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題名 美國反恐作為的演變
作者 趙昌倫
貢獻者 張亞中
趙昌倫
關鍵詞 恐怖主義
反恐作為
九一一事件
日期 2003
上傳時間 14-Sep-2009 10:07:21 (UTC+8)
摘要 恐怖主義對現代文明國家與全球安全威脅甚鉅,儘管以歐美為首的當今文明國家,為打擊恐怖主義已長期投入無數的資源,然而此舉非但未能使恐怖活動稍歇,反而挑起更尖銳的民族對立,壯大恐怖組織的聲勢。恐怖主義與反恐戰略,兩者之間雖消長互見,卻只有持續不斷的纏鬥而不見雙方尋求理性的共識。
     
     2001年發生的「九一一事件」便是考驗恐怖份子與反恐政府雙方能力的試金石,不但「基地」(Al Queda)恐怖組織展示了無與倫比的威脅能力,受害的美國更是發揮了前所未見的復員與報復能力。一場改變歷史的恐怖行動,讓恐怖主義與反恐作為同時提昇至更高一層的境界,從此兩者之間將會產生何種互動結果,是筆者興趣的所在,也是本論文研究的動機。
     
     本論文以研究美國的反恐作為為主,透過對「九一一事件」的研究,筆者希望能對美國的反恐的發展作一系統化的探討。文中將回顧恐怖主義威脅美國社會的歷史,以及美國政府各時期的因應作法,並以反恐作為的轉變將美國反恐歷史劃分為:1980年代以前、1980年代以後至「九一一事件」發生前,以及「九一一事件」之後等三個時期,透過每個時期反恐作為的改變,探討其所象徵的意義。
參考文獻 中文部分
一、專書
中國現代國際關係研究所反恐怖研究中心編著,《國際恐怖主義與反恐怖鬥爭》,北京:時事出版社,2001年。
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___________,《恐怖主義溯源》,北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2002年。
李少運,《國際安全警示錄》,台北:金城出版社,1997年。
林正義,《國際政治》,台北:國立空中大學,民國85年。
約翰W. 伯頓,《全球衝突---國際危機的國內根源》,北京:中國人民公安大學出版社,1991年。
伊曼紐爾.沃勒斯坦、布熱津斯基等著,《大變局》,江西:人民出版社,2002年。
美國國防部,《2001美國國防報告書》,張台航譯,龍潭:國防大學,民國90年12月。
胡聯合,《當代世界恐怖主義與對策》,北京:東方出版社,2001年。
Irwin, Ray W. The Diplomatic Relations of the United States with the Barbary Powers, 1776-1816. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina press, 1931.
Jacobsen, David and Astor, Gerald. Hostage: My Nightmare in Beirut. New York: Donald I. Fine, 1991.
Jefferson, Thomas. Public and Private Papers. New York: Vintage Books/Liberary of America, 1990.
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Kaplan, David E. and Marshall, Andrew. The Cult at the End of the World: The ncredible Story of Aum. London: Hutchinson, 1996.
Krugman, Paul. Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in the Age of Diminished Expectations, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1994.
Livingstone, Neil and Halevy, David, Inside the PLO: Covert Units, Secret Funds, and the War against Israel and the United States. New York: Morrow, 1990.
Malone, Dumas. Jefferson and the Rights of Man. Boston: Little Brown, 1951.
Martin, David C. and Walcott, John. Best Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America’s War against Terrorism. New York: Harper and Row, 1988.
O’Brien, Conor Cruise. “Terrorism Under Democratic Conditions-The Case of the IRA,” in M. Crenshaw, ed. Terrorism, Legitimacy and Power-The Consequences of Political Violence. Manufactured: Wesleyan University, 1983.
______,《第三隻眼看恐怖主義》,北京:世界知識出版社,2002年。
Pfaltzgraff, Robert L. Jr., and Davis, Jacquelyn K. National Security Decisions: The Participants Speak. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington, 1990.
Poland, James M. Understanding Terrorism: Group, Strategies and Responses Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1988.
Reagan, Ronald. An American Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990.
Salinger, Pierre. America Held Hostage: The Secret Negotiations. New York: Doubleday, 1981.
Sick, Gary. All Fall Down:America’s Tragic Encounter with Iran. New York: Penguin, 1985.
