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題名 金融危機之國際比較研究
金融危機之國際比較研究
貢獻者 黃仁德
林進煌
關鍵詞 金融危機
金融危機
資訊不對稱
資訊不對稱
匯率
匯率
Financial Crisis
Financial Crisis
Asymmetric Information
Asymmetric Information
Exchange Rate
Exchange Rate
摘要 金融危機的發生不但使受創國經濟活動萎縮,也影響世界經濟的成長,其發生的原因固然不盡相同,但毫無例外的,均與經濟結構的失衡以及金融政策或管理的失當有關。在過去的歷史中,金融危機在不同的國家、不同的時間一再地發生,金融危機不僅使個人及社會財富損失,而且造成社會及經濟問題,同時亦提高政治的不穩定性。本文旨在探討1992年歐洲貨幣制度(EMS)的匯率機制(ERM)危機、1994年墨西哥金融危機、1997年亞洲金融危機、及1998年俄羅斯金融危機等四大金融危機。首先就金融危機的定義、徵兆、及類型,加以文獻檢視並分別說明。其次,就金融危機形成原因的予以探討,說明金融危機成因的理論模型,其演變可分成第一代、第二代、及第三代金融危機模型。此外,對於資訊不對稱在金融市場所形成逆選擇與道德風險的問題,及與金融危機的關係,亦一併敘述。
     經檢視以上四大金融危機發生的背景、成因、類型,及各次金融危機發生之前的徵兆與現象;探討各次金融危機發生後,各國的因應對策;比較各次金融危機的差異與相同之處;並分析國際貨幣基金 (IMF) 在各次金融危機中所扮演的角色;以及由各國處理金融危機的歷史經驗中,獲得結論如下: ERM金融危機加速區域金融合作的推展,墨西哥及俄羅斯政府未能信守承諾加速金融危機的爆發,國際大規模資金反轉流出及擴散效應,引爆亞洲金融危機,政府的干預及國際的援助促使亞洲金融危機早日解除;健全的實質經濟結構優於貨幣制度的考量,妥善導引國際間資本的移動勝於加強管制,金融危機的發生促使受創國加速金融改革,強化國際最後奧援者的機制有其必要性。為預防金融危機的發生,我們的建議為:循序推動金融自由化,健全法規體制,建立完善的金融監理及預警制度,妥善導引及管理外資,積極參與國際及區域金融機制,尊重中央銀行對匯率的操作策略,及積極培養優秀金融人才。
     
     關鍵詞: 金融危機、資訊不對稱、匯率
Financial crises results in the inability of financial markets to function efficiently, which leads to a sharp contraction in economic activity. They have not only affected the economic development of the countries in some region but also had deep negative consequences all over the world. They have occurred throughout history resulting in the loss of national and international public and personal wealth, creating politically uncertainty and shaking the foundations of the national, regional and international economic and social order.
     This paper attempts to explore focus mainly on four major financial crises in the 1990s: the crisis of “Exchange Rate Mechanism” of European Monetary System in 1992, the “Mexican Financial Crisis” in 1994, the “Asian Financial Crisis” in 1997, and the “Russian Financial Crisis” in 1998. Firstly reference is to explicate separately the definition, symptom and types of financial crisis, with to documentation. Secondly research causes of the financial crisis, and the contributing factor mode can be categorized in first-, second-, and third-, generation models. Further more it is to interpret the problems of adverse selection and moral hazard affected by asymmetric information, and the connection with the crisis.
     Through surveying background and causes of four financial crises and the symptom and phenomenon prior to the crisis, the paper concludes by drawing lessons from the crises experience to policymaking in emerging market countries. Therefore it brings to the conclusion as follows: government’s intervention and international assistance helped end the financial crises; healthy and essential economic structure is superior to consideration of currency system; properly guide the movement of international capitals is more important than tightening control; occurrence of financial crisis urges injured nations to speed up financial reform; and it is necessary to strengthen the mechanism for an international lender of last resort.
     According to the study findings, the policy suggestions for avoiding the financial crises are: to promote financial liberalization gradually; establish a healthy regulating system; build up a good supervising and early warning system; properly guide and manage foreign capitals; participate actively in international and regional financial structure; respect central bank’s operational strategy toward the exchange rate; and actively train great financial talents.
     
