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題名 環境安全與國際建制－氣候安全建制之探討
作者 蔣欣如
Chiang,Hsin-ju
貢獻者 姜家雄
Chiang,Alex
蔣欣如
Chiang,Hsin-ju
關鍵詞 環境安全
氣候變遷
氣候安全建制
京都議定書
制度議價途徑
知識社群模式
日期 2004
上傳時間 14-Sep-2009 10:10:38 (UTC+8)
摘要 　　「安全」問題一直是國家不斷追求的利益，但相較於傳統安全問題，更多新的安全議題已浮上檯面。在新興的眾多非傳統安全議題之中，環境安全（Environmental Security）是相當重要的面向，乃由於環境的改變、破壞、退化，形成人類經濟活動、國家安全、國際和平的隱憂。面對如此的潛在危機，國際社會目前普遍已經體認到環境安全的重要性，也逐漸傾向尋求另一種不同於軍事武力的解決方案，有意願合作建立共同規範準則以面對問題，因而促成環境安全建制的成形。
     　　本論文以「氣候變遷」議題做為環境問題的代表，回顧自1972年以來，以國家為主要行為者的全球多邊環境協定，探討氣候安全的特點及氣候建制的限制。同時採用「知識社群模式」與「制度議價途徑」的論點解釋環境建制的成因，前者影響國際社會對環境問題的共識、原則建立；後者則影響國家參與共同建制與制定、執行規範的意願。
     　　雖然全球氣候治理的《京都議定書》已正式上路，氣候相關建制也都注重平等、公正、效率、補償等原則，力求使國際社會每個國家立足平等並有足夠的能力解決問題，但因為國家最終考量仍是自身利益，國際社會各行為者所重視的是平等而不損及利益的制度安排。所以，要建立有效的環境安全建制，首先要解決環境安全與經濟發展互相矛盾的困境，其次要調和國際社會成員的利益問題，需要各國共同努力，才能真正使環境建制的功能發揮到最大。
參考文獻 一、 中文部分
（一） 專書
李文蓉譯。《寂靜的春天》。臺北：大中國，1985年。
蕭晨陽等譯。《環境與社會—環境問題中的人文視野》(Environmental and Society: Human Perspectives on Environmental Issues)。天津：天津人民出版社，1998年。
（二） 期刊論文
吳義雄。〈永續發展－談環保〉。國政研究報告。臺北：財團法人國家研究政策基金會，2002年10月30日。（http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/SD/091/SD-B-091-032.htm）
李河清。〈環境外交與氣候議題談判——以京都議定書為例〉。《國家政策論壇》，第一卷第九期。臺北：財團法人國家研究政策基金會，2001年11月。（http://www.npf.org.tw/monthly/00109/theme-014.htm）
李河清。〈永續發展的國際關係面向：全球環境治理〉。《全球變遷通訊》，第38期，2003年6月。（http://www.gcc.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/Publication/gcrc-circulation/38-4.pdf）
李河清。〈知識社群與全球氣候談判〉。《問題與研究》，第43卷第6期。臺北：政治大學國際關係研究中心，2004年11-12月，頁73-102。
袁鶴齡。〈氣候變遷與全球治理：京都議定書的未來與挑戰〉。《和平論壇》，2005年3月25日。（http://www.peaceforum.org.tw/onweb.jsp?webcd=3333333373&webitem_no=1216）
郭博堯。〈防範疫情昇溫，因應全球氣候變遷〉。國政研究報告。臺北：財團法人國家研究政策基金會，2001年11月22日。（http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/SD/090/SD-C-090-145.htm）
Levy, Marc A. “Is the Environment a National Security Issue?” International Security 20 (Autumn 1995): 35-62.
Mathews, Jessica Tuchman. “Redefining Security.” Foreign Affairs 68 (Spring 1989): 162-177.
Moltke, Konrad von. “The Organization of the Impossible.” Global Environmental Politics 1 (February 2001): 23-28.
Najam, Adil. “The Case against a New International Environmental Organization.” Global Governance 9 (July-September 2003): 367-384.
Parry, Martin. “Global Environmental Change since 1993.” Global Environmental Change 14 (October, 2004): 195.
Porter, Gareth. “Post-Cold War Global Environment and Security.” Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 14, no. 2 (1990): 332-344.
Prugh, Tom. “Institutional Investors Demand Cooperate Climate Change Risk Disclosure.” World Watch 17 (September/October 2004): 10.
Ramphal, Shridath. “Global Governance or a New Imperium: Which Is It to Be?” The Round Table 369 (April 2003): 213-219.
Rowlands, Ian. “The Security Challenges of Global Environmental Change.” Washington Quarterly 14, no.1 (1991): 91-114.
Sadik, Nafis. “Poverty, Population, Pollution.” The Unesco Courier 1 (January 1992): 18-21.