Simon, Jeffrey D. The Terrorist Trap: America’s experience with terrorism, 2nd edition. Indiana University Press, 2001.
_____________. U.S. Countermeasures Against International Terrorism, R-3840-C3I, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, March 1990.
Soros, George. The Crisis of Global Capitalism. London: Little, Brown and Company, 1998.
Sterling, Claire. The Terror Network. New York: Berkley, 1982.
Stohl, Michael. The Politics of Terrorism. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1983.
楊永明,《國際安全與國際法》,台北:元照出版社,2003年。
The Tower Commission Report: The Full Text of the President’s Special Review Board. New York: Bantam, 1987.
Thompson, Leroy. The Rescuers: The World’s Top Anti-Terrorist Units. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin, 1986.
Vance, Cyrus. Hard Choices:Critical Years in American’s Foreign Policy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983.
Weinberger, Casper. Fighting for Peace: Seven Critical Years in the Pentagon. New York: Warner, 1990.
Whipple, A. B. C. To the Shores of Tripoli: The Birth of the U.S. Navy and Marines. New York: Morrow, 1991.
White, Jonathan R. Terrorism. Belmont: Wadsworth Group, 2002.
II. Periodicals
Ahmed, Samina. "The United States and Terrorism in Southwest Asia," International Security, Vol. 26, No.3, Winter 2001/02, p.79.
Bender, Bryan. "US Welcomes Support From Its Former Foes," Boston Globe, November 11, 2001.
Carter, Ashton B. "The Architecture of Government in the Face of Terrorism," International Security, Vol. 26, No. 3, Winter 2001/02, pp. 5-23.
樊亢主編,《資本主義興衰史》,北京:北京出版社,1984年。
Dibb, Paul "The Future of International Coalition: How Useful? How Manageable?" The Washington Quarterly, 25:2, Spring 2002, pp. 131-144.
Elten, Jorg Andrees. “This Is a Hijacking,” Reader’s Digest, July 1971, p. 247.
Eppright, Charles T. “Counter-terrorism and Conventional Military Force: The Relationship Between Political Effect and Utility,” in Studies in Conflict and Terrorism (Taylor&Francis, 1997), p.334.
Etzioni, Amitai. "Implications of the American Anti-Terrorism Coalition for Global Architectures," European Journal of Political Theory, 1(1), 2002, pp.9-30; 7-8.
Gill, Bates. "September 11 and Northeast Asia: Change and Uncertainty in Regional Security," Brookings Review, Vol.20, No.3, 2002, pp.43-46.
“International convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings”, International Legal Materials, Vol.37, 1998, p. 249.
“Iran Hostage Crisis Tenth Anniversary,” “Nightline,” November 3, 1989, Show #2205, Journal Graphics, New York, p. 6.
Jenkins, Brian M. “Defense Against Terrorism,” Political Science Quarterly, 101 (5), 1986, p. 782.
Johnson, David R. and Post, David. "Law and Borders: The Rise of Law in Cyberspace,” Stanford Law Review, No.48, May 1996, pp.1367-1402.
Kirgis, Frederic L. “Terrorist Attacks on the world Trade Center and the Pentagon,” American Society of International Law Insights, September 2001, http://www.asil.org/insights/insigh77.htm
鍾冬編,《中東問題80年》,北京:新華出版社,1984年。
Kupchan, Charles. "Life after Pax Americana," World Policy Journal, 16(3) 1999, pp.20-27; 13.
Member States Agree Thirty Crimes of EU Arrest Warrant,” European Report, November 17,2001.
Obote-Odora, Alex. "Defining International Terrorism", Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law 6 (March, 1999),<http://www.Murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v6nl/obote-odora61 text.html#itrot>, 19 August 2000
Posen, Barry R. "The Struggle against Terrorism: Grand Strategy, Strategy, and Tactics," International Security, Vol.26, No.3, Winter 2001/02, p. 39.
Reston, James. “The Impotence of Power,” and C. L. Sulzberger, “Foreign Affairs: Skyjack---Gnats and Sledges,” New York Times, September 11, 1970, p. 40.
Shea, Jamie. "NATO and Terrorism," The RUSI Journal, Vol. 147, No. 2, 2002, pp.32-40.