     Keywords: Financial Crisis, Asymmetric Information, Exchange Rate
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網際網路
網際網路
 1. 亞洲開發銀行
 1. 亞洲開發銀行
 http://www.adb.org/
 http://www.adb.org/
 2. 國際清算銀行
 2. 國際清算銀行
 http://www.bis.org/
 http://www.bis.org/
 3. 世界銀行
 3. 世界銀行
 http://www.wb.org/
 http://www.wb.org/
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 4. 國際貨幣基金
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 5. 聯合國貿易暨發展組織
 http://www.unctad.org/
 http://www.unctad.org/
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 6. 經濟部國際貿易局
 http://www.moeaboft.gov.tw/
 http://www.moeaboft.gov.tw/
 7. 經濟部投資業務處東南亞產經資訊網
 7. 經濟部投資業務處東南亞產經資訊網
 http://idic.tier.org.tw/
 http://idic.tier.org.tw/
8. 行政院金融監督管理委員會銀行局
8. 行政院金融監督管理委員會銀行局
 http://www.boma.gov.tw/
 http://www.boma.gov.tw/
9. 經濟合作暨發展組織
9. 經濟合作暨發展組織
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
行政管理碩士學程
90921038
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0909210381
http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0909210381
資料類型 thesis
thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃仁德zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林進煌zh_TW
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 12:43:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 12:43:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0909210381en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32009-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 行政管理碩士學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90921038zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 金融危機的發生不但使受創國經濟活動萎縮,也影響世界經濟的成長,其發生的原因固然不盡相同,但毫無例外的,均與經濟結構的失衡以及金融政策或管理的失當有關。在過去的歷史中,金融危機在不同的國家、不同的時間一再地發生,金融危機不僅使個人及社會財富損失,而且造成社會及經濟問題,同時亦提高政治的不穩定性。本文旨在探討1992年歐洲貨幣制度(EMS)的匯率機制(ERM)危機、1994年墨西哥金融危機、1997年亞洲金融危機、及1998年俄羅斯金融危機等四大金融危機。首先就金融危機的定義、徵兆、及類型,加以文獻檢視並分別說明。其次,就金融危機形成原因的予以探討,說明金融危機成因的理論模型,其演變可分成第一代、第二代、及第三代金融危機模型。此外,對於資訊不對稱在金融市場所形成逆選擇與道德風險的問題,及與金融危機的關係,亦一併敘述。
     經檢視以上四大金融危機發生的背景、成因、類型,及各次金融危機發生之前的徵兆與現象;探討各次金融危機發生後,各國的因應對策;比較各次金融危機的差異與相同之處;並分析國際貨幣基金 (IMF) 在各次金融危機中所扮演的角色;以及由各國處理金融危機的歷史經驗中,獲得結論如下: ERM金融危機加速區域金融合作的推展,墨西哥及俄羅斯政府未能信守承諾加速金融危機的爆發,國際大規模資金反轉流出及擴散效應,引爆亞洲金融危機,政府的干預及國際的援助促使亞洲金融危機早日解除;健全的實質經濟結構優於貨幣制度的考量,妥善導引國際間資本的移動勝於加強管制,金融危機的發生促使受創國加速金融改革,強化國際最後奧援者的機制有其必要性。為預防金融危機的發生,我們的建議為:循序推動金融自由化,健全法規體制,建立完善的金融監理及預警制度,妥善導引及管理外資,積極參與國際及區域金融機制,尊重中央銀行對匯率的操作策略,及積極培養優秀金融人才。
     
     關鍵詞: 金融危機、資訊不對稱、匯率
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Financial crises results in the inability of financial markets to function efficiently, which leads to a sharp contraction in economic activity. They have not only affected the economic development of the countries in some region but also had deep negative consequences all over the world. They have occurred throughout history resulting in the loss of national and international public and personal wealth, creating politically uncertainty and shaking the foundations of the national, regional and international economic and social order.
     This paper attempts to explore focus mainly on four major financial crises in the 1990s: the crisis of “Exchange Rate Mechanism” of European Monetary System in 1992, the “Mexican Financial Crisis” in 1994, the “Asian Financial Crisis” in 1997, and the “Russian Financial Crisis” in 1998. Firstly reference is to explicate separately the definition, symptom and types of financial crisis, with to documentation. Secondly research causes of the financial crisis, and the contributing factor mode can be categorized in first-, second-, and third-, generation models. Further more it is to interpret the problems of adverse selection and moral hazard affected by asymmetric information, and the connection with the crisis.
     Through surveying background and causes of four financial crises and the symptom and phenomenon prior to the crisis, the paper concludes by drawing lessons from the crises experience to policymaking in emerging market countries. Therefore it brings to the conclusion as follows: government’s intervention and international assistance helped end the financial crises; healthy and essential economic structure is superior to consideration of currency system; properly guide the movement of international capitals is more important than tightening control; occurrence of financial crisis urges injured nations to speed up financial reform; and it is necessary to strengthen the mechanism for an international lender of last resort.
     According to the study findings, the policy suggestions for avoiding the financial crises are: to promote financial liberalization gradually; establish a healthy regulating system; build up a good supervising and early warning system; properly guide and manage foreign capitals; participate actively in international and regional financial structure; respect central bank’s operational strategy toward the exchange rate; and actively train great financial talents.
     
