1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Liberal Arts
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 從印度人民黨的崛起論晚近印度的政教關係
作者 張世強
Chang Shih-chiang
貢獻者 黃柏棋
Huang Po-chi
張世強
Chang Shih-chiang
關鍵詞 阿瑜陀之爭
印度人民黨
宗教社群主義
印度教民族主義
印度民族主義
Ayodhya dispute
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Communalism
Hindu Nationalism
India Nationalism
日期 2002
上傳時間 14-Sep-2009 12:02:40 (UTC+8)
摘要 　　印度乃全球最大民主政體，本研究係以晚近印度政壇發展，作為探論主題。印度在憲法上是一個世俗國家，但在印度晚近的發展中，「印度教民族主義」配合著「國民志願服務隊」（RSS）、「印度人民黨」（BJP）、「世界宗教大會」（VHP）等組織的宣傳效應，卻產生了阿瑜陀之爭，並使得印度調合教派政治的努力，受到嚴重的考驗。印度民主政體的特殊發展經驗，也向西方對自由民主政體與民族主義所抱持的普世性假定，提出了強烈地挑戰。
     
     　　出現於殖民時期與晚近民主國家中的民族主義浪潮與宗教運動，警醒了許多西方觀察者。本研究企圖將宗教社群主義的議題，放在印度教傳統實踐與歷史發展的脈絡中從事考察，而避免將這類涉及認同與社群意識的問題，過度化約成社會與經濟的決定論觀點，或是政治與社經利益的呈現。宗教社群意識的政治化，確為印度製造了社群衝突，但根深柢固的仇恨意識，則來自印度教徒與穆斯林間錯綜複雜的歷史糾葛。
     
     　　透過印度民族主義與印度教徒民族主義之間關係的探討，本研究將把宗教社群衝突的問題置放在一個較寬廣的政治、宗教及歷史的脈絡中。藉由印度教徒與穆斯林在印度發生衝突的例子，揭示宗教社群議題如何表現於社會與歷史的面向之上。本研究試圖提供對於印度政治不同的觀察角度，俾益於我們對後殖民時期印度民主政體發展的理解。最後，本研究也企圖評析右派印度人民黨，如何藉由古代印度教精神的宣揚，而獲致廣泛的民眾認同並在近十年中快速崛起。
　　
     　　The theme of this thesis turns our attention to recent events in the world’s largest democracy, India. India is constitutionally a secular state. But recent developments in India in the form of Hindu nationalism, propagated and propagandized with great effects by such organizations as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), and that generated the Ayodhya temple dispute, are putting India’s capacity to negotiate a viable relation between a unified polity and sectarian religio-politics severely to the test. The Indian experiences of democracy thus challenge several of the widely held assumptions about the universality of the western trajectory of liberal democracy and nationalism.
     　　
     　　The rise of strong nationalist and religious movement in colonial era and newly democratic countries alarms many western observers. Rather than reducing the problems of identity or communal consciousness to social-economic determinism, or a strictly matter of political and social-economic interest, this thesis places the emergence of Communalism within the context of Hindu traditional and historical praxis. The politicization of communal consciousness did create communal problems in India, but the fundamental intricacy remains the deep-seated animosity between Hindus and Muslims created by history.
     
     　　By presenting the relationship of Indian nationalism and Hindu nationalism, this thesis situates communal conflicts in its larger political, religious, and historic contexts. Using example of Hindu-Muslim conflict in India, the issue of Communalism with social-historical context will be explored. This thesis tried to offers fresh insights into Indian politics and, by focusing on Ayodhya dispute, advances our understanding of democracy in the post-colonial India. This thesis analyzes Indian receptivity to the right-wing Hindu nationalism party and its political wing, the BJP, which claims to create a polity based on ancient Hindu culture. This thesis is also an attempt to explain the factors that led to the sudden rise of BJP in the last decade.
參考文獻 一、中文書籍：
王佳煌（1998），國家發展。台北：台灣書店。
世界各國憲法大全編輯委員會編（1965），世界各國憲法大全。台北：國民大會憲政研討委員會。
玄奘（1978），大唐西域記。台北：地平線。
朱章才譯、羅特蒙特（D. Rothermund）原著（2000），殖民統治的結束。台北：麥田。
吳俊才（1954），印度近代史。台北：中華文化。
吳俊才（1966），甘地與現代印度。台北：正中。
吳俊才（1981），印度史。台北：三民。
吳靜宜等譯、伊利亞德（M. Eliade）原著（2001），世界宗教理念史。台北：商周。
希瓦難陀（Shivananda）譯（1999），薄伽梵歌。新竹：中國瑜伽出版社。
李志夫譯、馬君達（R. C. Majumdar）等原著，印度通史。台北：國立編譯館。
Parrinder, G., ed.（1971）, World Religions From Ancient History to the Present. NY: Facts on File Publications.
Ray, R.（1992）, The Naxalites and their Ideelogy. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Rudolph, L. I. and Rudolph, S. H.（1967）, The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Savarkar, V. D.（1969）, Hindutva: Who is a Hindu. Bombay: Veer Savarkar Prakashan.
Smith, W. C.（1957）, Islam in Modern History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Smith, W. C.（1979）, Modern Islam in India: A Social Analysis. New Delhi: Usha Publications.
Tambiah, S. J.（1996）, Leveling Crowd: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Van Der Veer, P.（1994）,Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India. London : University of California.
