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題名 從印度人民黨的崛起論晚近印度的政教關係
作者 張世強
Chang Shih-chiang
貢獻者 黃柏棋
Huang Po-chi
張世強
Chang Shih-chiang
關鍵詞 阿瑜陀之爭
印度人民黨
宗教社群主義
印度教民族主義
印度民族主義
Ayodhya dispute
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Communalism
Hindu Nationalism
India Nationalism
日期 2002
上傳時間 14-Sep-2009 12:02:40 (UTC+8)
摘要 　　印度乃全球最大民主政體，本研究係以晚近印度政壇發展，作為探論主題。印度在憲法上是一個世俗國家，但在印度晚近的發展中，「印度教民族主義」配合著「國民志願服務隊」（RSS）、「印度人民黨」（BJP）、「世界宗教大會」（VHP）等組織的宣傳效應，卻產生了阿瑜陀之爭，並使得印度調合教派政治的努力，受到嚴重的考驗。印度民主政體的特殊發展經驗，也向西方對自由民主政體與民族主義所抱持的普世性假定，提出了強烈地挑戰。
     
     　　出現於殖民時期與晚近民主國家中的民族主義浪潮與宗教運動，警醒了許多西方觀察者。本研究企圖將宗教社群主義的議題，放在印度教傳統實踐與歷史發展的脈絡中從事考察，而避免將這類涉及認同與社群意識的問題，過度化約成社會與經濟的決定論觀點，或是政治與社經利益的呈現。宗教社群意識的政治化，確為印度製造了社群衝突，但根深柢固的仇恨意識，則來自印度教徒與穆斯林間錯綜複雜的歷史糾葛。
     
     　　透過印度民族主義與印度教徒民族主義之間關係的探討，本研究將把宗教社群衝突的問題置放在一個較寬廣的政治、宗教及歷史的脈絡中。藉由印度教徒與穆斯林在印度發生衝突的例子，揭示宗教社群議題如何表現於社會與歷史的面向之上。本研究試圖提供對於印度政治不同的觀察角度，俾益於我們對後殖民時期印度民主政體發展的理解。最後，本研究也企圖評析右派印度人民黨，如何藉由古代印度教精神的宣揚，而獲致廣泛的民眾認同並在近十年中快速崛起。
　　
     　　The theme of this thesis turns our attention to recent events in the world’s largest democracy, India. India is constitutionally a secular state. But recent developments in India in the form of Hindu nationalism, propagated and propagandized with great effects by such organizations as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), and that generated the Ayodhya temple dispute, are putting India’s capacity to negotiate a viable relation between a unified polity and sectarian religio-politics severely to the test. The Indian experiences of democracy thus challenge several of the widely held assumptions about the universality of the western trajectory of liberal democracy and nationalism.
     　　
     　　The rise of strong nationalist and religious movement in colonial era and newly democratic countries alarms many western observers. Rather than reducing the problems of identity or communal consciousness to social-economic determinism, or a strictly matter of political and social-economic interest, this thesis places the emergence of Communalism within the context of Hindu traditional and historical praxis. The politicization of communal consciousness did create communal problems in India, but the fundamental intricacy remains the deep-seated animosity between Hindus and Muslims created by history.
     