     Keywords: Financial Crisis, Asymmetric Information, Exchange Rate
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 導論 1
     第一節 研究動機與目的 1
     第二節 研究架構 3
     第二章 金融危機的定義、徵兆、及類型 7
     第一節 金融危機的相關定義 7
     一、傳統的觀點 8
     二、現代的觀點 8
     第二節 金融危機的徵兆 10
     第三節 金融危機的類型 14
     第四節 結語 19
     第三章 金融危機形成原因的探討 21
     第一節 第一代金融危機模型 21
     第二節 第二代金融危機模型 23
     第三節 第三代金融危機模型 27
     第四節 結語 30
     第四章 資訊不對稱與金融危機 31
     第一節 交易成本與資訊不對稱 31
     第二節 資訊不對稱的後果 33
     一、逆選擇與資金借貸 33
     二、道德風險與資金借貸 35
     第三節 資訊不對稱問題的解決 36
     第四節 資訊不對稱與金融危機 39
     第五節 結語 41
     第五章 歐洲匯率機制危機──1992至1993年 43
     第一節 歐洲貨幣制度及歐元 43
     一、歐洲貨幣制度的由來 43
     二、歐洲同盟──馬斯垂克條約 50
     三、歐元的誕生 52
     第二節 歐洲匯率機制危機的發生經過 53
     一、第一次危機──1992年下半年 53
     二、第二次危機──1993年 60
     第三節 歐洲匯率機制危機發生的原因 62
     一、國際收支盈虧的差異 62
     二、EMS的結構性問題 66
     第四節 結語 71
     附錄: 歐洲統合進程大事記一覽表 73
     第六章 墨西哥的金融危機──1994至1995年 76
     第一節 墨西哥金融危機的成因 77
     一、內部經濟制度調整 78
     二、削減外債的因應措施 81
     三、改革引發的問題 83
     四、國內社會環境 85
     五、國際環境 86
     第二節 墨西哥金融危機的始末 86
     第三節 墨西哥對金融危機的因應措施與成效 92
     一、美國的援助 92
     二、國際貨幣基金及其他援助方案 93
     三、墨西哥政府的緊急措施 94
     四、IMF對墨西哥的監督 96
     五、危機解除與後續發展 97
     第四節 墨西哥金融危機的啟示 98
     第五節 結語 101
     第七章 亞洲金融危機──總論 103
     第一節 亞洲金融危機發生的經過 105
     一、第一波金融危機──1997年下半年 105
     二、第二波金融危機──1998年 109
     第二節 亞洲金融危機發生的原因 111
     一、基本面的觀點 113
     二、金融面的觀點 122
     三、國際層面的觀點 124
     第三節 國際貨幣基金與亞洲金融危機 124
     第四節 結語 126
     第八章 亞洲金融危機──泰國、馬來西亞、印尼、菲律賓與南韓情況 128
     第一節 泰國的金融危機 128
     一、泰國發生金融危機的主要原因 128
     二、泰國政府的因應措施 133
     三、國際援助 135
     四、政策效果及危機的解除 136
     第二節 馬來西亞的金融危機 136
     一、馬來西亞發生金融危機的主要原因 137
     二、馬來西亞政府的因應措施 140
     三、政策效果及危機的解除 141
     第三節 印尼的金融危機 141