Weber, M.（2000）, The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism. New Delhi, India: Munshiram Manoharlal Pub.
Weiner, M.（1962）, The Politics of Scarcity: Public Pressure and Political Response in India. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
李金梅譯、霍布斯邦（E. Hobsbawm）原著（2001），民族與民族主義。台北：城邦。
Weiner, M.（1968）, State Politics in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Weiner, M.（1978）, India at the Polls: The Parliamentary Elections of 1977. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
Weiner, M.（1978）, Sons of the Soil: Migration and Ethnic Conflict in India. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Weiner, M.（1983）, India at the Polls, 1980: A Study of the Parliamentary Elections. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
Wrong, D. H.（1979）, Power: Its Forms, Bases, and Uses. New York: Harper and Row Publishers
Zimmer, H. (1951), The Philosophies of India. NY: Pantheon Books.
四、英文期刊專論及報紙
Advani, S. L. K.（1996）, “Ram Temple Shall Be Built”, http://www.bjp.org/philo.htm,（2003/02/28）.
Alter, J. S.（1994）, “Celibacy, Sexuality, and the Transformation of Gender into Nationalism in North India”, The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 45-66.
Anderson, W.（1990）, “The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: The Sprearhead of Hindu Revivalism”, in R. Sisson and R. Roy ed., Diversity and Dominance in Indian Politics. Vol. 2, New Delhi: Sage Publications. pp. 220-237.
李金梅譯、葛爾納（E. Gellner）原著（2000），國族主義。台北：聯經。
Chhibber, P. K. and Petrocik, J. R.（1990）, “Social Cleavages, Elections and the Indian Party System”, in R. Sisson and R. Roy ed., Diversity and Dominance in Indian Politics. Vol. 1, New Delhi: Sage Publications. pp. 105-122.
Chowgule, A.（1996）, “Is the Ram Janmabhoomi Movement Anti-Muslim”, http://www.bjp.org/philo.htm,（2003/02/28）.
Chowgule, S. A.（2003）,” The Concept of Swadeshi”, http://www.bjp.org/pomi.htm,（2003/02/28）.
Dalton, D.（1982）, “The Concepts of Politics and Power in Indian Ideological Traditions”, in A. Jeyaratnam Wilson and D. Dalton ed., The State of South Asia: Problems of National Integration. London: C. Hunt and Company.
De, A.（1994）, “Religious Fundamentalism and Secularism in India”, Communalism in Contemporary India. The University of Burdwan. pp. 72-132.
Dickey, S.（1993）, “The Politics of Adulation: Cinema and the Production of Politicians in South India”, The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 340-372.
Diwan, P.（2003）,”Economic Reforms, Swadeshi and Foreign Investments”, http://www.bjp.org/pomi.htm, （2003/02/26）.
Dua, B. D.（1990）, ”India: Federal Leadership and Secessionist Movements on the Periphery”, in R. Sisson and R. Roy ed., Diversity and Dominance in Indian Politics. Vol. 2, New Delhi: Sage Publications. pp. 189-218.
Gupta, K.（1996）, “Subhas Chandra Bose as a Mascot of Hindutva”, http://www.bjp.org/philo.htm,（2003/02/28）.
Hansen, T. B.（1998）, “The Ethics of Hindutva and the Spirit of Capitalism”, in H. Jaffrelot and T. B. Hansen ed., The BJP and the Compulsions of Politics in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 291-314.
李建良（1999），憲法理論與實踐（一）。台北：學林文化。
Hardgrave, R. L.（1994）, “India: the Dilemmas of Diversity”, in L. Diamond and M. F. Plattner, ed., Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Democracy. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 71-85.
Hasan, M.（1998）, “The Changing Position of the Muslims and the Political Future of Secularism”, in T. V. Sathyamurthy ed., Region, Religion, Caste, Gender and Culture in Contemporary India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 200-228.
Hasen, M.（1994）, “The Muslim Mass Contacts Campaign: Analysis of a Strategy of Political Mobilization”, in M. Hasan ed., India’s Partition: Process, Strategy and Mobilization. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 133-159.
Jaffrelot, C. and Hansen, T. B.（1998）, “Introduction: The BJP after the 1996 Elections”, in H. Jaffrelot and T. B. Hansen ed., The BJP and the Compulsions of Politics in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 1-21.
Jaffrelot, C.（1998）, “The Sangh Parivar Between Sanskritization and Social Engineering”, in H. Jaffrelot and T. B. Hansen ed., The BJP and the Compulsions of Politics in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 22-71.
Joshi, M. M.（2003）, “Women`s Liberation: The Indian Way”, http://www.bjp.org/pomi.htm, （2003/02/26）.
Metcalf, B. D.（1995）, “Too Little and Too Much: Reflections on Muslims in the History of India”, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 951-967.
Miller, B. S.（1993）, “Contending Narratives-The Political Life of Indian Epics”, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 783-792.
Moore, R. J.（1994）, “Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand”, in M. Hasan ed., India’s Partition: Process, Strategy and Mobilization. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 160-197.
Namboodiripad, E. M. S.（1994）, “Nationalism, Communalism and Secularism”, Communalism in Contemporary India. The University of Burdwan. pp. 21-26.
李英明（2003），全球化下的後殖民省思。台北：生智。
Navlakha, N.（1998）, “Invoking Union: Kashmir and Official Nationalism of ‘Bharat’”, in T. V. Sathyamurthy ed., Region, Religion, Caste, Gender and Culture in Contemporary India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 64-106.