     　　By presenting the relationship of Indian nationalism and Hindu nationalism, this thesis situates communal conflicts in its larger political, religious, and historic contexts. Using example of Hindu-Muslim conflict in India, the issue of Communalism with social-historical context will be explored. This thesis tried to offers fresh insights into Indian politics and, by focusing on Ayodhya dispute, advances our understanding of democracy in the post-colonial India. This thesis analyzes Indian receptivity to the right-wing Hindu nationalism party and its political wing, the BJP, which claims to create a polity based on ancient Hindu culture. This thesis is also an attempt to explain the factors that led to the sudden rise of BJP in the last decade.
參考文獻 一、中文書籍：
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李志夫譯、馬君達（R. C. Majumdar）等原著，印度通史。台北：國立編譯館。
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四、英文期刊專論及報紙
Advani, S. L. K.（1996）, “Ram Temple Shall Be Built”, http://www.bjp.org/philo.htm,（2003/02/28）.
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Anderson, W.（1990）, “The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: The Sprearhead of Hindu Revivalism”, in R. Sisson and R. Roy ed., Diversity and Dominance in Indian Politics. Vol. 2, New Delhi: Sage Publications. pp. 220-237.
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Chhibber, P. K. and Petrocik, J. R.（1990）, “Social Cleavages, Elections and the Indian Party System”, in R. Sisson and R. Roy ed., Diversity and Dominance in Indian Politics. Vol. 1, New Delhi: Sage Publications. pp. 105-122.
Chowgule, A.（1996）, “Is the Ram Janmabhoomi Movement Anti-Muslim”, http://www.bjp.org/philo.htm,（2003/02/28）.
Chowgule, S. A.（2003）,” The Concept of Swadeshi”, http://www.bjp.org/pomi.htm,（2003/02/28）.
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Diwan, P.（2003）,”Economic Reforms, Swadeshi and Foreign Investments”, http://www.bjp.org/pomi.htm, （2003/02/26）.
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二、中文期刊及報紙：
朱明忠（1996），「尼赫魯的世俗主義觀及其社會影響」，南亞研究，第3、4期：頁8-16。
朱明忠（1998），「尼赫魯的哲學觀」，南亞研究，第1期：頁26-33。
尚會鵬（1997），「中印社會群體凝聚力的對比分析」，南亞研究，第1期，頁78-84。
邱永輝（1996），「印度的『政治覺醒』和『政治衰敗』」，南亞研究，第1、2期：頁10-14。
姜景奎（1998），「印度的教派問題」，南亞研究，第2期：頁51-57。
袁傳偉（1997），「對印度現代化模式的幾點探索」，南亞研究，第2期：頁13-19。
陸梅（2000），「英國在印度推行西方教育的初衷及其影響」，南亞研究，第1期：頁91-96。
黃心川（1997），「當前南亞宗教發展的趨勢與特點」，南亞研究，第1期：頁35-41。
黃柏棋（2001），「宗教與暴力：印度宗教社群主義之反思」，（英譯手稿）未出版。
葉正佳（1998），「從印度議會民主體制的發展歷程看第12屆人民院大選結果」，南亞研究，第1期：頁21-25。
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劉善國及李竹梅（2000），「印度人民黨執政以來的政治經濟形勢淺析」，南亞研究，第2期：頁9-14。
劉曙雄（1996），「伊克巴爾的哲學思想及其伊斯蘭背景」，南亞研究，第3、4期：頁65-70。
鄭經言譯（內維爾馬克斯韋爾原著）（2000），「中印邊界爭端反思（上）」，南亞研究，第1期：頁25-34。
鄧兵（1999），「印度國名考略」，南亞研究，第2期：頁91-93。
聯合報新聞報導（美聯社電），「印度階級戰爭各派民兵殺紅眼」，聯合報，2000年6月21日，第11版。
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聯合報新聞報導（馮克雲編譯），「印度宗教暴亂升高，軍警鎮壓」，聯合報，2002年3月2日，第11版。
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Evans, P.（1979）, Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multi-national, State, and Local Capital in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Flood, G.（1996）, An introduction to Hinduism. NY: Cambridge University Press.
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Jeffrey, R.（1986）, What’s Happening To India: Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, Mrs Gandhi’s Death and the Test for Federalism. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
Jha, P. S.（1998）, Kashmir, 1947: Rival Version of History. Delhi: Oxford University.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
宗教研究所
90156005
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090156005
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃柏棋zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Huang Po-chien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張世強zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang Shih-chiangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張世強zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang Shih-chiangen_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 12:02:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 12:02:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Sep-2009 12:02:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0090156005en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31767-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 宗教研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90156005zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　印度乃全球最大民主政體，本研究係以晚近印度政壇發展，作為探論主題。印度在憲法上是一個世俗國家，但在印度晚近的發展中，「印度教民族主義」配合著「國民志願服務隊」（RSS）、「印度人民黨」（BJP）、「世界宗教大會」（VHP）等組織的宣傳效應，卻產生了阿瑜陀之爭，並使得印度調合教派政治的努力，受到嚴重的考驗。印度民主政體的特殊發展經驗，也向西方對自由民主政體與民族主義所抱持的普世性假定，提出了強烈地挑戰。
     
     　　出現於殖民時期與晚近民主國家中的民族主義浪潮與宗教運動，警醒了許多西方觀察者。本研究企圖將宗教社群主義的議題，放在印度教傳統實踐與歷史發展的脈絡中從事考察，而避免將這類涉及認同與社群意識的問題，過度化約成社會與經濟的決定論觀點，或是政治與社經利益的呈現。宗教社群意識的政治化，確為印度製造了社群衝突，但根深柢固的仇恨意識，則來自印度教徒與穆斯林間錯綜複雜的歷史糾葛。
     