Simon, Jeffrey D. “The Implications of the Achille Lauro Hijacking for the Maritime Community,” in Brigadier (Ret.) Brian A. H. Parritt, CBE, ed., Violence at Sea: A Review of Terrorism, Acts of War and Piracy, and Countermeasures to Prevent Terrorism (Paris: International Chamber of Commerce [ICC], 1986), p. 18.
Sokolski, Henry. "Post 911 Nonproliferation," Foreign Policy Research Institute, January 25, 2002.
Tuchman, Barbara W. “Perdicaris Alive or Raisuli Dead,” American Heritage, August 1959, p. 18.
Vogel, Frank E. "The Trial of Terrorists Under Classical Islamic Law," Harvard Journal of International Law, Vol. 43, No. 1, Winter 2002, pp.53-64.
趙伏柱譯,Leroy Thompson著,《解救人質---世界頂尖反恐怖部隊》,台北:星光出版社,1997年。
Waugh, Paul. "Terror Suspects to be Rounded Up Under New Law," December 5, 2001.
Weisman, Alan. “An Island in Limb,” New York Times Magazine, February 18, 1990, p. 31.
III. Internet Resource
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/09/print/20030908-1.html>
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/2001.1008.html>
<http: //www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/ journ …/0,/ /92,48/098,00.htm>.
Blair, Dennis C. "Remarks to Atlantic Council," <http://www.acus.org/Publications/Speeches/Blair%20Speech/pdf>, March 20, 2002.
Bush, George W. “The War Terrorism The First 100 Days-Homeland Security” October 8, 2001, http://www.cdi.org/teerorism/responding.
_____________. “Securing the Homeland, Strengthening the Nation,” November 1,2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/president/
Bush, George W. "President Bush`s Address on Terrorism Before a Joint Meeting of Congress," The New York Times, September 21, 2001.
二、期刊論文
"Challenge and Change for NATO: A U.S. Perspective," at<http://www. nato.int/docu/speech/2002/s021003 e.htm>.
CSIS-Baker Institute, "The Geopolitical Implications of the War Against Terrorism," <http://www. csis.org/press/prO236.htm>, July 10, 2002.
Lieber, Robert J. "A New Era in U.S. Strategic Thinking," <http:// usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/0902/ijge/gj01.htm>.
<http://www.terror.gen.tr/english/eu/index.html>.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001) “Third Assessment Report-Climate Change2001,” at <http://www. ipcc.ch>, Dec. 13, 2001.
Merari, Ariel. "Terrorism as a Strategy of Insurgency," Terrorism and Political Violence. Winter 1993. <http://www.st-and.ac.uk/academic/intrel/research/cstpv/publication s3.htm#anchor/10120213 >, 19 August 2000.
"Mideast Coalition a Daunting Diplomatic Challenge," <http://www.ict.org.il/spotlight/det.cfm?id-6gl>, September 26, 2001.
Peri, Raphael F. "Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Terrorism in a Changing Global Environment," <http://www.house.gov/judiciary/perll213.htm>, December 13, 2000.
Schwartz, John. "Securing the Lines of a Wired Nation," New York Times, October 4, 2001.
Shinoda, Tomohito. "The Japanese Response to Terrorism," Center for Asia Pacific Policy, RAND, <http://www.rand.org/nsrd/capp/events/japanresponse.html>, March 29, 2002
王崑義,「美國的反恐怖主義與國際安全---兼論九一一事件以後臺海兩岸的處境」,遠景基金會季刊,第三卷第二期,2003年1月,頁137。
Sokolski, Henry. "Post 911 Nonproliferation," Foreign Policy Research Institute, at<http://www.fpri.org>, January 25, 2002.
Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert. "US Praises China`s Missile Curbs," BBC, August 27, 2002, <http://www. bbc.co.uk/I/hi/world/asia-pacific/2218180.stm>
IV. Newspapers
Financial Times.
Hoge, Warren. "19 Countries Join in Raids on Internet Pornography," New York Times, November 19, 2001
Miller, Judith and Kahn, Joseph. "Getting Tough on Gangsters, High Tech and Global," New York Times, December 15, 2000.
“Polarizing President”, Time, December 1, 2003, pp. 16-56.
Rekhi, Shefaki. "Web of Terror," Straits Times(Singapore), November 11, 2001.