Patnaik, A. and Chalam, K. S. R. V. S.（1998）, “The Ideology and Politics of Hinduutva”, in T. V. Sathyamurthy ed., Region, Religion, Caste, Gender and Culture in Contemporary India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 252-280.
Pollock, S.（1993）, “Ramayana and Political Imagination in India”, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 261-297.
Roy, A.（1996）, “The Changing Role of Violence in Indian Politics ”, in T. V. Sathyamurthy ed., Class Formation and Political Transformation in Post-Colonial India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 321-341.
Sahu, S. K.（2002）, “Religion and Politics in India: The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)”, in T. D. Jelen and C. Wilcox ed., Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective: The One, the Few, and the Many. NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 243-265.
Sathyamurthy, T. V.（1996）, “State and Society in a Changing Political Perspective ”, in T. V. Sathyamurthy ed., Class Formation and Political Transformation in Post-Colonial India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 432-464.
Shahabuddin, S. and Wright, T. P.（1987）, “India: Muslim Minority Politics and Society”, In J. L. Esposito ed., Islam in Asia: Religion, Politics and Society. NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 152-176.
Shaikh, F.（1994）, “Muslims and Political Representation in Colonial India: The Making of Pakistan”, in M. Hasan ed., India’s Partition: Process, Strategy and Mobilization. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 81-101.
Suresh, V.（1998）, “The Dalit Movement in India”, in T. V. Sathyamurthy ed., Region, Religion, Caste, Gender and Culture in Contemporary India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 355-387.
Tambiah, S. J.（1990）, "Some Reflections on Communal Violence in South Asia," Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 741-760.
季羨林等校注、玄奘原著（1987），大唐西域記校注。台北：新文豐。
林太譯、塔帕（R. Thapar）原著（1994），印度古代文明。台北：淑馨。
林煌洲譯、達斯古塔（S. Dasgupta）原著（1996），印度哲學史。 台北：國立編譯館。
泰修明等譯、托克維爾（A. Tocquerville）原著（2000），民主在美國。台北：城邦。
馬香雪轉譯、摩奴一世（S. Manou）原著（1998），摩奴法論。台北：商務。
康樂等譯、韋伯（M. Webber）原著（1996），印度的宗教：印度教與佛教。台北：遠流出版社。
張寶芳譯、尼赫魯（J. Nehru）原著（1956），尼赫魯自傳。北京：世界知識社。
許崇德（1993），各國地方制度。北京：中國檢察出版社。
陳水逢（1991），現代政黨政治論。台北：財團法人中日文教基金會。
陳政國譯、柯能（V. G. Kiernan）原著（2002），人類的主人。台北：麥田。
陳新民（1999），論憲法人民基本權利的限制。台北：元照。
單德興譯、薩依德（E. Said）原著（1997），知識份子論。台北：城邦。
黃心川（1979），印度近代哲學家辨喜研究。北京：中國社會科學出版社。
黃裕美譯、杭亭頓（S. P. Huntington）原著（1997），文明衝突與世界秩序的重建。台北：聯經。
楊玫寧譯、夏塔克（C. Shattuck）原著（1999），印度教的世界。台北：貓頭鷹。
楊素娥譯、伊利亞德（M. Eliade）原著（2000），聖與俗：宗教的本質。台北：桂冠。
楊惠南（1995），印度哲學史。台北：東大。
雷競璇譯、杜瓦傑（M. Duverger）原著（1991），政黨概論。香港：青文。
潘公昭（1947），今日的印度。上海：中國科學圖書儀器公司。
糜文開（1972），印度歷史故事。台北：商務。
龐建國（1993），國家發展理論的研究。台北：巨流文化。
嚴震生（1998），美國最高法院與宗教自由：「禁止設置條款」與「自由行使條款」的爭議。台北：志一。
二、中文期刊及報紙：
朱明忠（1996），「尼赫魯的世俗主義觀及其社會影響」，南亞研究，第3、4期：頁8-16。
朱明忠（1998），「尼赫魯的哲學觀」，南亞研究，第1期：頁26-33。
尚會鵬（1997），「中印社會群體凝聚力的對比分析」，南亞研究，第1期，頁78-84。
邱永輝（1996），「印度的『政治覺醒』和『政治衰敗』」，南亞研究，第1、2期：頁10-14。
姜景奎（1998），「印度的教派問題」，南亞研究，第2期：頁51-57。
袁傳偉（1997），「對印度現代化模式的幾點探索」，南亞研究，第2期：頁13-19。
陸梅（2000），「英國在印度推行西方教育的初衷及其影響」，南亞研究，第1期：頁91-96。
黃心川（1997），「當前南亞宗教發展的趨勢與特點」，南亞研究，第1期：頁35-41。
黃柏棋（2001），「宗教與暴力：印度宗教社群主義之反思」，（英譯手稿）未出版。
葉正佳（1998），「從印度議會民主體制的發展歷程看第12屆人民院大選結果」，南亞研究，第1期：頁21-25。
劉建譯（馬諾蘭江莫漢蒂原著）（1996），「當前印度政治中的種性、宗教和少數民族問題」，南亞研究，第3、4期：頁39-42。
劉善國及李竹梅（2000），「印度人民黨執政以來的政治經濟形勢淺析」，南亞研究，第2期：頁9-14。
劉曙雄（1996），「伊克巴爾的哲學思想及其伊斯蘭背景」，南亞研究，第3、4期：頁65-70。
鄭經言譯（內維爾馬克斯韋爾原著）（2000），「中印邊界爭端反思（上）」，南亞研究，第1期：頁25-34。
鄧兵（1999），「印度國名考略」，南亞研究，第2期：頁91-93。
聯合報新聞報導（美聯社電），「印度階級戰爭各派民兵殺紅眼」，聯合報，2000年6月21日，第11版。
聯合報新聞報導（馮克雲編輯），「微物之神作者洛伊：印度政府激化宗教衝突」，聯合報，2002年1月23日，第11版。
聯合報新聞報導（馮克雲編譯），「印度宗教暴亂升高，軍警鎮壓」，聯合報，2002年3月2日，第11版。
聯合報新聞報導（楊清順編譯），「印巴分傳宗教喋血案：印度教寺廟遇襲32死，印方指控巴國涉入」，聯合報，2002年9月26日，第11版。
三、英文書籍：
Anderson, B.（1991）, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Barlas, A.（1995）, Democracy, Nationalism, and Communalism: The Colonial Legacy in South Asia. Oxford: Westview Press.