Sandalow, D. B., and I. A. Bowles. “Fundamentals of Treaty-making on Climate Change.” Science June 8, 2001, 1839-1840.
Sawin, Janet L. “Global Warming`s Impacts Evident Worldwide.” World Watch 18 ( March/April 2005): 15.
Sprinz, Detlef, and Tapani Vaahtoranta, “The Interest-Based Explanation of International Environmental Policy.” International Organization 48 (Winter 1994): 77-105.
Stern, Erik. “Bringing the Environment in: The Case for Comprehensive Security.” Cooperation and Conflict 30, no. 3 (1995): 211-237.
Strong, Maurice. “What Place Will the Environment Have in the Next Century—and at What Price?” International Environmental Affairs 2 (Summer 1990): 211-212.
Swart, Rob. “Security Risks of Global Environmental Changes.” Global Environmental Change 6, no. 3 (1996): 187-192.
Trittin, Jürgen. “The Role of the Nation State in International Environmental Policy.” Global Environmental Politics 4 (February 2004): 23-28.
Ullman, Richard. “Redefining Security.” International Security 8 (Summer 1983): 129-153.
Young, Oran R. “Environmental Governance: The Role of Institutions in Causing and Conronting Environmental Problems.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 3, no. 4 (2003): 377-393.
Young, Oran R. “Institutions and the Growth of Knowledge: Evidence from International Environmental Regimes.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 4, no. 3 (2004): 215-228.
Young, Oran R. “The Politics of International Regime Formation: Managing Natural Resources and the Environment.” International Organization 43 (Summer 1989): 350-376.
（三） 碩博士畢業論文
陳佳成，〈國際體制形成之探討：以京都議定書為例〉，碩士論文，東海大學政治學研究所，民國90年6月。
二、 英文部分
（一） 專書
Brown, Lester R. Building a Sustainable Society. New York: W.W. Norton, 1982.
Brown, Ster R., ed. The World Watch Reader. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998.
Carraro, Carlo, ed. Efficiency and Equity of Climate Change Policy. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic, 2000.
Chasek, Pamela S. The Global Environment in the Twenty-First Century: Prospects for International Cooperation. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2000.
Choucri, Nazli, ed. Global Accord: Environmental Challenges and International Responses. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993.
Deudney, Daniel, and Richard Anthony Matthew, eds. Contested Grounds: Security and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1999.
Diehl, Paul F., and Nils Petter Gleditsch, eds. Environmental Conflict. Boulder: Westview, 2001.
Evans, P. B., D. Rueschmeyer, and T. Skocpos, eds. Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Fankhauser, Samuel. Valuing Climate Change. London: Earthscan, 1995.
Gupta, Joyeeta. The Climate Change Convention and Developing Countries from Conflict to Consensus? Hague: Kluwer Academic, 1997.
Haas, Ernst B. Beyond the Nation-State: Functionalism and International Organization. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1964.
Haas, Peter M., Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, eds. Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection. London: MIT Press, 1993.
Hasenclever, Andreas, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger. Theories of International Regimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Hastings, Tom H. Ecology of War and Peace: Counting Costs of Conflict. Lanham: University Press of America, 2000.
Hoffman, Andrew J., ed. Global Climate Change. San Francisco: New Lexington, 1998.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. Environment, Scarcity and Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
Johnston, R. J. Environmental Problems: Nature, Society, Economy. London: Printer, 1989.
Kegley, Charles W. Jr., and Eugene R. Wittkopf, eds. The Global Agenda: Issues and Perspectives, 5th ed. New York: Mcgraw Hill, 1998.
Keohane, Robert O. International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989.
Kindleberger, Charles P. The World in Depression 1929-1939. London: Allen Lane, Penguin, 1973.
Kindlerberger, Charles P. The International Corporation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1970.
Krasner, Stephen D., ed. International Regimes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983.
Lonergan, S. C., ed. Environmental Change, Adaptation, and Security. Hague: Kluwer Academic, 1999.
Michaelowa, Axel, and Michael Dutschke eds. Climate Policy and Development: Flexible Instruments and Developing Countries. Gheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2000.
Miller, G. Tyler. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions. CA: Pacific Grove, 2004.
Mitrany, David, The Functional Theory of Politics. London: London School of Economics and Political Science, 1975.
Myers, Norman. Ultimate Security: the Environmental Basis of Political Stability. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993.
Nye, Joseph S. Peace in Parts: Integration and Conflict in Regional Organization. Boston: Little Brown, 1971.
Page, Edward A., and Michael Redclift, eds. Human Security and the Environment. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2002.
Pease, Kelly-Kate S. International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-first Century, 2nd ed. New Jersey: Pearson, 2003.
Porter, Gareth, and Janet Welsh Brown. Global Environmental Politics. Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1996.