Reston, James. “The Impotence of Power,” and Sulzberger, C. L. “Foreign Affairs: Skyjack---Gnats and Sledges,” New York Times, September 11, 1970, p. 40.
Rumsfeld, Donald H. "A New Kind of War," New York Times, September 27, 2001, http://www. nyrimes.com/2001/09/27/opinion/27RUM.html
王逸舟主編,《恐怖主義溯源》,北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2002年,頁111-12。
Sipress, Alan "55 Nations Endorse Measures to Fight Terrorism," The Washington Post, December 5, 2001.
Tyler, Patrick E. "Rebels in Control in Kabul as Taliban Troops Retreat," New York Times, November 14, 2001.
Woodward, Bob. "50 Countries Detain 360 Suspects at CIA`s Behest," The Washington Post, November 22, 2001.
何秉松,「現代恐怖主義之意義與反恐怖主義的國際實踐」,《國政研究報告》,財團法人國家政策研究基金會,民國91年8月2日。
吳東野,「全球反恐聯盟及其相關問題之探討」,《遠景基金會季刊》,第四卷第一期,2003年1月。
三、學位論文
王婉蘭,《德國政府反恐怖活動之研究》,淡江大學歐洲研究所,民國85年。
王崑義,《國際恐怖主義與美國的危機決策---一九八六年美國對利比亞的危機行為之研究》,淡江大學國際事務與戰略研究所,民國76年。
陳維富,《國際恐怖主義之研究---兼論九一一事件對中美交往戰略之影響》,東華大學大陸研究所班碩士論文,民國91年6月。
游寶珠,《恐怖主義與國際法》,海洋大學海洋法律研究所,民國90年。
劉必棟,《九一一事件後美國危機處理與相關機制運作之研究》,政治大學外交學系戰略與國際事務在職專班碩士論文,民國92年1月。
劉壽軒,《巴解恐怖主義之研究》,政治大學外交研究所,民國73年。
鄧素貞,《雷根政府反國際恐怖主義政策之探討》,淡江大學美國研究所,民國82年12月。
四、網際網路資源
財團法人國家政策研究基金會
< http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/CL/091/CL-R-091-034.htm>。
國務院網站的「2002年全球恐怖主義形勢報告」<http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/html>。
<http://www.ettoday.com/article/1153-582538.html>。
< http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/1/11/10/n148368.htm >。
< http://usinfo.org/chinese_cd/terrorism/BIG5/12.htm >。
美國在台協會代處長蘇佩秋,「全世界齊心對抗恐怖主義」,見:
< http://www.ait.org.tw/ait/terrorism/slutz_c.htm >。
美國國務院網站的「2002年全球恐怖主義形勢報告」<http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/html>。
「亞特蘭大奧運公園爆炸案元兇魯道夫落網」,《新華網》線上版,2003 年6月1日<http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/world/2003-06/01/content_897876.htm >。
《恐怖主義網》,「與塔利班的關係」,< http://usinfo.org/chinese_cd/terrorism/BIG5/06.htm >。
五、新聞及報紙
「911前 布希政府犯四大錯誤」《聯合報》,2002年5月21日,10版。
【「S計劃」反恐有功者 美國有意送綠卡】,《大紀元周報》, 2001年12月1日,<http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/1/12/1/n153748.htm>。
「九一一後遺症 全球經濟將持續衰退」,《中國時報》,2001年10月19日,見< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/901019-06.htm>。
「反恐戰爭全球戰略角力」,《大紀元周報》,2001年12月5日,< http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/1/12/5/n154638.htm>。
《中時電子報》,2001年10月11日,
<http://ec.chinatimes.../iscstext.exe?DB=ChinaTime&Function=ListDov&Form=24&Single>。
《中央日報》,民國90年12月15日,10版。
「本拉丹入籍阿富汗 奧馬爾前老師被軟禁」,《大紀元周報》,2001年11月10日。
王曉伯,「G7:不容恐怖攻擊擾亂全球經濟」,《中國時報》,2001年9月14日,見< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/900927-01.htm>。
亓樂義,「戰爭無規律 超限戰可智取強敵----專訪解放軍軍事理論家喬良」,《中國時報》,2000年6月30日。
「布希要求增撥款870億美元為伊拉克及阿富汗的反恐及重建費用」,《大紀元周報》,2003年9月8日,< http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/3/9/9/n372544.htm >。
「布希政府開始聚焦國內反恐」,《大紀元周報》,2001年12月4日,
< http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/1/12/4/n154451.htm >。
「安理會通過 限令一月內交出恐怖首腦奧薩瑪」,《中國時報》,2000年12月21日,< http://forums.chinatimes.com.tw/special/america/terrorism_main.htm>。