Berlin, I.（1981）, Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas. UK: Oxford University Press.
Brass, P. R.（1990）, The Politics of India Since Independence. NY: Cambridge University Press.
Brass, P. R.（1991）, Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Chakrabarti, A.（1961）, Nehru: His Democracy and India. Calcutta: Thacker’s Press and Directories Ltd.
Chatterjee, P.（1986）, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse. London: Zed Books for the United Nations University.
Chatterjee, P.（1997）, A Possible India: Essays in Political Criticism. Delhi: Oxford University.
Coupland, R.（1945）, The Indian Problem (1833-1935). London: Oxford University Press.
Dahl, R.,（1977）, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. Conn.: Yale University.
Dahl, R.,（1998）, On Democracy. Conn.: Yale University.
Das, V.（1977）, Structure and Cognition: Aspects of Hindu Caste and Ritual. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Das, V., ed.（1999）, Tradition, Pluralism and Identity: In Honour of T. N. Madan. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Desai, A. R.（1954）, Social Background of Indian Nationalism. Bombay: Popular Book Depot.
Dumont, L.（1980）, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Dumont, L.（1986）, Essays on Individualism: Modern Ideology in Anthropological Perspective. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Evans, P.（1979）, Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multi-national, State, and Local Capital in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Flood, G.（1996）, An introduction to Hinduism. NY: Cambridge University Press.
Freitag, S. B.（1989）, Collective Action and Community: Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Glazer, N. and Moynihan, D. P. ed.,（1975）, Ethnicity: Theory and Experience. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Golwalkar, M. S.（1947）, We or Our Nationhood Defined. Nagpur.
Golwalkar, M. S.（1962）, Why Hindu Rashtra. Bangalore.
Graham, B. D.（1990）, Hindu Nationalism and India Politics: The Origins and Development of Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Griffiths, P.（1965）, Modern India. NY: Frederick A. Praeger Inc.
Hansen, T. B.（1999）, The Saffron Wave. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Horowitz, D.（1985）, Ethnic Groups in Conflict. London: University of California Press.
Jeffrey, R.（1986）, What’s Happening To India: Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, Mrs Gandhi’s Death and the Test for Federalism. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
Jha, P. S.（1998）, Kashmir, 1947: Rival Version of History. Delhi: Oxford University.
Kapur, R.（1986）, Sikh Separatism: The Politics of Faith. London: Alien and Unwin.
Khilnani, S.（1999）, The Idea of India. NY: Farrar Straus Giroux.
Kinsley, D. (1982), Hinduism: A Cultural Perspective. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kolenda, P.（1978）, Caste in Contemporary India: Beyond Organic Solidarity. California: The Benjamin and Cummings Publishing, Inc.
Kulke, H. and Rothermund, D.（1986）, A History of India. London and New York: Routledge.
Kymlicka, W.（1997）, States, Nations and Cultures. Assen: Van Gorcum
Macpherson, C. B.（1977）, The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy. NY: Oxford University Press.
Mahajan, V. D.（1983）, History of Modern India (1919-1982). New Delhi: S. Chand and Company Ltd.
Malik, Y. K. and Singh, V. P.（1994）, Hindu Nationalists in India. Oxford: Westview Press.
Moore, B.（1993）, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.
Nandy, A.（1998）, Exiled at Home. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Nossiter, T. J.（1988）, Marxist State Governments in India. London and New York: Pinter Publishers.
