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題名 俄羅斯經濟轉型下貪污腐敗問題之研究
作者 林裕淞
貢獻者 周陽山
林裕淞
關鍵詞 俄羅斯
貪污
Russian
日期 2005
上傳時間 14-Sep-2009 10:05:31 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文嘗試初探俄羅斯在經濟轉型後,貪污問題的演化。從貪污的本質論起,接而粗略介紹俄羅斯在經濟轉型的時序演進,最後闡釋俄羅斯貪污現象的形成過程與探究俄羅斯貪污的來源,並尋求解釋現象的原因。
     
      本文利用國際透明組織(IT)所公布的貪污感覺指數(CPI)及國民生產毛額人均(GDP)作為量化的實證分析,並以經濟學的模型闡釋貪污行為造成的社會成本及影響。
     
      初步的研究結果發現,貪污現象對於俄羅斯經濟的發展及民主的建設有極為負面的影響,並且難以根除;如何減輕貪污對於社會成本的虛擲,將是影響俄羅斯經濟發展成敗的重大關鍵。
The thesis tries to show the corruption phenomenon during the Russian economy transformation. The discussion begins with the comprehensive analysis of corruption phenomenon, roughly introduce phases of Russian economical transformation. This study will also make some explanation of Russian corruption phenomenon.
     
      This study uses Corruption Perception Index(CPI) from the Transparency International and GDP per capita(PPP) to run correlation coefficients. The author of this article analyzes the relations between economy and corruption empirically by the statistical results. Furthermore, the author also explains the societal cost of corruption behavior with economic figures.
     
      This research indicates that corruption phenomenon erodes the economical development and democratic construction of Russia, and can not be erased. Today, the crucial problem to the future of Russia is how to prevent from the dead losses of corruption.
參考文獻 Alatas, S.H. (1990), Corruption: Its Nature, Cause and Functions, Hong Kong: Avebury.
Atkinson, Mark, Elliott, Larry & Meek James (1998), “Russia in Crisis”, The Guardian, vol.28.
Bayley, David H.(1966),”The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation”, The Westren Political Quarterly. Vol. XIX, No, 4.
Baysinger, B. and Tollison, R.D. (1980), “Evaluating the Social Cost of Monopoly and Regulation”, Altantic Economic Journal, vol.8 no.4.
Benson, B. and Baden, J. (1985), “The Political Economy of Governmental Corruption: the Logic of Underground Government”, Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 14.
Berman, H. J. (1963), Justice in the U.S.S.R.: An Interpretation of Soviet Law, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Blashi, Joseph R., Kroumova, Maya and Kruse, Douglas(1997), Kremlin Capitalism: The Privatisation of the Russian Economy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Bureau of Economic Analysis(2001), Policy of Attraction of Direct Investments to Russian Economy, Moscow
Caiden, G. E. (1988) , “Toward a General Theory of Official Corruption”, Asian Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 10, No. 1.
Danks, Catherine J. (2001), Russian Politics and Society An Introduction, London: Pearson.
Friendrich, Carl J .( 1966), “Political Pathology”, Political Quarterly vol.37.
Frydman, Roman, Rapaczynski, Sndrzej & Earle, John S. (1993), The Privatization Process in Russia, London and New York: Central European University Press.
Goldman, Marshall I. (1996), Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia so Difficult?, New York and London: W. W. Norton.
Goudie, Andrew W. and Stasavage, David (1997), “Corruption: The Issues”, OECD Development Center, Technical Paper #122.
Greenwald, B. and Stiglitz, J.E. (1986), Externalities in Economies with Imperfect Information and Incomplete Markets”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol101.
Hedlund, Stefan(1999), Russia’s ‘Market Economy: A Bad Case of Predatory Capitalism, London: UCL Press.
Heidenheimer, Arnold J ., Johnston, Michael & LeVine, Victor T.(1989), Political Corruption: A Handbook, N. J.: Transaction Publishers New Bruhswick.
Heidenheimer, Arnold J. ( 1970), Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis, New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.
http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/Proceed97/ morishita.html.