《自由時報》。
辛華,「911改變了什麼?」《人民日報》,2001年12月29日,10版。
李偉,「恐怖活動猖獗 反恐聯盟形成」,《光明日報》 2001年12月20日,5版。
林正峰,「Fed強勢穩定金融」,《中國時報》,2001年9月14日,見< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/900914-01.htm>。
林正峰,「九一一後 美製造業全球化趨勢不變」,《中國時報》,2001年10月18日,< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/901018-04.htm>。
林博文,「卅年前美策動智利右翼報煽動政變」《中時電子報》,2003年9月11日。
_______,「回教聖戰護教 千餘年征戰不斷」,《中時電子報》,2001年10月11日,見< http://forums.chinatimes.com.tw/special/america2/e/e0.htm>。
邱輝龍,「911陰影籠罩 全球景氣同步沉淪」,《中國時報》,2001年10月2日,見< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/901003-01.htm>。
阮次山,「美國報復行動的選擇」,《聯合早報》,2001年9月25日,見< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack250901ab.html>。
「"東方拉登"雖落網,東南亞仍需高度警惕」,《亞洲時報》線上版,2003年8月18日, < http://asiatimes-chinese.com/818east.htm >。
「美國成立911調查委員會 季辛吉主持」《中國時報》,2002年11月29日,10版。
「美國俄克拉荷馬爆炸案主犯的死刑成為媒体搖錢樹」,《大紀元周報》,2001年3月28日,< http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/1/3/28/n64126.htm >。
「美國經濟令人關注」,《聯合早報》社論,2001年9月14日,見< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack140901y.html>。
鄒明智,「歐洲對美國戰略的疑慮」《中央社》,2001年11月1日,<http://news.yam.com/cna/international/news/200111/20011101114073.html>。
陳欣之,「恐怖主義挑戰傳統國際環境」《中國時報》2001年11月15日, < http://www.future-china.org/fcn-tw/200111/2001111504.htm>。
「陳總統籲國人對中共超限戰的戰爭模式提高警覺」,《大紀元周報》,2002年9月9日,< http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/2/9/9/n214232.htm>。
陳有為,「布希發動反恐怖戰爭的兩手策略」《聯合早報》,2001年9月28日,< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack280901t.html>。
黃綺淑,「美國在阿富汗發動“大炮兼牛油”攻擊」《聯合早報》,2001年10月9日,< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack091001b.html>。
賈衛東,「非對稱作戰與知識化戰爭」,《解放軍報》(北京),1999年4月27日,版6。
鄭赤琰,「美國反擊行動面對的問題」,《聯合早報》,2001年10月3日, < http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack031001m.html>。
譚中,「九一一陰影下的美國」,《聯合早報》,2001年9月21日,見< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack210901r.html>。
《聯合報》。
英文部分
I. Books
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Fearey, Robert A. International Terrorism in the Contemporary World. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1978.
Ferrell, Robert H. Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman. New York: Harper and Row, 1980.
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Freedman, Lawrence, Hill, Christopher. Roberts, Adam. Vincent, R. J. Wilkinson, Paul &Windsor, Philip. Terrorism and International Order. London, Routledge and Kegan: Paul, 1986.
Freestone, David. “International Cooperation Against Terrorism and the Development of International Law Principles of Jurisdiction,” in Terrorism and International Law, Rosalyn Higgins and Maurice Flory, eds. London: Routledge, 1977, pp.43-68.
Friedman, Thomas L. From Beirut to Jerusalem. New York: Anchor Doubleday, 1990 [first published by Farrar Straus Giroux in 1989].
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Geyer, George Anne. Guerrilla Prince: The Untold Story of Fidel Castro. Boston: Little, Brown, 1991.