Pandey, G.（1990）, The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Panebianco, A.（1988）, Political Parties: Organization and Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
宗教研究所
90156005
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090156005
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃柏棋zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Huang Po-chien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張世強zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang Shih-chiangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張世強zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang Shih-chiangen_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 12:02:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 12:02:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Sep-2009 12:02:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0090156005en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31767-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 宗教研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90156005zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　印度乃全球最大民主政體，本研究係以晚近印度政壇發展，作為探論主題。印度在憲法上是一個世俗國家，但在印度晚近的發展中，「印度教民族主義」配合著「國民志願服務隊」（RSS）、「印度人民黨」（BJP）、「世界宗教大會」（VHP）等組織的宣傳效應，卻產生了阿瑜陀之爭，並使得印度調合教派政治的努力，受到嚴重的考驗。印度民主政體的特殊發展經驗，也向西方對自由民主政體與民族主義所抱持的普世性假定，提出了強烈地挑戰。
     
     　　出現於殖民時期與晚近民主國家中的民族主義浪潮與宗教運動，警醒了許多西方觀察者。本研究企圖將宗教社群主義的議題，放在印度教傳統實踐與歷史發展的脈絡中從事考察，而避免將這類涉及認同與社群意識的問題，過度化約成社會與經濟的決定論觀點，或是政治與社經利益的呈現。宗教社群意識的政治化，確為印度製造了社群衝突，但根深柢固的仇恨意識，則來自印度教徒與穆斯林間錯綜複雜的歷史糾葛。
     
     　　透過印度民族主義與印度教徒民族主義之間關係的探討，本研究將把宗教社群衝突的問題置放在一個較寬廣的政治、宗教及歷史的脈絡中。藉由印度教徒與穆斯林在印度發生衝突的例子，揭示宗教社群議題如何表現於社會與歷史的面向之上。本研究試圖提供對於印度政治不同的觀察角度，俾益於我們對後殖民時期印度民主政體發展的理解。最後，本研究也企圖評析右派印度人民黨，如何藉由古代印度教精神的宣揚，而獲致廣泛的民眾認同並在近十年中快速崛起。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　
     　　The theme of this thesis turns our attention to recent events in the world’s largest democracy, India. India is constitutionally a secular state. But recent developments in India in the form of Hindu nationalism, propagated and propagandized with great effects by such organizations as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), and that generated the Ayodhya temple dispute, are putting India’s capacity to negotiate a viable relation between a unified polity and sectarian religio-politics severely to the test. The Indian experiences of democracy thus challenge several of the widely held assumptions about the universality of the western trajectory of liberal democracy and nationalism.
     　　
     　　The rise of strong nationalist and religious movement in colonial era and newly democratic countries alarms many western observers. Rather than reducing the problems of identity or communal consciousness to social-economic determinism, or a strictly matter of political and social-economic interest, this thesis places the emergence of Communalism within the context of Hindu traditional and historical praxis. The politicization of communal consciousness did create communal problems in India, but the fundamental intricacy remains the deep-seated animosity between Hindus and Muslims created by history.
     
     　　By presenting the relationship of Indian nationalism and Hindu nationalism, this thesis situates communal conflicts in its larger political, religious, and historic contexts. Using example of Hindu-Muslim conflict in India, the issue of Communalism with social-historical context will be explored. This thesis tried to offers fresh insights into Indian politics and, by focusing on Ayodhya dispute, advances our understanding of democracy in the post-colonial India. This thesis analyzes Indian receptivity to the right-wing Hindu nationalism party and its political wing, the BJP, which claims to create a polity based on ancient Hindu culture. This thesis is also an attempt to explain the factors that led to the sudden rise of BJP in the last decade.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章　緒論…………………………………………………………………1
     第一節 研究背景…………………………………………………………1
     第二節 文獻回顧…………………………………………………………4
     第三節 研究設計………………………………………………………11
     
     第二章　民族主義的想像與宗教社群的形塑……………………………15
     第一節　印度教傳統與宗教社群意識的交涉……………………………15
     第二節 宗教社群意識在歷史上的發展………………………………22
     第三節 印度教改革運動與印度教精神的探索………………………33
     
     第三章 　印度民族主義與印度教民族主義－二種民族主義的版本…41
     第一節 印度文化認同與印度教民族主義的發展………………………41
     第二節 世俗主義傳統與印度民族主義的發展困境……………………56
     第三節 民族主義的迷思與宗教社群主義的觀點………………………65
     
     第四章 　印度教民族主義與印度人民黨的發展歷程…………………77
     第一節 印度古代王權觀－世俗化王權的契約論………………………77
     第二節 印度人民黨的崛起………………………………………………83
     第三節 阿瑜陀之爭與印度人民黨的執政突破………………………100
     
     第五章 　結論…………………………………………………………113
     第一節 印度人民黨的轉型與展望……………………………………113
     第二節 印度教傳統對於世俗主義普世性的反詰……………………117
     
     【參考書目】……………………………………………………………123
     
     【附錄】
     （附錄一）：印度地圖及各邦區中英文名稱對照………………………131
     （附錄二）：印度各邦區宗教人口分佈比例一覽表……………………132
     （附錄三）：印度憲法「宗教自由」與「少數保障」條文節錄………133
     （附錄四）：歷屆印度人民院和總理任期情況…………………………137		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090156005en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 阿瑜陀之爭zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 印度人民黨zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 宗教社群主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 印度教民族主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 印度民族主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ayodhya disputeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Communalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hindu Nationalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) India Nationalismen_US
dc.title (題名) 從印度人民黨的崛起論晚近印度的政教關係zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文書籍：zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王佳煌（1998），國家發展。台北：台灣書店。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 世界各國憲法大全編輯委員會編（1965），世界各國憲法大全。台北：國民大會憲政研討委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 玄奘（1978），大唐西域記。台北：地平線。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 朱章才譯、羅特蒙特（D. Rothermund）原著（2000），殖民統治的結束。台北：麥田。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳俊才（1954），印度近代史。台北：中華文化。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳俊才（1966），甘地與現代印度。台北：正中。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳俊才（1981），印度史。台北：三民。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳靜宜等譯、伊利亞德（M. Eliade）原著（2001），世界宗教理念史。台北：商周。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 希瓦難陀（Shivananda）譯（1999），薄伽梵歌。新竹：中國瑜伽出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李志夫譯、馬君達（R. C. Majumdar）等原著，印度通史。台北：國立編譯館。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Parrinder, G., ed.