Huntington, S.P.(1990), ”Modernization and Corruption “ in Aromld J. Heidenheimer et al. (eds ) Political Corruption:A Handbook .
Huntington, Samuel P. (1968), Political Order in Changing Societies, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Huskey, E. (1992), ‘From Legal Nihilism to Pravovoe Gosudarstvo’, in Donald, D. Barry (ed.), Toward the “Rule of Law” in Russia?, New York and London: Armonk, M. E. Sharpe.
Johnson, M. 1997. “What Can Be Done About Entrenched Corruption,” paper presented at the Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, April 30 and May 1, 1997, Washington, D.C.
Jowitt, Kenneth (1983), “Soviet Neotraditionalism: The Political Corruption of a Leninist Regime,” Soviet Studies vol.35, no.3.
Kaufman, Daniel, Pradhan, Sanjay and Ryterman, Randi(1998), “New Frontiers in Diagnosing and Combating Corruption,” World Bank PREM notes 7.
Kliamkin, I.M.& Timofeev, L.M. (2002), The Shadow Life: A Sociological Self-Portrait of Post-Soviet Society, Russian Social Science Review, vol.43 no.1
Klitgaard, Robert(1988), Controlling Corruption, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kramer, John M. (1998), “The Politics of Corruption,” Current History vol.97, no.62.
Lane, David & Ross, Cameron (1995), Russia in Transition: Politics, Privatisation and Inequality, London: Longman.
Layard, Richard & Parker, John (1996), The Coming Russia Boom: A Guide to New Markets and Politics, New York: Free Press.
Lloyd, John (1998), The Rebirth of a Nation: An Anatomy of Russia, London: Michael Joseph.
McMullan, M.(1961) “A Theory of Corruption“, Sociological Review, vol.9
Meek, James (1998), “Primakov Savages Russia’s Reformers”, The Guardian vol.21.
Morishita, T. (1997), Russian Legal Culture,
Murphy, K.M., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R.W. (1993), “Why Is Rent Seeking So Costly to Growth”, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, vol. 83 no.2.
North, D. C. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
North, D.C. (1981), Structure and Change in Economy History, W.W. Norton & Company, New York.
Nye, J. S. (1967), “Corruption and Political Development” A Cost-Benefit Analysis. “American Political Science Review, June, p.420.
Oki, M. (1983a), The Japanese Legal Idea: A Comparison with the Western Legal Idea, Tokyo: Tokyo University Press.
Oki, M. (1983b), The Denial of Law in Tolstoi, Collection of articles in commemoration of 25th anniversary of the foundation of the Faculty of Law, Jochi University.
Peters, John G., “Political Corruption in American A Search for Definitions and a Therory ”, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 72.
Phillips, Anthony (2000), “The Political Economy of Russia: Transition or Condition?”, Russia After the Cold War, London: Longman.
Polishchuk, Leonid (1999), “Decentralization in Russia: Impact for Quality of Governance” (paper presented at the IRIS Center Conference on Collective Action and Corruption in Emerging Economies, Washington, DC, May 14, 1999).
Posner, R.A. (1990), “The Social Costs of Monopoly and Regulation”, Journal of Political Economy, vol.83.
Potter, C. J. (2000), “Payment, Gift or Bribe? Exploring the Boundaries in Pre- Petrine Russia”, in Lovell, S., Ledeneva, A. V. and Rogachevskii, A., (eds.), Bribery and Blat in Russia, London: Macmillan Press.
Radaev, Vadim(2000), “Corruption and Violence in Russian Business in the Late 1990s,” Economic Crime in Russia, Boston: Kluwer Law International.
Rogow, Arnold A. and Lasswell, H. D. ( 1963) , Power Corruption and Rectitude, N. J.:Prentice-Hall.
