| dc.contributor.advisor | 陳文賢 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Chen, Wen-Hsien | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 戴寶孝 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | DAI, BAO-SHIAO | en_US |
| dc.creator (作者) | 戴寶孝 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | DAI, BAO-SHIAO | en_US |
| dc.date (日期) | 2005 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 14-Sep-2009 10:47:53 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 14-Sep-2009 10:47:53 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 14-Sep-2009 10:47:53 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | G0929810301 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31569 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國家安全與大陸研究碩士在職專班 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 92981030 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 94 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 一個種族社群壁壘分明的社會，將在政治、經濟與文化的競爭環境中，激發出社群衝突的動機。斯里蘭卡分離主義運動即是在此種環境下形塑而成，亦即是說，一項規模宏大並且致使生靈塗炭的群眾運動並非一觸即成，它必須端看一些刺激性的因素異化而成。而這些刺激因素往往也是伴隨著世局的變遷，所帶來的政治理論在意識形態上的演化效應。在斯里蘭卡分離主義的歷史發展中，將可看到種族文化的對立所產生的一種充滿政治歧視與仇恨的社會景象，是一場社群領導人、痴狂的追隨者與極端主義者在政治與經濟資源上的互動競爭所造成的結果。而期間社群菁英的政治投機主義取向和以種族作為人口社群劃分在比例上的懸殊差距以及一個缺乏公益的憲政體制所塑造的政治生態，亦將是社群政治菁英甘心沉淪於「種族叫價」(ethnic outbidding)與訴求「種族中心論」的合理動機。 斯里蘭卡分離主義運動在政治理論的實踐上，同樣有其階段性的發展史。原生論與工具論將牽引著自由主義與保守主義的辯證過程，把斯里蘭卡原本族群融合的意識景象帶往社群主義所異化成的「想像」與「假象」，讓那些社群中痴狂的追隨者與極端的憤恨之徒不知不覺地產生了渴望去劃破世界主義充滿博愛與平等之幕的衝動，去甩開錫蘭民族主義的意識圖騰而執起文化民族主義的鮮明旗幟，毅然決然地走向分離主義這種種族文化殊死之途。一場不對稱的游擊戰爭──斯里蘭卡內戰就此展開，而政府(主流族群)那些持續缺乏政治道德(殘暴與激盡的武力鎮壓)的回應，將形同一枝矛戟，把從屬族群(LTTE)逼上恐怖主義這種極具暴戾、蠻橫與陰沉的不歸之途。 關鍵字：分離主義、斯里蘭卡、種族中心論、種族叫價。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 摘要.................................................. i 誌謝.................................................. ii 論文目次.............................................. iii 圖次.................................................. viii 表次.................................................. ix 第一章 緒 論........................................ 1 第一節 問題發現、動機與目的........................ 1 一、問題發現與動機.................................... 1 二、研究目的.......................................... 5 第二節 研究方法與架構設計.......................... 5 一、研究方法.......................................... 5 二、研究架構.......................................... 6 第三節 主要文獻分析................................ 7 一、中文專書.......................................... 8 二、英文專書.......................................... 8 第四節 研究範圍與限制.............................. 10 一、研究範圍.......................................... 10 二、研究限制.......................................... 11 第二章 分離主義理論之探討............................ 12 第一節 分離主義的定義.............................. 12 一、語義上的定義...................................... 14 二、學者與文獻上的貢獻................................ 19 第二節 分離主義與民族主義之政治理論關係............ 28 一、民族的概念........................................ 29 二、民族的特徵........................................ 32 三、民族主義的理論實踐................................ 38 四、民族主義意識形態的特性............................ 43 第三節 自由主義、保守主義、社群主義與世界主義...... 46 一、自由主義.......................................... 47 二、保守主義.......................................... 55 三、社群主義與世界主義................................ 