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carlo 模擬法”, 碩士論文, 國立政治大學金融研究所。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Akihiko Takahashi, Takao Kobayashi and Nakagawa, Naruhisa (2001),“Pricing convertible bonds with default risk”,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Journal of Fixed Income.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Andersen, Leif and Buffum, Dan (2004), “Calibration and implementation of convertible bond models”, Journal of Computational Finance.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ayache, E., Forsyth, P., and Vetzal, K. (2003), “Valuation of convertible bonds with credit risk”, Journal of Derivatives.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Benjamin Yibin Zhang, Hao Zhou and Zhu, Haibin (2005), “Explaining credit default swap spreads with equity volatility and jump risks of individual firms”, Technical report, Bank for International Settlements.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brealey, Richard A. and Myers, Stewart C. (2004), Principle of Corporate Finance, McGraw-Hill.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brennan, Michael and Schwartz, Eduardo (1988), “The case for convertibles", Journal of Applied Corporate Finance.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brennan, Michael J. and Schwartz, Eduardo S.(1977), “Convertible bonds:valuation and optimal strategies for call and conversion”, Journal of Finance.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brennan, Michael J. and Schwartz, Eduardo S.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (1980), “Analyzing convertible bonds”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brigham, Eugene F. (1966), “An analysis of convertible debentures”, Journal of Finance.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bystr¨om, Hans (2006), “Creditgrades and the itraxx cds index market”, Financial Analysis Journal.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Calamos, John P. (1998), Convertible Securities, McGraw-Hill.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Campbell, John Y. and Taksler, Glen B. (2003), “Equity volatility and corporate bond yields”, Journal of Finance.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carayannopoulos, Peter and Kalimipalli, Madhu (2003), “Convertible bonds prices and inherent biases”, Journal of Fixed Income.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chambers, Donald R. and Lu, Qin (2007), “A tree model for pricing convertible bonds with equity, interest rate, and default risk”, Journal of Derivatives.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chaudhary, Suneal K. (2005), “American options and the lsmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) algorithm:quasi-random sequences and brownian bridges”, Journal of Computational Finance.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chemmanur, Thomas J. and Simonyan, Karen (2008), “What drives the issuance of putable convertibles:risk-shifting or asymmetric information?”,Technical report, SSRN.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Collin-Dufresne, Pierre and Goldstein, Robert S. (2001), “Do credit spreads reflect stationary leverage ratios?”, Journal of Finance.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Davis, M. and Lischka, F. R. (1999), “Convertible bonds with market risk and credit risk”, Technical report, Tokyo-Mitsubishi International PLC.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Derman, E. (1994), “Valuing convertible bonds as derivatives”, Technical report, Goldman Sachs.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Finger, Pan Lardy Ta, Finkelstein and Tierney (2002), “Creditgrades technical document”, Technical report, RiskMetrics Group.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gatheral, Jim (2006), The Volatility Surface, Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Glasserman, Paul (2004), Monte Carlo Methods in Financial Enginering, Springer.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grimwood, Russell and Hodges, Stewart (2002), “The valuation of convertible bond:a study of alternative pricing models”, Technical report, Warwick Business School.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hull, John C. (2006), Risk Management and Financial Institutions, Pearson Education.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hull, John C. (2006), Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, Pearson Education.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hung, Mao-Wei and Wang, Jr-Yan (2002), “Pricing convertible bonds subject to default risk”, Journal of Derivatives.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ingersoll, Jonathan E. (1977), “A contingent claims valuation of convertible securities”, Journal of Financial Economics.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jackel, P. (2002), Monte Carlo Methods in Finance, Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) John Hull, Izzy Nelken and White, Alan (2004), “Merton’s model, credit risk, and volatility skews”, Journal of Credit Risk.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kang, Jun-Koo and W.Lee, Yul (1996), “The pricing of convertible debt offerings”, Journal of Financial Economics.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Longstaff, Francis A. and Schwartz, Eduardo S. (2001), “Valuing american options by simulaion : A simple least-squares approach”, The Rewiew of Financial Studies.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Manuel Ammann, Axel Kind and Wilde, Christian (2006),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Simulation-based pricing of convertible bonds”, Journal of Empirical Finance.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McConnell, John J. and Schwartz, Eduardo S. (1986), “Lyon taming”, Journal of Finance.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McConnell, John J. and Schwartz, Eduardo S.“The origin of lyons:a case study in financial innovation”, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moreno, M. and Navas, J. F. (2003), “On the robustness of least squares monte carlo for pricing american derivatives”, Review of Derivatives Research.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Niederreiter, Harald (1992), Random number generation and quasi-Monte Carlo methods, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Olsen (2002), “Convertible bonds:a technical introduction”, Technical report, Barclays Capital.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Overhaus, Marcus, Bermudez, Ana, Buehler, Hans, Ferraris, Andrew, Jordinson, Christopher, and Lamnouar, Aziz (2007), Eauity Hybrid Derivatives, Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pan, George (2001), “Equity to credit pricing”, Risk Magazine.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Paskov, Spassimir H. and Traub, Joseph F. (1995), “Faster valuation of financial derivatives”, Journal of Portfolio Management.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sepp, Artur (2006), “Extended creditgrades model with stochastic volatility and jumps”, Wilmott magazine.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stamicar, Robert and Finger, Christopher C. (2006), “Incorporating equity derivatives into the creditgrades model”, Journal of Credit Risk.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tsiveriotis, Kostas and Fernandes, Chris (1998), “Valuing convertible bonds with credit risk”, Journal of Fixed Income.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wilmott, Paul (2006), Paul Wilmott on Quantitative Finance, Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yigitbasioglu and Alexander (2006), “Pricing and hedging convertible bond:delayed calls and uncertain volatility”, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yu, Fan (2006), “How profitable is capital structure arbitrage?”, Financial Analysis Journal.zh_TW