Rose, Richard, Mishler, William and Haerpfer, Christian(1998), Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Rose-Ackerman, S.(1997), “Corruption and Development”,in Pleskovic, B., Stiglitz, J. E. eds., Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington, D.C.: World Bank
Rose-Ackerman, Susan (1994), “Reducing Bribery in the Public Sector”.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan(1978), Corruption: A Study in Political Economy, New York: Academic Press
Rosenbloom, David. (1971), “Federal Service and the Constitution: The Development of the Public Employment Relationship, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Sachs, J. (1994), “Betrayal”, The New Republic.
Sajo, Andras (1998), “Corruption, Clientelism, and the Future of the Constitutional State in Eastern Europe”, East European Constitutional Review vol.7, no.2.
Scott, James C. (1972), Comparative Political Corruption, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R.W. (1993), “Corruption”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.108.
Shleifer, A. and Vishny, Robert, (1993), “Corruption”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, August.
Shlelfer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W. (1993), “Corruption,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3).
Standing, Guy (1996), Russian Unemployment and Enterprise Restructuring: Reviving Dead Souls, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Stark, David and Bruszt, László(2000), “Post-Socialist Pathways: Transforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe East European Constitutional Review vol.9, no. 1/2, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stiglitz, J.E.(1989), “On the Economic Role of the State”, The Economic Role of the State, Basil Blackwell: Oxford.
Talman, Robert O.(1968) “Emergence of Black-Market Bureaucracy:Administration, Development, and Corruption in the new State “, Public Administration Review, 28:5.
Tanzi, Vito. (1998), “Corruption around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures”, International Monetary Fund, Working Paper # WP/98/63.
Tucker, Aviezer(2000), “Introduction: Higher Education on Trial,” East European Constitutional Review vol.9, no.3.
Tullock, G. (1967), “The Welfare Cost of Tarrifs, Monopolies, and Theft”, Western Economic Journal, vol.5.
Varese, Federico (1997), “The Transition to the Market and Corruption in Post- Socialist Russia”, Political Studies vol.45, no.3.
Winiecki, J. (1990), “Why Economic Reforms Fail in the Soviet System—a Property Rights- Based Approach”, Economic Inquiry, vol.28.
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呂亞力譯(1981),「行政腐化之理論與實際─兼論荷蘭之防腐情形」,憲政思潮選37集之四
林山田(1975),刑罰學,台灣商務印書館。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
俄羅斯研究所
89263003
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089263003
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 周陽山zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林裕淞zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 林裕淞zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 10:05:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 10:05:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Sep-2009 10:05:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0089263003en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31388-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 俄羅斯研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89263003zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文嘗試初探俄羅斯在經濟轉型後,貪污問題的演化。從貪污的本質論起,接而粗略介紹俄羅斯在經濟轉型的時序演進,最後闡釋俄羅斯貪污現象的形成過程與探究俄羅斯貪污的來源,並尋求解釋現象的原因。
     
      本文利用國際透明組織(IT)所公布的貪污感覺指數(CPI)及國民生產毛額人均(GDP)作為量化的實證分析,並以經濟學的模型闡釋貪污行為造成的社會成本及影響。
     
      初步的研究結果發現,貪污現象對於俄羅斯經濟的發展及民主的建設有極為負面的影響,並且難以根除;如何減輕貪污對於社會成本的虛擲,將是影響俄羅斯經濟發展成敗的重大關鍵。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The thesis tries to show the corruption phenomenon during the Russian economy transformation. The discussion begins with the comprehensive analysis of corruption phenomenon, roughly introduce phases of Russian economical transformation. This study will also make some explanation of Russian corruption phenomenon.
     
      This study uses Corruption Perception Index(CPI) from the Transparency International and GDP per capita(PPP) to run correlation coefficients. The author of this article analyzes the relations between economy and corruption empirically by the statistical results. Furthermore, the author also explains the societal cost of corruption behavior with economic figures.