Greenstein, Fred. I. The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader. New York: Basic, 1982.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
88253028
92
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0088253028
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張亞中zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 趙昌倫zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 趙昌倫zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2003en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 10:07:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 10:07:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Sep-2009 10:07:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0088253028en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31399-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 88253028zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 恐怖主義對現代文明國家與全球安全威脅甚鉅,儘管以歐美為首的當今文明國家,為打擊恐怖主義已長期投入無數的資源,然而此舉非但未能使恐怖活動稍歇,反而挑起更尖銳的民族對立,壯大恐怖組織的聲勢。恐怖主義與反恐戰略,兩者之間雖消長互見,卻只有持續不斷的纏鬥而不見雙方尋求理性的共識。
     
     2001年發生的「九一一事件」便是考驗恐怖份子與反恐政府雙方能力的試金石,不但「基地」(Al Queda)恐怖組織展示了無與倫比的威脅能力,受害的美國更是發揮了前所未見的復員與報復能力。一場改變歷史的恐怖行動,讓恐怖主義與反恐作為同時提昇至更高一層的境界,從此兩者之間將會產生何種互動結果,是筆者興趣的所在,也是本論文研究的動機。
     
     本論文以研究美國的反恐作為為主,透過對「九一一事件」的研究,筆者希望能對美國的反恐的發展作一系統化的探討。文中將回顧恐怖主義威脅美國社會的歷史,以及美國政府各時期的因應作法,並以反恐作為的轉變將美國反恐歷史劃分為:1980年代以前、1980年代以後至「九一一事件」發生前,以及「九一一事件」之後等三個時期,透過每個時期反恐作為的改變,探討其所象徵的意義。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
      第一節 研究動機與研究目的--------------------------------------------------------1
      第二節 文獻分析-----------------------------------------------------------------------3
      第三節 研究方法與研究架構--------------------------------------------------------6
      第四節 研究範圍與研究限制--------------------------------------------------------9
     
     第二章 恐怖主義的意涵-------------------------------------------------------------------11
     第一節 恐怖主義的特質與類型----------------------------------------------------12
     第二節 恐怖主義形成的根源與思維----------------------------------------------21
     
     第三章 1980年代以前美國的反恐作為-------------------------------------------29
     第一節 1980年代以前的反恐作為------------------------------------------------29
     第二節 國內因應之道----------------------------------------------------------------59
     第三節 國際合作之路----------------------------------------------------------------63
     
     第四章 1980年代以後美國的反恐作為-------------------------------------------67
      第一節 1980年代以後至「九一一事件」前的反恐作為---------------------67
      第二節 國內因應之道----------------------------------------------------------------82
      第三節 國際合作之路----------------------------------------------------------------87
     
     第五章 「九一一事件」後美國的反恐作為-------------------------------------------97
     第一節 「九一一事件」的緣起及意義------------------------------------------100
     第二節 對美國及國際社會的影響------------------------------------------------103
     第三節 國內因應之道---------------------------------------------------------------120
     第四節 國際合作之路---------------------------------------------------------------127
     
     第六章 結論---------------------------------------------------------------------------------143
     第一節 「九一一事件」的教訓---------------------------------------------------146
     第二節 反恐作為未來可能的方向------------------------------------------------150
     
     參考書目---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------157
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0088253028en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 恐怖主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 反恐作為zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 九一一事件zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 美國反恐作為的演變zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Miller, Judith and Kahn, Joseph. "Getting Tough on Gangsters, High Tech and Global," New York Times, December 15, 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Polarizing President”, Time, December 1, 2003, pp. 16-56.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rekhi, Shefaki. "Web of Terror," Straits Times(Singapore), November 11, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reston, James. “The Impotence of Power,” and Sulzberger, C. L. “Foreign Affairs: Skyjack---Gnats and Sledges,” New York Times, September 11, 1970, p. 40.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rumsfeld, Donald H. "A New Kind of War," New York Times, September 27, 2001, http://www. nyrimes.com/2001/09/27/opinion/27RUM.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王逸舟主編,《恐怖主義溯源》,北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2002年,頁111-12。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sipress, Alan "55 Nations Endorse Measures to Fight Terrorism," The Washington Post, December 5, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tyler, Patrick E. "Rebels in Control in Kabul as Taliban Troops Retreat," New York Times, November 14, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Woodward, Bob. "50 Countries Detain 360 Suspects at CIA`s Behest," The Washington Post, November 22, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 何秉松,「現代恐怖主義之意義與反恐怖主義的國際實踐」,《國政研究報告》,財團法人國家政策研究基金會,民國91年8月2日。