     　　透過印度民族主義與印度教徒民族主義之間關係的探討，本研究將把宗教社群衝突的問題置放在一個較寬廣的政治、宗教及歷史的脈絡中。藉由印度教徒與穆斯林在印度發生衝突的例子，揭示宗教社群議題如何表現於社會與歷史的面向之上。本研究試圖提供對於印度政治不同的觀察角度，俾益於我們對後殖民時期印度民主政體發展的理解。最後，本研究也企圖評析右派印度人民黨，如何藉由古代印度教精神的宣揚，而獲致廣泛的民眾認同並在近十年中快速崛起。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　
     　　The theme of this thesis turns our attention to recent events in the world’s largest democracy, India. India is constitutionally a secular state. But recent developments in India in the form of Hindu nationalism, propagated and propagandized with great effects by such organizations as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), and that generated the Ayodhya temple dispute, are putting India’s capacity to negotiate a viable relation between a unified polity and sectarian religio-politics severely to the test. The Indian experiences of democracy thus challenge several of the widely held assumptions about the universality of the western trajectory of liberal democracy and nationalism.
     　　
     　　The rise of strong nationalist and religious movement in colonial era and newly democratic countries alarms many western observers. Rather than reducing the problems of identity or communal consciousness to social-economic determinism, or a strictly matter of political and social-economic interest, this thesis places the emergence of Communalism within the context of Hindu traditional and historical praxis. The politicization of communal consciousness did create communal problems in India, but the fundamental intricacy remains the deep-seated animosity between Hindus and Muslims created by history.
     
     　　By presenting the relationship of Indian nationalism and Hindu nationalism, this thesis situates communal conflicts in its larger political, religious, and historic contexts. Using example of Hindu-Muslim conflict in India, the issue of Communalism with social-historical context will be explored. This thesis tried to offers fresh insights into Indian politics and, by focusing on Ayodhya dispute, advances our understanding of democracy in the post-colonial India. This thesis analyzes Indian receptivity to the right-wing Hindu nationalism party and its political wing, the BJP, which claims to create a polity based on ancient Hindu culture. This thesis is also an attempt to explain the factors that led to the sudden rise of BJP in the last decade.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章　緒論…………………………………………………………………1
     第一節 研究背景…………………………………………………………1
     第二節 文獻回顧…………………………………………………………4
     第三節 研究設計………………………………………………………11
     
     第二章　民族主義的想像與宗教社群的形塑……………………………15
     第一節　印度教傳統與宗教社群意識的交涉……………………………15
     第二節 宗教社群意識在歷史上的發展………………………………22
     第三節 印度教改革運動與印度教精神的探索………………………33
     
     第三章 　印度民族主義與印度教民族主義－二種民族主義的版本…41
     第一節 印度文化認同與印度教民族主義的發展………………………41
     第二節 世俗主義傳統與印度民族主義的發展困境……………………56
     第三節 民族主義的迷思與宗教社群主義的觀點………………………65
     
     第四章 　印度教民族主義與印度人民黨的發展歷程…………………77
     第一節 印度古代王權觀－世俗化王權的契約論………………………77
     第二節 印度人民黨的崛起………………………………………………83
     第三節 阿瑜陀之爭與印度人民黨的執政突破………………………100
     
     第五章 　結論…………………………………………………………113
     第一節 印度人民黨的轉型與展望……………………………………113
     第二節 印度教傳統對於世俗主義普世性的反詰……………………117
     
     【參考書目】……………………………………………………………123
     
     【附錄】
     （附錄一）：印度地圖及各邦區中英文名稱對照………………………131
     （附錄二）：印度各邦區宗教人口分佈比例一覽表……………………132
     （附錄三）：印度憲法「宗教自由」與「少數保障」條文節錄………133
     （附錄四）：歷屆印度人民院和總理任期情況…………………………137		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090156005en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 阿瑜陀之爭zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 印度人民黨zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 宗教社群主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 印度教民族主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 印度民族主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ayodhya disputeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Communalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hindu Nationalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) India Nationalismen_US
dc.title (題名) 從印度人民黨的崛起論晚近印度的政教關係zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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