     一、印尼發生金融危機的主要原因 142
     二、印尼政府的因應措施 145
     三、國際援助 146
     四、政策效果及危機的解除 146
     第四節 菲律賓的金融危機 147
     一、菲律賓發生金融危機的主要原因 147
     二、菲律賓政府的因應措施 151
     三、政策效果及危機的解除 152
     第五節 南韓的金融危機 153
     一、南韓發生金融危機的主要原因 154
     二、南韓政府的因應措施 160
     三、國際援助 163
     四、政策效果及危機的解除 164
     第六節 結語 165
     第九章 亞洲金融危機──日本、香港、及中國的角色 167
     第一節 日本與亞洲金融危機 167
     一、日本金融事件的主要原因 168
     二、日本政府的因應措施 171
     三、政策效果及危機的解除 172
     四、日本金融危機與亞洲金融危機的關係 173
     第二節 香港與亞洲金融危機 174
     一、香港金融危機的出現 175
     二、港幣聯繫匯率制度受到挑戰 176
     三、香港政府的因應措施 177
     四、對香港政府處理金融危機的評析 180
     五、政策效果及危機的解除 181
     第三節 中國與亞洲金融危機 182
     一、中國外匯體制改革 183
     二、中國經濟概況 183
     三、人民幣動向 186
     四、人民幣不貶的理由及其貢獻 189
     五、中國如何面對亞洲金融危機 193
     第四節 結語 194
     第十章 台灣與亞洲金融危機 196
     第一節 台灣所受影響較輕的原因 196
     第二節 亞洲金融危機對台灣的影響 199
     第三節 台灣因應亞洲金融危機的策略 201
     第四節 亞洲金融危機對台灣的後續影響與改革措施 206
     第五節 亞洲金融危機的啟示 209
     第六節 結語 211
     第十一章 俄羅斯的金融危機 213
     第一節 俄羅斯金融危機發生的經過 214
     一、金融危機發生前的經濟改革過程──1991至1996年 214
     二、金融危機的發生經過 ──1997至1998年 216
     第二節 俄羅斯金融危機發生的原因 218
     第三節 俄羅斯政府的因應措施及成效 228
     第四節 俄羅斯金融危機的影響 232
     第五節 國際援助與危機的解除 236
     一、國際援助 236
     二、政策效果及危機的解除 237
     第六節 俄羅斯金融危機的啟示 239
     第七節 結語 242
     附錄: 俄羅斯金融危機大事記──1998年 244
     第十二章 四大金融危機的比較與IMF的角色 251
     第一節 四大金融危機的比較 251
     一、歐洲匯率機制危機與墨西哥金融危機的比較 251
     二、歐洲匯率機制危機與亞洲金融危機的比較 252
     三、墨西哥金融危機、亞洲金融危機與俄羅斯金融危機的比較 254
     四、俄羅斯金融危機與亞洲金融危機的比較 256
     第二節 金融危機與IMF的角色 257
     一、IMF對國際金融危機處理的原則及效果 257
     二、對IMF的評價 260
     三、IMF未來角色的挑戰與改革的可能方向 265
     四、對IMF作法的省思與亞洲貨幣基金的芻議 270
     第三節 結語 273
     第十三章 結論與建議 276
     第一節 研究結論 276
     第二節 政策建議 284
     參考文獻..............................................................................289
     