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳東野,「全球反恐聯盟及其相關問題之探討」,《遠景基金會季刊》,第四卷第一期,2003年1月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 三、學位論文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王婉蘭,《德國政府反恐怖活動之研究》,淡江大學歐洲研究所,民國85年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王崑義,《國際恐怖主義與美國的危機決策---一九八六年美國對利比亞的危機行為之研究》,淡江大學國際事務與戰略研究所,民國76年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳維富,《國際恐怖主義之研究---兼論九一一事件對中美交往戰略之影響》,東華大學大陸研究所班碩士論文,民國91年6月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 游寶珠,《恐怖主義與國際法》,海洋大學海洋法律研究所,民國90年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉必棟,《九一一事件後美國危機處理與相關機制運作之研究》,政治大學外交學系戰略與國際事務在職專班碩士論文,民國92年1月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉壽軒,《巴解恐怖主義之研究》,政治大學外交研究所,民國73年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 鄧素貞,《雷根政府反國際恐怖主義政策之探討》,淡江大學美國研究所,民國82年12月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 四、網際網路資源zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 財團法人國家政策研究基金會zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/CL/091/CL-R-091-034.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 國務院網站的「2002年全球恐怖主義形勢報告」<http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/html>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.ettoday.com/article/1153-582538.html>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/1/11/10/n148368.htm >。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://usinfo.org/chinese_cd/terrorism/BIG5/12.htm >。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 美國在台協會代處長蘇佩秋,「全世界齊心對抗恐怖主義」,見:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.ait.org.tw/ait/terrorism/slutz_c.htm >。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 美國國務院網站的「2002年全球恐怖主義形勢報告」<http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/html>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「亞特蘭大奧運公園爆炸案元兇魯道夫落網」,《新華網》線上版,2003 年6月1日<http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/world/2003-06/01/content_897876.htm >。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 《恐怖主義網》,「與塔利班的關係」,< http://usinfo.org/chinese_cd/terrorism/BIG5/06.htm >。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 五、新聞及報紙zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「911前 布希政府犯四大錯誤」《聯合報》,2002年5月21日,10版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 【「S計劃」反恐有功者 美國有意送綠卡】,《大紀元周報》, 2001年12月1日,<http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/1/12/1/n153748.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「九一一後遺症 全球經濟將持續衰退」,《中國時報》,2001年10月19日,見< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/901019-06.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「反恐戰爭全球戰略角力」,《大紀元周報》,2001年12月5日,< http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/1/12/5/n154638.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 《中時電子報》,2001年10月11日,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://ec.chinatimes.../iscstext.exe?DB=ChinaTime&Function=ListDov&Form=24&Single>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 《中央日報》,民國90年12月15日,10版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「本拉丹入籍阿富汗 奧馬爾前老師被軟禁」,《大紀元周報》,2001年11月10日。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王曉伯,「G7:不容恐怖攻擊擾亂全球經濟」,《中國時報》,2001年9月14日,見< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/900927-01.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 亓樂義,「戰爭無規律 超限戰可智取強敵----專訪解放軍軍事理論家喬良」,《中國時報》,2000年6月30日。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「布希要求增撥款870億美元為伊拉克及阿富汗的反恐及重建費用」,《大紀元周報》,2003年9月8日,< http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/3/9/9/n372544.htm >。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「布希政府開始聚焦國內反恐」,《大紀元周報》,2001年12月4日,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/1/12/4/n154451.htm >。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「安理會通過 限令一月內交出恐怖首腦奧薩瑪」,《中國時報》,2000年12月21日,< http://forums.chinatimes.com.tw/special/america/terrorism_main.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 《自由時報》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 辛華,「911改變了什麼?」《人民日報》,2001年12月29日,10版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李偉,「恐怖活動猖獗 反恐聯盟形成」,《光明日報》 2001年12月20日,5版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林正峰,「Fed強勢穩定金融」,《中國時報》,2001年9月14日,見< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/900914-01.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林正峰,「九一一後 美製造業全球化趨勢不變」,《中國時報》,2001年10月18日,< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/901018-04.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林博文,「卅年前美策動智利右翼報煽動政變」《中時電子報》,2003年9月11日。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) _______,「回教聖戰護教 千餘年征戰不斷」,《中時電子報》,2001年10月11日,見< http://forums.chinatimes.com.tw/special/america2/e/e0.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 邱輝龍,「911陰影籠罩 全球景氣同步沉淪」,《中國時報》,2001年10月2日,見< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/901003-01.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 阮次山,「美國報復行動的選擇」,《聯合早報》,2001年9月25日,見< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack250901ab.html>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「"東方拉登"雖落網,東南亞仍需高度警惕」,《亞洲時報》線上版,2003年8月18日, < http://asiatimes-chinese.com/818east.htm >。