Rengger, N. J., and John Baylis, eds. Dilemmas of World Politics: International Issues in a Changing World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Schnaibert, Allan, and Kenneth Alan Gould. Environment and Society: The Enduring Connections, and Solutions. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2004. Conflict. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994.
Simmons, I. G. Humanity and Environment: A Cultural Ecology. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman, 1997.
Susskind, Lawrence E. Environmental Diplomacy: Negotiating More Effective Global Agreements. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Suzuki, Y., K. Ueta, and S. Mori, eds. Global Environmental Security: From Protection to Prevention. Tokyo: Springer, 1996.
Switzer, Jacqueline Vaughn. Environmental Politics: Domestic and Global Dimensions. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994.
Vogler, J., and M. Imber, eds. The Environment and International Relations. London: Routledge, 1996.
Wilson, Geoff A., and Raymond L. Bryant. Environmental Management: New Directions for the Twenty-first Century. Cornwall, UK: UCL Press, 1997.
World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
World Watch Institute. State of the World 2005. New York: W.W. Norton, 2005.
（二） 期刊論文
Adger, W. Neil, Katrina Brown, and Mike Hulme. “Redefining Global Environmental Change.” Global Environmental Change 15 (April 2005): 1-4.
Ayres, ed. “Global Warming Deniers Lose a Pet Argument.” World Watch 17 (September/October 2004): 8.
Ayres, ed. “Global Warming Now Threaten Millions of Species.” World Watch 17 (September/October 2004): 10.
Barrett, Scott, and Robert Stavins. “Increasing Participation and Compliance in International Climate Change Agreements.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 3, no. 4 (2003): 349-376.
Biermann, Frank, and Klaus Dingwerth. “Global Environmental Change and the Nation State.” Global Environmental Politics 4 (February 2004): 1-22.
Biermann, Frank. “The Case for a World Environmental Organization.” Environment 42, no. 9 (2000): 22-31.
Carraro, C., and D. Siniscalco. “International Environmental Agreements: Incentives and Political Economy.” European Economic Review 42 (May 1998): 561-572.
Cerny, Philip G. “Globalization and the Changing Logic of Collective Action.” International Organization 49 (Autumn 1995): 595-625.
Demeritt, David. “The UK Climate Change Programme and Communication with Local Authorities.” Global Environmental Change 14 (December, 2004): 325-336.
Deudney, Daniel. “Environment and Security: Muddled Thinking.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 47 (April 1991): 22-27.
Dokken, Karin. “Environment, Security and Regionalism in the Asia-Pacific: is Environmental Security a Useful Concept?” The Pacific Review 14, no.4 (2001): 509-530.
Esty, Daniel C. “Stepping Up to the Global Environmental Challenge.” Fordham Environmental Law Journal 8, no. 1 (1996): 103-113.
Flavin, Christopher. "Storm Warnings.” World Watch 7 (November 1994): 10-20.
Forster, Gregory D. “A New Security Paradigm.” World Watch 18 (January/February 2005): 36-46.
Foster, John Bellamy and Richard York. “Political Economy and Environmental Crisis.” Organization & Environmental 17 (September 2004): 293-295.
Frey, Bruno S. “The Public Choice View of International Political Economy.” International Organization 38 (Winter 1984): 199-223.
Haas, Peter. “Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination.” Special Issue of International Organization 46, no. 1 (1992):1-35.
Haas, Peter. “UN Conferences and Constructivist Governance of the Environment.” Global Governance 8 (January-March, 2002): 73-91.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. “Environmental Change and Human Security.” Behind the Headlines 48 (Spring 1991): 1-17.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas. “On the Threhold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict.” International Security 16 (Autumn 1991): 76-116.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas F., and Marc A. Levy. “Environment and Security.” International Security 20 (Winter 1995-1996): 189-198.
Jervis, Robert. “Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation: Understand the Debate.” International Security 4 (Summer 1999): 42-63.
Kaplan, Robert. “The Coming Anarchy.” Atlantic Monthly 273, (February 1994): 44-76.
Karlsson, Sylvia I. “Institutionalized Knowledge Challenges in Pesticide Governance: The End of Knowledge and Beginning of Values in Governing Globalized Environmental Issues.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 4, no.3 (2004): 195-213.
Keohane, Robert O. “International Institutions: Two Approaches.” International Studies Quarterly 32 (December 1988): 379-396.
Keohane, Robert O., and Lisa L. Martin. “The Promise of Institutional Theory.” International Security 20 (Summer 1995): 39-51.
Kim, Joy A. “Regime Interplay: the Case of Biodiversity and Climate Change.” Global Environmental Change 15 (December 2004): 315-324.
King, Gary, and Christopher J. L. Murray. “Rethinking Human Security.” Political Science Quarterly 116 (Winter 2001-2002): 585-610.