60 第三章 斯里蘭卡國情概況與種族歷史發展................ 68 第一節 斯里蘭卡簡史與國情概況...................... 68 一、國家簡介(政府、種族社群分佈與宗教)................ 68 二、地理位置與地形分析................................ 73 三、經濟發展慨況...................................... 75 第二節 斯里蘭卡種族發展史.......................... 77 一、辛哈傳說.......................................... 77 二、斯里蘭卡立國信史.................................. 80 三、南印度的泰米爾人.................................. 81 四、穆斯林與伯格人.................................... 84 第三節 主要政黨組織................................ 87 一、「統一國民黨」.................................... 87 二、「斯里蘭卡自由黨」................................ 91 三、「聯邦黨」........................................ 96 第四節 斯里蘭卡種姓制度............................ 99 一、種姓的淵源與特性.................................. 99 二、辛哈民族種姓制度.................................. 102 三、泰米爾民族種姓制度................................ 106 四、種姓階級的後續發展──可能潛藏族群衝突的要素...... 110 第四章 斯里蘭卡種族仇恨與文化鬥爭.................... 114 第一節 錫蘭民族主義之興起與1915年反穆斯林暴動...... 114 一、斯里蘭卡興起的種族意識............................ 114 二、社群代表制下的爭議................................ 117 三、經濟衝突的醞釀──一種種族優越性競爭下的結果...... 121 四、1915年「反穆斯林」暴動爆發........................ 125 五、暴動後續的分析.................................... 127 第二節 民族與宗教文化的競爭........................ 129 一、斯里蘭卡宗教民族意識的興起........................ 129 二、民族政治優越意識.................................. 132 三、《達諾摩爾憲法》(Donoughmore Constitution)........ 137 四、《索爾伯里憲法》(Soulbury Constitution)........... 139 第三節 「辛哈唯一」政策下的權力競爭................ 145 一、1930年代Swabasha運動(民族語言運動；self-language). 145 二、1940年代「辛哈唯一」的倡議(辛哈民族主義的崛起).... 150 三、辛哈民族主義與佛教激進主義的合流.................. 151 四、投機政治與「種族叫價」............................ 155 第四節 種族衝突的濫觴.............................. 163 一、語言民族主義與政治、經濟和社會發展的聯繫.......... 164 二、1956年「反泰米爾」暴動............................ 168 三、1957年《班達拉奈克與契爾凡尼亞肯協定》............ 173 四、1958年「反泰米爾」暴動與S. W. R. D.班達拉奈克遇刺. 179 五、1961年「聯邦黨」的抗爭與1962年流產政變............ 183 六、1965年《辛南那亞克與契爾凡尼亞肯協定》與1966年政變 186 第五章 泰米爾分離主義的形成與發展.................... 189 第一節 泰米爾民族主義的興起........................ 190 一、1972年《斯里蘭卡第一共和國憲法》.................. 190 二、1971年「人民自由陣線」的流產政變.................. 192 三、「青年膨脹」的問題................................ 194 第二節 斯里蘭卡1970年代後經濟結構的改變............ 199 一、經濟結構改變的導引................................ 200 二、國有企業經營的壟斷................................ 201 三、都市貧民的罷工.................................... 205 四、經濟市場開放後的問題──何以相對剝削的認知增強.... 207 五、傳統社會結構的延續──種姓制度.................... 210 第三節 分離主義政治理論與組織的形成................ 214 一、泰米爾分離主義意識形態的沿革與實踐................ 214 二、分離勢力的具體形成與分裂.......................... 215 三、LTTE與TELO的激進勢力鬥爭.......................... 217 四、「泰米爾伊拉姆自由之虎」勢力的壯大................ 221 第四節 斯里蘭卡內戰的爆發與後續的發展分析.......... 224 一、1977年反泰米爾暴動................................ 225 二、1978年《斯里蘭卡第二共和國憲法》.................. 228 三、1981年與1983年「反泰米爾」暴動.................... 231 四、和平的談判與持續的衝突............................ 236 五、斯里蘭卡分離主義運動後續的分析.................... 241 第六章 結 論........................................ 246 第一節 斯里蘭卡種族衝突與動員的路徑................ 246 一、歷史關鍵事件的回顧................................ 247 二、少數民族的期盼與社群意識的強化.................... 253 三、種族動員的路徑.................................... 256 第二節 斯里蘭卡分離主義政治理論形成的路徑.......... 