     
      This research indicates that corruption phenomenon erodes the economical development and democratic construction of Russia, and can not be erased. Today, the crucial problem to the future of Russia is how to prevent from the dead losses of corruption.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 導論 1
     第一節 研究動機 1
     第二節 研究方法及章節安排 3
     第三節 研究目的與限制 4
     第二章 如何解釋貪污腐敗現象 5
     第一節 貪污腐敗的定義及範圍 5
     第二節 貪污腐敗之成因 11
     第三節 貪污腐敗的類型 17
     第三章 俄羅斯經濟轉型的歷程 19
     第一節 從RSFSR到RF:改革前的經濟狀況 19
     第二節 1992-1993年休克療法 24
     第三節 經濟好轉的俄羅斯及1998年的危機 27
     第四節 1998年後的俄羅斯經濟 31
     第四章 俄羅斯貪污腐敗的面貌及其呈現 32
     第一節 家長式專制統治的遺毒 32
     第二節 俄羅斯貪污現象的分類 35
     第三節 俄羅斯貪污型態的特性及後果 47
     第五章 俄羅斯貪污腐敗的效應及其影響 51
     第一節 由歷史的觀點解釋俄羅斯貪污效應 51
     第二節 對貪污進行社會調查的嘗試 56
     第三節 以經濟模型解釋貪污行為的後果 64
     第四節 經濟發展與貪污的相關性 74
     第六章 結論 84
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089263003en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 俄羅斯zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 貪污zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Russianen_US
dc.title (題名) 俄羅斯經濟轉型下貪污腐敗問題之研究zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alatas, S.H. (1990), Corruption: Its Nature, Cause and Functions, Hong Kong: Avebury.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Atkinson, Mark, Elliott, Larry & Meek James (1998), “Russia in Crisis”, The Guardian, vol.28.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bayley, David H.(1966),”The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation”, The Westren Political Quarterly. Vol. XIX, No, 4.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baysinger, B. and Tollison, R.D. (1980), “Evaluating the Social Cost of Monopoly and Regulation”, Altantic Economic Journal, vol.8 no.4.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Benson, B. and Baden, J. (1985), “The Political Economy of Governmental Corruption: the Logic of Underground Government”, Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 14.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berman, H. J. (1963), Justice in the U.S.S.R.: An Interpretation of Soviet Law, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blashi, Joseph R., Kroumova, Maya and Kruse, Douglas(1997), Kremlin Capitalism: The Privatisation of the Russian Economy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bureau of Economic Analysis(2001), Policy of Attraction of Direct Investments to Russian Economy, Moscowzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Caiden, G. E. (1988) , “Toward a General Theory of Official Corruption”, Asian Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 10, No. 1.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Danks, Catherine J. (2001), Russian Politics and Society An Introduction, London: Pearson.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Friendrich, Carl J .( 1966), “Political Pathology”, Political Quarterly vol.37.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frydman, Roman, Rapaczynski, Sndrzej & Earle, John S. (1993), The Privatization Process in Russia, London and New York: Central European University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goldman, Marshall I. (1996), Lost Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia so Difficult?, New York and London: W. W. Norton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goudie, Andrew W. and Stasavage, David (1997), “Corruption: The Issues”, OECD Development Center, Technical Paper #122.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greenwald, B. and Stiglitz, J.E. (1986), Externalities in Economies with Imperfect Information and Incomplete Markets”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol101.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hedlund, Stefan(1999), Russia’s ‘Market Economy: A Bad Case of Predatory Capitalism, London: UCL Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Heidenheimer, Arnold J ., Johnston, Michael & LeVine, Victor T.(1989), Political Corruption: A Handbook, N. J.: Transaction Publishers New Bruhswick.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Heidenheimer, Arnold J. ( 1970), Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis, New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/Proceed97/ morishita.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huntington, S.P.(1990), ”Modernization and Corruption “ in Aromld J. Heidenheimer et al. (eds ) Political Corruption:A Handbook .zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huntington, Samuel P. (1968), Political Order in Changing Societies, Yale University Press, New Haven.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huskey, E. (1992), ‘From Legal Nihilism to Pravovoe Gosudarstvo’, in Donald, D. Barry (ed.), Toward the “Rule of Law” in Russia?, New York and London: Armonk, M. E. Sharpe.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Johnson, M. 1997. “What Can Be Done About Entrenched Corruption,” paper presented at the Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, April 30 and May 1, 1997, Washington, D.C.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jowitt, Kenneth (1983), “Soviet Neotraditionalism: The Political Corruption of a Leninist Regime,” Soviet Studies vol.35, no.3.