     表次
     
     表5- 1: ECU通貨籃的組成及調整──1979至1989年 48
     表5- 2: 歐體各國的物價膨脹率與失業率狀況──1990至1993年 55
     表5- 3: 歐體各國的利率──1990至1993年 56
     表5- 4: 歐體各國的經常帳餘額對GDP比率與貿易餘額狀況──1990至1993年 63
     表5- 5: 歐體各國的匯率──1990至1993年 64
     表5- 6: ERM會員國的預算赤字及債務負擔──1991至1995年 65
     表5- 7: 歐體各國的經濟成長率與財政餘額對GDP比率──1990至1993年 68
     表5- 8: 歐體各會員國通貨對ECU的中心匯率變動情形 69
     表6- 1: 墨西哥全國團體計畫的各項支出──1989至1993年 80
     表6- 2: 墨西哥社會福利支出占政府總財政支出的比例──1989至1994年 81
     表6- 3: 墨西哥的外債──1988至1994年 82
     表6- 4: 墨西哥主要的經濟金融指標──1979至1998年 84
     表6- 5: 墨西哥的經常帳結構──1988至1998年 89
     表6- 6:墨西哥的總體經濟指標──1993至2003年 98
     表7- 1: 東亞各國國內生產毛額成長率──1978至1998年 105
     表7- 2: 亞洲金融危機對各經濟體股市的影響 111
     表7-3: 亞洲金融危機對各經濟體匯率的影響 112
     表7- 4: 亞洲國家經濟成長率──1975至1999年 114
     表7- 5: 亞洲國家民間外資淨流入對GDP比率 114
     表7- 6: 亞洲主要國家貿易餘額對GDP比率──1990至1997年 116
     表7- 7: 亞洲國家的出口值及成長率──1991至1996年 117
     表7- 8: 亞洲主要國家的投資-儲蓄缺口──1990至1997年 119
     表7- 9: 亞洲主要國家短期外債占總外債比例──1990至1996年 120
     表7- 10: 亞洲主要國家短期外債對外匯存底比率──1990至1996年 120
     表8- 1: 泰國重要的經濟指標──1991至2004年 130
     表8- 2: 泰銖兌美元的匯率走勢──1997年6月24日至1997年7月3日 133
     表8- 3: 馬來西亞重要的經濟指標──1991至2004年 138
     表8- 4: 馬來西亞銀行間隔夜拆款利率及吉隆坡股價指數──1995至1997年 140
     表8- 5: 印尼重要的經濟指標──1991至2004年 143
     表8- 6: 菲律賓重要的經濟指標──1991至2004年 148
     表8- 7: 菲律賓的商品貿易──1991至1996年 149
     表8- 8: 菲律賓主要的經濟指標──1991至2004年 153
     表8- 9: 南韓重要的經濟指標──1991至2004年 155
     表8- 10: 南韓的進出口成長率──1990至1996年 156
     表8- 11: 南韓的商品貿易──1991至1996年 156
     表8- 12: 南韓的外人投資──1990至1996年 157
     表9- 1: 日本主要的經濟指標──1989至2004年 169
     表9- 2: 香港主要的經濟指標──1989至2004年 176
     表9- 3: 亞洲金融危機對各經濟體股匯巿的影響 178
     表9- 4: 亞洲國家經常帳餘額對GDP比率──1990至1999年 184
     表9- 5: 中國重要的經濟指標──1991至2004年 185
     表9- 6: 亞洲各國的名目匯率──1990至1998年 187
     表9- 7: 中國國際收支帳餘額的變化──1981至1997年 188
     表9- 8: 中國外匯存底與外債餘額的變動──1981至2002年 190
     表9- 9: 中國進出口貿易的狀況──1981至2000年 192
     表10- 1: 台灣重要的經濟指標──1991至2004年 197
     表10- 2: 台灣的國際收支帳──1991至1998年 199
     表11- 1: 俄羅斯重要的經濟指標──1991至2004年 215
     表11- 2: 俄羅斯國家財政狀況──1992至1998年 222
     表11- 3: 俄羅斯的資本流入與金融帳──1993至1998年 224
     表11- 4: 俄羅斯的資本流出與金融帳──1993至1998年 225
     表11- 5: 俄羅斯的外債──1992至1998年 226
     表11- 6: 俄羅斯聯邦政府的債務──1992至1998年 226
     表11- 7: 俄羅斯盧布兌美元的匯價與變動百分比──1997至1998年 230
     表11- 8: 俄羅斯盧布兌美元匯率日變動走勢─1998年8月24日至1998年9月
     3日 233
     表11- 9: 俄羅斯貿易收支餘額、商品進出口與變動百分比──1997至1998年 234
     表12- 1: 四大金融危機的比較 258
     
     
     
     圖次
     圖1-1: 研究流程圖.................................................................................................................6
     圖2-1: 外資大量流入造成銀行危機的關聯過程............................................................16
     圖2-2: 銀行危機導致通貨危機的關聯過程.....................................................................17
     圖11-1: 俄羅斯金融危機的形成過程..............................................................................220
     圖11-2: 俄羅斯經濟轉型中的權力均衡與經濟政策的左右擺盪................................241
     
     
     表5- 1: ECU通貨籃的組成及調整──1979至1989年 48
     表5- 2: 歐體各國的物價膨脹率與失業率狀況──1990至1993年 55
     表5- 3: 歐體各國的利率──1990至1993年 56
     表5- 4: 歐體各國的經常帳餘額對GDP比率與貿易餘額狀況──1990至1993年 63
     表5- 5: 歐體各國的匯率──1990至1993年 64
     表5- 6: ERM會員國的預算赤字及債務負擔──1991至1995年 65
     表5- 7: 歐體各國的經濟成長率與財政餘額對GDP比率──1990至1993年 68
     表5- 8: 歐體各會員國通貨對ECU的中心匯率變動情形 69
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0909210381en_US
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0909210381en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 金融危機zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 金融危機zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資訊不對稱zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資訊不對稱zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 匯率zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 匯率zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Financial Crisisen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Financial Crisisen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Asymmetric Informationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Asymmetric Informationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Exchange Rateen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Exchange Rateen_US
dc.title (題名) 金融危機之國際比較研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 金融危機之國際比較研究zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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