（1971）, World Religions From Ancient History to the Present. NY: Facts on File Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ray, R.（1992）, The Naxalites and their Ideelogy. Delhi: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rudolph, L. I. and Rudolph, S. H.（1967）, The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Savarkar, V. D.（1969）, Hindutva: Who is a Hindu. Bombay: Veer Savarkar Prakashan.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Smith, W. C.（1957）, Islam in Modern History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Smith, W. C.（1979）, Modern Islam in India: A Social Analysis. New Delhi: Usha Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tambiah, S. J.（1996）, Leveling Crowd: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Van Der Veer, P.（1994）,Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India. London : University of California.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weber, M.（2000）, The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism. New Delhi, India: Munshiram Manoharlal Pub.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weiner, M.（1962）, The Politics of Scarcity: Public Pressure and Political Response in India. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李金梅譯、霍布斯邦（E. Hobsbawm）原著（2001），民族與民族主義。台北：城邦。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weiner, M.（1968）, State Politics in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weiner, M.（1978）, India at the Polls: The Parliamentary Elections of 1977. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weiner, M.（1978）, Sons of the Soil: Migration and Ethnic Conflict in India. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weiner, M.（1983）, India at the Polls, 1980: A Study of the Parliamentary Elections. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wrong, D. H.（1979）, Power: Its Forms, Bases, and Uses. New York: Harper and Row Publisherszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zimmer, H. (1951), The Philosophies of India. NY: Pantheon Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 四、英文期刊專論及報紙zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Advani, S. L. K.（1996）, “Ram Temple Shall Be Built”, http://www.bjp.org/philo.htm,（2003/02/28）.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alter, J. S.（1994）, “Celibacy, Sexuality, and the Transformation of Gender into Nationalism in North India”, The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 45-66.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, W.（1990）, “The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: The Sprearhead of Hindu Revivalism”, in R. Sisson and R. Roy ed., Diversity and Dominance in Indian Politics. Vol. 2, New Delhi: Sage Publications. pp. 220-237.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李金梅譯、葛爾納（E. Gellner）原著（2000），國族主義。台北：聯經。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chhibber, P. K. and Petrocik, J. R.（1990）, “Social Cleavages, Elections and the Indian Party System”, in R. Sisson and R. Roy ed., Diversity and Dominance in Indian Politics. Vol. 1, New Delhi: Sage Publications. pp. 105-122.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chowgule, A.（1996）, “Is the Ram Janmabhoomi Movement Anti-Muslim”, http://www.bjp.org/philo.htm,（2003/02/28）.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chowgule, S. A.（2003）,” The Concept of Swadeshi”, http://www.bjp.org/pomi.htm,（2003/02/28）.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dalton, D.（1982）, “The Concepts of Politics and Power in Indian Ideological Traditions”, in A. Jeyaratnam Wilson and D. Dalton ed., The State of South Asia: Problems of National Integration. London: C. Hunt and Company.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) De, A.（1994）, “Religious Fundamentalism and Secularism in India”, Communalism in Contemporary India. The University of Burdwan. pp. 72-132.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dickey, S.（1993）, “The Politics of Adulation: Cinema and the Production of Politicians in South India”, The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 340-372.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Diwan, P.（2003）,”Economic Reforms, Swadeshi and Foreign Investments”, http://www.bjp.org/pomi.htm, （2003/02/26）.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dua, B. D.（1990）, ”India: Federal Leadership and Secessionist Movements on the Periphery”, in R. Sisson and R. Roy ed., Diversity and Dominance in Indian Politics. Vol. 2, New Delhi: Sage Publications. pp. 189-218.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gupta, K.（1996）, “Subhas Chandra Bose as a Mascot of Hindutva”, http://www.bjp.org/philo.htm,（2003/02/28）.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hansen, T. B.（1998）, “The Ethics of Hindutva and the Spirit of Capitalism”, in H. Jaffrelot and T. B. Hansen ed., The BJP and the Compulsions of Politics in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 291-314.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李建良（1999），憲法理論與實踐（一）。台北：學林文化。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hardgrave, R. L.（1994）, “India: the Dilemmas of Diversity”, in L. Diamond and M. F. Plattner, ed., Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Democracy. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 71-85.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hasan, M.（1998）, “The Changing Position of the Muslims and the Political Future of Secularism”, in T. V. Sathyamurthy ed., Region, Religion, Caste, Gender and Culture in Contemporary India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 200-228.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hasen, M.（1994）, “The Muslim Mass Contacts Campaign: Analysis of a Strategy of Political Mobilization”, in M. Hasan ed., India’s Partition: Process, Strategy and Mobilization. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 133-159.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jaffrelot, C. and Hansen, T. B.（1998）, “Introduction: The BJP after the 1996 Elections”, in H. Jaffrelot and T. B. Hansen ed., The BJP and the Compulsions of Politics in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 1-21.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jaffrelot, C.（1998）, “The Sangh Parivar Between Sanskritization and Social Engineering”, in H. Jaffrelot and T. B. Hansen ed., The BJP and the Compulsions of Politics in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 22-71.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Joshi, M. M.