Klare, Michale T. “The New Geography of Conflict.” Foreign Affairs 80 (May/June 2001): 49-61.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
91253006
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0912530061
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 姜家雄zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chiang,Alexen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蔣欣如zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chiang,Hsin-juen_US
dc.creator (作者) 蔣欣如zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chiang,Hsin-juen_US
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 10:10:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 10:10:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Sep-2009 10:10:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0912530061en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31429-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91253006zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　「安全」問題一直是國家不斷追求的利益，但相較於傳統安全問題，更多新的安全議題已浮上檯面。在新興的眾多非傳統安全議題之中，環境安全（Environmental Security）是相當重要的面向，乃由於環境的改變、破壞、退化，形成人類經濟活動、國家安全、國際和平的隱憂。面對如此的潛在危機，國際社會目前普遍已經體認到環境安全的重要性，也逐漸傾向尋求另一種不同於軍事武力的解決方案，有意願合作建立共同規範準則以面對問題，因而促成環境安全建制的成形。
     　　本論文以「氣候變遷」議題做為環境問題的代表，回顧自1972年以來，以國家為主要行為者的全球多邊環境協定，探討氣候安全的特點及氣候建制的限制。同時採用「知識社群模式」與「制度議價途徑」的論點解釋環境建制的成因，前者影響國際社會對環境問題的共識、原則建立；後者則影響國家參與共同建制與制定、執行規範的意願。
     　　雖然全球氣候治理的《京都議定書》已正式上路，氣候相關建制也都注重平等、公正、效率、補償等原則，力求使國際社會每個國家立足平等並有足夠的能力解決問題，但因為國家最終考量仍是自身利益，國際社會各行為者所重視的是平等而不損及利益的制度安排。所以，要建立有效的環境安全建制，首先要解決環境安全與經濟發展互相矛盾的困境，其次要調和國際社會成員的利益問題，需要各國共同努力，才能真正使環境建制的功能發揮到最大。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 目　錄...............................i
     圖表目錄...........................iii
     名詞對照表..........................iv
     
     第壹章　　緒　論.....................1
     第一節　　研究動機與研究目的.........1
     第二節　　文獻回顧...................5
     第三節　　研究範圍與研究限制........12
     第四節　　研究方法與研究架構........15
     
     第貳章　　環境安全與建制............17
     第一節　　國際關係的「環境」議題....17
     第二節　　環境安全與國際安全........27
     第三節　　國際建制建構與國際環境安全36
     小　結..............................45
     
     第參章　　氣候安全建制之實踐........47
     第一節　　氣候變遷議題與氣候安全....48
     第二節　　氣候安全與國際建制建構....57
     第三節　　氣候安全建制的發展........64
     小　結..............................74
     第肆章　　氣候安全建制之評析........77
     第一節　　氣候安全建制的分析........78
     第二節　　氣候安全建制的限制........89
     第三節　　氣候安全建制的評估.......100
     小　結.............................107
     
     第伍章　　結　論...................109
     第一節　　研究發現 .................109
     第二節　　未來展望 .................112
     
     附 錄.............................117
     附錄一　　生物多樣性公約...........117
     附錄二　　奈洛比宣言要點...........128
     附錄三　　里約環境與發展宣言.......130
     附錄四　　聯合國氣候變化綱要公約...133
     附錄五　　京都議定書...............146
     附錄六　　約翰尼斯堡永續發展宣言...160
     
     參考書目 ..........................163		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0912530061en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 環境安全zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 氣候變遷zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 氣候安全建制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 京都議定書zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 制度議價途徑zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 知識社群模式zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 環境安全與國際建制－氣候安全建制之探討zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 中文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （一） 專書zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李文蓉譯。《寂靜的春天》。臺北：大中國，1985年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蕭晨陽等譯。《環境與社會—環境問題中的人文視野》(Environmental and Society: Human Perspectives on Environmental Issues)。天津：天津人民出版社，1998年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （二） 期刊論文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳義雄。〈永續發展－談環保〉。國政研究報告。臺北：財團法人國家研究政策基金會，2002年10月30日。（http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/SD/091/SD-B-091-032.htm）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李河清。〈環境外交與氣候議題談判——以京都議定書為例〉。《國家政策論壇》，第一卷第九期。臺北：財團法人國家研究政策基金會，2001年11月。（http://www.npf.org.tw/monthly/00109/theme-014.htm）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李河清。〈永續發展的國際關係面向：全球環境治理〉。《全球變遷通訊》，第38期，2003年6月。（http://www.gcc.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/Publication/gcrc-circulation/38-4.pdf）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李河清。〈知識社群與全球氣候談判〉。《問題與研究》，第43卷第6期。臺北：政治大學國際關係研究中心，2004年11-12月，頁73-102。zh_TW
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