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「美國成立911調查委員會 季辛吉主持」《中國時報》,2002年11月29日,10版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「美國俄克拉荷馬爆炸案主犯的死刑成為媒体搖錢樹」,《大紀元周報》,2001年3月28日,< http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/1/3/28/n64126.htm >。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「美國經濟令人關注」,《聯合早報》社論,2001年9月14日,見< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack140901y.html>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 鄒明智,「歐洲對美國戰略的疑慮」《中央社》,2001年11月1日,<http://news.yam.com/cna/international/news/200111/20011101114073.html>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳欣之,「恐怖主義挑戰傳統國際環境」《中國時報》2001年11月15日, < http://www.future-china.org/fcn-tw/200111/2001111504.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「陳總統籲國人對中共超限戰的戰爭模式提高警覺」,《大紀元周報》,2002年9月9日,< http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/2/9/9/n214232.htm>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳有為,「布希發動反恐怖戰爭的兩手策略」《聯合早報》,2001年9月28日,< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack280901t.html>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃綺淑,「美國在阿富汗發動“大炮兼牛油”攻擊」《聯合早報》,2001年10月9日,< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack091001b.html>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 賈衛東,「非對稱作戰與知識化戰爭」,《解放軍報》(北京),1999年4月27日,版6。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 鄭赤琰,「美國反擊行動面對的問題」,《聯合早報》,2001年10月3日, < http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack031001m.html>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 譚中,「九一一陰影下的美國」,《聯合早報》,2001年9月21日,見< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack210901r.html>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 《聯合報》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 英文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) I. Bookszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bell, J. Bowyer. A Time of Terror. New York: Basic, 1978.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brzezinski, Zbigniew. Power and Principle:Memoirs of the National Security Advisor 1977-1981. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bush, George W. The Department of Homeland Security. Washington D.C.: White House, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cannon, Lou. President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carter, Ashton B. and Perry, William J. Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1999.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carter, Jimmy. Keeping Faith:Memoirs of a President. New York:Bantam, 1982.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Colonel Beckwith, Charlie A. and Knox, Donald. Delta Force. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dobson, Christopher and Payne, Ronald. The Terrorist: Their weapons, Leaders, and Tactics. New York: Facts on File, 1979.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fearey, Robert A. International Terrorism in the Contemporary World. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1978.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ferrell, Robert H. Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman. New York: Harper and Row, 1980.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Franqui, Carlos. Diary of the Cuban Revolution. New York: Viking Press, 1980.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freedman, Lawrence, Hill, Christopher. Roberts, Adam. Vincent, R. J. Wilkinson, Paul &Windsor, Philip. Terrorism and International Order. London, Routledge and Kegan: Paul, 1986.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freestone, David. “International Cooperation Against Terrorism and the Development of International Law Principles of Jurisdiction,” in Terrorism and International Law, Rosalyn Higgins and Maurice Flory, eds. London: Routledge, 1977, pp.43-68.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Friedman, Thomas L. From Beirut to Jerusalem. New York: Anchor Doubleday, 1990 [first published by Farrar Straus Giroux in 1989].zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Funabashi, Yoichi. "Northeast Asia`s Strategic Dilemma," in John Newhouse, Assessing the Threats. Washington D.C.: Center for Defense Information, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Geyer, George Anne. Guerrilla Prince: The Untold Story of Fidel Castro. Boston: Little, Brown, 1991.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greenstein, Fred. I. The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader. New York: Basic, 1982.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haddad, Wadi D. Lebanon: The Politics of Revolving Door. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, Washington Papers/114.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hanson, Earl Parker. Puerto Rico: Ally for Progress. New York: Van Nostrand, 1962.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hoffman, Bruce Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.zh_TW