（2003）, “Women`s Liberation: The Indian Way”, http://www.bjp.org/pomi.htm, （2003/02/26）.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Metcalf, B. D.（1995）, “Too Little and Too Much: Reflections on Muslims in the History of India”, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 951-967.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Miller, B. S.（1993）, “Contending Narratives-The Political Life of Indian Epics”, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 783-792.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moore, R. J.（1994）, “Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand”, in M. Hasan ed., India’s Partition: Process, Strategy and Mobilization. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 160-197.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Namboodiripad, E. M. S.（1994）, “Nationalism, Communalism and Secularism”, Communalism in Contemporary India. The University of Burdwan. pp. 21-26.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李英明（2003），全球化下的後殖民省思。台北：生智。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Navlakha, N.（1998）, “Invoking Union: Kashmir and Official Nationalism of ‘Bharat’”, in T. V. Sathyamurthy ed., Region, Religion, Caste, Gender and Culture in Contemporary India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 64-106.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Patnaik, A. and Chalam, K. S. R. V. S.（1998）, “The Ideology and Politics of Hinduutva”, in T. V. Sathyamurthy ed., Region, Religion, Caste, Gender and Culture in Contemporary India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 252-280.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pollock, S.（1993）, “Ramayana and Political Imagination in India”, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 261-297.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roy, A.（1996）, “The Changing Role of Violence in Indian Politics ”, in T. V. Sathyamurthy ed., Class Formation and Political Transformation in Post-Colonial India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 321-341.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sahu, S. K.（2002）, “Religion and Politics in India: The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)”, in T. D. Jelen and C. Wilcox ed., Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective: The One, the Few, and the Many. NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 243-265.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sathyamurthy, T. V.（1996）, “State and Society in a Changing Political Perspective ”, in T. V. Sathyamurthy ed., Class Formation and Political Transformation in Post-Colonial India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 432-464.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shahabuddin, S. and Wright, T. P.（1987）, “India: Muslim Minority Politics and Society”, In J. L. Esposito ed., Islam in Asia: Religion, Politics and Society. NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 152-176.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shaikh, F.（1994）, “Muslims and Political Representation in Colonial India: The Making of Pakistan”, in M. Hasan ed., India’s Partition: Process, Strategy and Mobilization. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 81-101.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Suresh, V.（1998）, “The Dalit Movement in India”, in T. V. Sathyamurthy ed., Region, Religion, Caste, Gender and Culture in Contemporary India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 355-387.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tambiah, S. J.（1990）, "Some Reflections on Communal Violence in South Asia," Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 741-760.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 季羨林等校注、玄奘原著（1987），大唐西域記校注。台北：新文豐。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林太譯、塔帕（R. Thapar）原著（1994），印度古代文明。台北：淑馨。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林煌洲譯、達斯古塔（S. Dasgupta）原著（1996），印度哲學史。 台北：國立編譯館。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 泰修明等譯、托克維爾（A. Tocquerville）原著（2000），民主在美國。台北：城邦。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 馬香雪轉譯、摩奴一世（S. Manou）原著（1998），摩奴法論。台北：商務。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 康樂等譯、韋伯（M. Webber）原著（1996），印度的宗教：印度教與佛教。台北：遠流出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張寶芳譯、尼赫魯（J. Nehru）原著（1956），尼赫魯自傳。北京：世界知識社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 許崇德（1993），各國地方制度。北京：中國檢察出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳水逢（1991），現代政黨政治論。台北：財團法人中日文教基金會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳政國譯、柯能（V. G. Kiernan）原著（2002），人類的主人。台北：麥田。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳新民（1999），論憲法人民基本權利的限制。台北：元照。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 單德興譯、薩依德（E. Said）原著（1997），知識份子論。台北：城邦。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃心川（1979），印度近代哲學家辨喜研究。北京：中國社會科學出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃裕美譯、杭亭頓（S. P. Huntington）原著（1997），文明衝突與世界秩序的重建。台北：聯經。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 楊玫寧譯、夏塔克（C. Shattuck）原著（1999），印度教的世界。台北：貓頭鷹。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 楊素娥譯、伊利亞德（M. Eliade）原著（2000），聖與俗：宗教的本質。台北：桂冠。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 楊惠南（1995），印度哲學史。台北：東大。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 雷競璇譯、杜瓦傑（M. Duverger）原著（1991），政黨概論。香港：青文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 潘公昭（1947），今日的印度。上海：中國科學圖書儀器公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 糜文開（1972），印度歷史故事。台北：商務。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 龐建國（1993），國家發展理論的研究。台北：巨流文化。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 嚴震生（1998），美國最高法院與宗教自由：「禁止設置條款」與「自由行使條款」的爭議。台北：志一。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、中文期刊及報紙：zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 朱明忠（1996），「尼赫魯的世俗主義觀及其社會影響」，南亞研究，第3、4期：頁8-16。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 朱明忠（1998），「尼赫魯的哲學觀」，南亞研究，第1期：頁26-33。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 尚會鵬（1997），「中印社會群體凝聚力的對比分析」，南亞研究，第1期，頁78-84。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 邱永輝（1996），「印度的『政治覺醒』和『政治衰敗』」，南亞研究，第1、2期：頁10-14。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 姜景奎（1998），「印度的教派問題」，南亞研究，第2期：頁51-57。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 袁傳偉（1997），「對印度現代化模式的幾點探索」，南亞研究，第2期：頁13-19。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陸梅（2000），「英國在印度推行西方教育的初衷及其影響」，南亞研究，第1期：頁91-96。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃心川（1997），「當前南亞宗教發展的趨勢與特點」，南亞研究，第1期：頁35-41。