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kaufman, Daniel, Pradhan, Sanjay and Ryterman, Randi(1998), “New Frontiers in Diagnosing and Combating Corruption,” World Bank PREM notes 7.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kliamkin, I.M.& Timofeev, L.M. (2002), The Shadow Life: A Sociological Self-Portrait of Post-Soviet Society, Russian Social Science Review, vol.43 no.1zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Klitgaard, Robert(1988), Controlling Corruption, Berkeley: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kramer, John M. (1998), “The Politics of Corruption,” Current History vol.97, no.62.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lane, David & Ross, Cameron (1995), Russia in Transition: Politics, Privatisation and Inequality, London: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Layard, Richard & Parker, John (1996), The Coming Russia Boom: A Guide to New Markets and Politics, New York: Free Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lloyd, John (1998), The Rebirth of a Nation: An Anatomy of Russia, London: Michael Joseph.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McMullan, M.(1961) “A Theory of Corruption“, Sociological Review, vol.9zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Meek, James (1998), “Primakov Savages Russia’s Reformers”, The Guardian vol.21.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Morishita, T. (1997), Russian Legal Culture,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Murphy, K.M., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R.W. (1993), “Why Is Rent Seeking So Costly to Growth”, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, vol. 83 no.2.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) North, D. C. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) North, D.C. (1981), Structure and Change in Economy History, W.W. Norton & Company, New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nye, J. S. (1967), “Corruption and Political Development” A Cost-Benefit Analysis. “American Political Science Review, June, p.420.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Oki, M. (1983a), The Japanese Legal Idea: A Comparison with the Western Legal Idea, Tokyo: Tokyo University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Oki, M. (1983b), The Denial of Law in Tolstoi, Collection of articles in commemoration of 25th anniversary of the foundation of the Faculty of Law, Jochi University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Peters, John G., “Political Corruption in American A Search for Definitions and a Therory ”, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 72.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Phillips, Anthony (2000), “The Political Economy of Russia: Transition or Condition?”, Russia After the Cold War, London: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Polishchuk, Leonid (1999), “Decentralization in Russia: Impact for Quality of Governance” (paper presented at the IRIS Center Conference on Collective Action and Corruption in Emerging Economies, Washington, DC, May 14, 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Posner, R.A. (1990), “The Social Costs of Monopoly and Regulation”, Journal of Political Economy, vol.83.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Potter, C. J. (2000), “Payment, Gift or Bribe? Exploring the Boundaries in Pre- Petrine Russia”, in Lovell, S., Ledeneva, A. V. and Rogachevskii, A., (eds.), Bribery and Blat in Russia, London: Macmillan Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Radaev, Vadim(2000), “Corruption and Violence in Russian Business in the Late 1990s,” Economic Crime in Russia, Boston: Kluwer Law International.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rogow, Arnold A. and Lasswell, H. D. ( 1963) , Power Corruption and Rectitude, N. J.:Prentice-Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rose, Richard, Mishler, William and Haerpfer, Christian(1998), Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rose-Ackerman, S.(1997), “Corruption and Development”,in Pleskovic, B., Stiglitz, J. E. eds., Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington, D.C.: World Bankzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rose-Ackerman, Susan (1994), “Reducing Bribery in the Public Sector”.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rose-Ackerman, Susan(1978), Corruption: A Study in Political Economy, New York: Academic Presszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rosenbloom, David. (1971), “Federal Service and the Constitution: The Development of the Public Employment Relationship, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sachs, J. (1994), “Betrayal”, The New Republic.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sajo, Andras (1998), “Corruption, Clientelism, and the Future of the Constitutional State in Eastern Europe”, East European Constitutional Review vol.7, no.2.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Scott, James C. (1972), Comparative Political Corruption, NJ: Prentice Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R.W. (1993), “Corruption”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.108.zh_TW
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