259 一、後續政治理論的發展................................ 260 二、政治理論形成的路徑................................ 262 參考資料.............................................. 266 附錄.................................................. 283 A：重要名人、團體與名詞名稱(縮寫)中英文對照表......... 283 B：Incidents involving Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)............................................. 287 C：Memorandum of Understanding........................ 304 圖 次 圖2-1-1 種族集體意識的發展途徑..................... 26 圖2-1-2 分離主義的在演化........................... 27 圖2-2-1 人類社會演化過程........................... 29 圖2-2-2 全球伊斯蘭分佈圖........................... 35 圖2-2-3 1956─2002年自決武裝衝突曲線圖............. 42 圖2-3-1 自由主義者對自由的看法..................... 50 圖3-1-1 斯里蘭卡國旗與國徽......................... 69 圖3-1-2 斯里蘭卡種族社群分佈圖..................... 70 圖3-1-3 斯里蘭卡戰略位置圖......................... 73 圖3-1-4 斯里蘭卡沿海重要城市與地理海拔平面圖....... 74 圖3-2-1 西元1030年朱羅帝國直接控制的地區........... 86 圖3-4-1 康堤人白天Perahera盛會..................... 103 圖3-4-2 康堤廟宇的鼓手與神象....................... 103 圖3-4-3 斯里蘭卡種姓階級流動圖..................... 105 圖3-4-4 泰米爾種姓制度列表......................... 107 圖3-4-5 斯里蘭卡種族意識發展過程................... 110 圖4-1-1 1833年以種族提名非官方議會代表席次分配..... 120 圖4-1-2 1889年以種族提名非官方議會代表席次分配..... 121 圖4-2-1 斯里蘭卡民族宗教復興運動時期三角關係....... 131 圖4-4-1 斯里蘭卡泰米爾民族政府雇用勞動比例曲線圖... 184 圖5-2-1 1948─1988年斯里蘭卡社群暴力衝突頻率分析圖. 200 圖5-3-1 泰米爾伊拉姆自由之虎(LTTE)組織結構圖....... 222 圖6-2-1 斯里蘭卡種族動員與集體意識的發展路徑....... 258 圖6-2-2 斯里蘭卡分離主義政治理論形成路徑........... 264 表 次 表2-1-1 分離主義之分項要素歸納..................... 18 表2-2-1 對待種族與民族態度的異同................... 31 表2-2-2 加州科技大學學生對異族婚戀的看法........... 34 表2-2-3 1956─2002年因自決發生武裝衝突事件與發展結果統 計......................................... 41 表2-3-1 社群主義政治行為世界觀..................... 64 表3-1-1 斯里蘭卡行政區域劃分與人口統計............. 71 表3-1-2 斯里蘭卡1953─1996年勞動失業人口百分比..... 76 表3-2-1 斯里蘭卡穆斯林社群區分之人口數與比例....... 85 表3-2-2 斯里蘭卡說泰米爾語之種族人口數與比例....... 86 表3-3-1 聯邦黨立屆國會選舉表現..................... 97 表4-2-1 斯里蘭卡年各種族社群英語知識人口比例....... 134 表4-2-2 1947─1977年斯里蘭卡歷屆國會選舉各種族所獲得實際 席次統計................................... 143 表4-3-1 1881─1946年斯里蘭卡受過五年教育以上識字人口百分 比......................................... 146 表4-4-1 1947─1962年斯里蘭卡歷年國會大選個政黨選舉結果 ........................................... 169 表4-4-2 1946─1982年北方省與東方省辛哈人口增加之百分比 ........................................... 178 表5-1-1 1971年斯里蘭卡大學入學標準分數............. 195 表5-1-2 斯里蘭卡社群1963年與1973年之個人收入統計... 196 表5-1-3 1970─1977年以科學為學程基礎之大學入學百分比統計 ........................................... 197 表5-1-4 1946─1971年斯里蘭卡各地區種族人口數與百分比統計 ........................................... 198 表5-2-1 1972年斯里蘭卡政府職工分類與種族劃分%比例.. 202 表5-2-2 斯里蘭卡社會青年所認為影響私營部門雇用之不公平待 遇方式..................................... 211 表5-2-3 中階行政主管與經理人之受訪者種族身分調查... 212 | zh_TW |
| dc.language.iso | en_US | - |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0929810301 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 分離主義 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 斯里蘭卡 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 種族中心論 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 種族叫價 | zh_TW |
| dc.title (題名) | 斯里蘭卡分離主義研究 | zh_TW |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 一、中文部分： | zh_TW |
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