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃柏棋（2001），「宗教與暴力：印度宗教社群主義之反思」，（英譯手稿）未出版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 葉正佳（1998），「從印度議會民主體制的發展歷程看第12屆人民院大選結果」，南亞研究，第1期：頁21-25。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉建譯（馬諾蘭江莫漢蒂原著）（1996），「當前印度政治中的種性、宗教和少數民族問題」，南亞研究，第3、4期：頁39-42。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉善國及李竹梅（2000），「印度人民黨執政以來的政治經濟形勢淺析」，南亞研究，第2期：頁9-14。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉曙雄（1996），「伊克巴爾的哲學思想及其伊斯蘭背景」，南亞研究，第3、4期：頁65-70。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 鄭經言譯（內維爾馬克斯韋爾原著）（2000），「中印邊界爭端反思（上）」，南亞研究，第1期：頁25-34。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 鄧兵（1999），「印度國名考略」，南亞研究，第2期：頁91-93。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 聯合報新聞報導（美聯社電），「印度階級戰爭各派民兵殺紅眼」，聯合報，2000年6月21日，第11版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 聯合報新聞報導（馮克雲編輯），「微物之神作者洛伊：印度政府激化宗教衝突」，聯合報，2002年1月23日，第11版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 聯合報新聞報導（馮克雲編譯），「印度宗教暴亂升高，軍警鎮壓」，聯合報，2002年3月2日，第11版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 聯合報新聞報導（楊清順編譯），「印巴分傳宗教喋血案：印度教寺廟遇襲32死，印方指控巴國涉入」，聯合報，2002年9月26日，第11版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 三、英文書籍：zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, B.（1991）, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barlas, A.（1995）, Democracy, Nationalism, and Communalism: The Colonial Legacy in South Asia. Oxford: Westview Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berlin, I.（1981）, Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas. UK: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brass, P. R.（1990）, The Politics of India Since Independence. NY: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brass, P. R.（1991）, Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison. New Delhi: Sage Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chakrabarti, A.（1961）, Nehru: His Democracy and India. Calcutta: Thacker’s Press and Directories Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chatterjee, P.（1986）, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse. London: Zed Books for the United Nations University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chatterjee, P.（1997）, A Possible India: Essays in Political Criticism. Delhi: Oxford University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coupland, R.（1945）, The Indian Problem (1833-1935). London: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dahl, R.,（1977）, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. Conn.: Yale University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dahl, R.,（1998）, On Democracy. Conn.: Yale University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Das, V.（1977）, Structure and Cognition: Aspects of Hindu Caste and Ritual. Delhi: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Das, V., ed.（1999）, Tradition, Pluralism and Identity: In Honour of T. N. Madan. New Delhi: Sage Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Desai, A. R.（1954）, Social Background of Indian Nationalism. Bombay: Popular Book Depot.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dumont, L.（1980）, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dumont, L.（1986）, Essays on Individualism: Modern Ideology in Anthropological Perspective. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Evans, P.（1979）, Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multi-national, State, and Local Capital in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Flood, G.（1996）, An introduction to Hinduism. NY: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freitag, S. B.（1989）, Collective Action and Community: Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India. Berkeley: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Glazer, N. and Moynihan, D. P. ed.,（1975）, Ethnicity: Theory and Experience. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Golwalkar, M. S.（1947）, We or Our Nationhood Defined. Nagpur.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Golwalkar, M. S.（1962）, Why Hindu Rashtra. Bangalore.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Graham, B. D.（1990）, Hindu Nationalism and India Politics: The Origins and Development of Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Griffiths, P.（1965）, Modern India. NY: Frederick A. Praeger Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hansen, T. B.（1999）, The Saffron Wave. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Horowitz, D.（1985）, Ethnic Groups in Conflict. London: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jeffrey, R.（1986）, What’s Happening To India: Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, Mrs Gandhi’s Death and the Test for Federalism. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jha, P. S.（1998）, Kashmir, 1947: Rival Version of History. Delhi: Oxford University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kapur, R.（1986）, Sikh Separatism: The Politics of Faith. London: Alien and Unwin.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Khilnani, S.（1999）, The Idea of India. NY: Farrar Straus Giroux.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kinsley, D. (1982), Hinduism: A Cultural Perspective. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kolenda, P.（1978）, Caste in Contemporary India: Beyond Organic Solidarity. California: The Benjamin and Cummings Publishing, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kulke, H. and Rothermund, D.（1986）, A History of India. London and New York: Routledge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kymlicka, W.（1997）, States, Nations and Cultures. Assen: Van Gorcumzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Macpherson, C. B.（1977）, The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy. NY: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mahajan, V. D.（1983）, History of Modern India (1919-1982). New Delhi: S. Chand and Company Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Malik, Y. K. and Singh, V. P.（1994）, Hindu Nationalists in India. Oxford: Westview Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moore, B.（1993）, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nandy, A.（1998）, Exiled at Home. Delhi: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nossiter, T. J.（1988）, Marxist State Governments in India. London and New York: Pinter Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pandey, G.（1990）, The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Panebianco, A.（1988）, Political Parties: Organization and Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW