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題名 中國融資租賃業之研究
The Study of China`s Financial Leasing Industry
作者 林其泰
Lin, Chi-Tai
貢獻者 黃仁德
Hwang, Jen-Te
林其泰
Lin, Chi-Tai
關鍵詞 中國融資租賃業
五力分析
PEST分析
關鍵成功要素
China`s financial leasing industry
Five forces model
PEST analysis framework
Critical success factors
日期 2008
上傳時間 14-Sep-2009 13:36:42 (UTC+8)
摘要 non
Statistics in the 2008 World Leasing Yearbook showed that China’s leasing volume was only US$5.35 billion for the year 2006, lagging far behind that of other high-GDP countries. However, leasing in China did experience extraordinary high growth rates over the past few years and seems to have ample room for growth in the future.
     As we know, each industry has its own set of critical success factors (CSFs) and a match between these factors and a firm’s strengths may ensure the firm’s successful performance. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to explore CSFs for leasing in China and explain the major influences behind these factors. This research is analyzed based on the PEST analysis framework and Porter’s five forces model. The CSFs identified in this study can provide guidelines to develop leasing in China as well as for those planning to enter China’s leasing market.
     Based on the findings, the business environment for leasing in China, though better than it has ever been, still leaves much to be desired. For leasing to further develop, the following CSFs must be handled with care: Public awareness and understanding; An enabling legal framework; Credit risk management capabilities; Diversified funding sources; Qualified and well-trained staff; A vibrant second-hand equipment market, and Information technology infrastructure and know-how.
     The identified CSFs also lead to several strong policy recommendations. Among these are the following: Embarking on campaigns promoting leasing; Passing the Financial Leasing Law as soon as possible; Removing tax disincentives to leasing; Establishing a national credit information center; Providing funding support and credit guarantee schemes in favor of SME leasing; and Strengthening information technology infrastructure. Without improvement of these critical elements, the outlook for China’s leasing sector may not be so promising after all.
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Aguilar, F. J. (1967), Scanning the Business Environment. New York: Macmillan.
Amembal, S. P. (2000), International Leasing: The Complete Guide. Salt Lake City: Amembal & Associates.
Baker, C. R. and R. S. Hayes (1981), Lease Financing, A Practical Guide. New York : Wiley.
Carter, L. W. (1996), Lessons of Experience Series: 3 Leasing In Emerging Markets. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank and International Finance Corporation.
Chiang, Z. S. (2001), “Guidelines of Leasing Development from Abroad,” Journal of Zhejiang Shuren University, 1:1, pp. 30–34. (In Chinese)
Daniel, D. R. (1961), “Management Information Crisis,” Harvard Business Review, 39:5, pp. 111–121.
Deng, B. Y. (2007), “Lessons from the Development of the US Leasing Market,” Public Science, 17, pp. 116–117. (In Chinese)
Dickinson, R., C. R. Ferguson, and S. Sircar (1984), “The Critical Success Factors Approach for the Design of Management Information Systems,” American Business Review, 1:2, pp. 23–29.
Dickinson, R., C. R. Ferguson, and S. Sircar (1984), “Critical Success Factors and Small Business,” American Journal of Small Business, 8:3, pp. 49–58.
Dowla, A. U. (1998), “Micro Leasing: The Grameen Bank Experience,” St. Mary’s College of Maryland and the American Institute of Bangladesh Studies, available at http://www.itcltd.com/microleasing/docs/a-dowla.pdf (Accessed September 23, 2008).
ELFA (2007), 2007 Annual Report. Washington, D.C.: Equipment and Leasing Association.
ELFF (2006), Knocking Down (Great) Walls Identifying Factors for Success in the Chinese Equipment Leasing Market. Northwood: The Alta Group.
ELFF (2007), U.S. Equipment Finance Market Study. Washington, D.C.: The Equipment Leasing and Finance Foundation.
Fletcher, M., R. Freeman, M. Sultanov, and U. Umarov (2005), Leasing in Development Lessons from Emerging Economies. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank and International Finance Corporation.
Fan, X. Q. and T. H. Akiko (2003), “Changing Bank Lending Behavior and Corporate Financing in Asia—Some Research Issues,” Asian Development Bank ERD Working Paper No. 49, available at: www.adb.org/Documents/ERd/Working_Papers/wp049.pdf (Accessed December 30, 2008).
Gallardo, J. (1997), “Leasing to Support Micro and Small Enterprises,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 1857, available at http://www.itcltd.com/microleasing/docs/gallardo.pdf (Accessed October 8, 2008).
Guariglia, A., X. X. Liu, and L. N. Song (2008), “Internal Finance and Growth: Microeconometric Evidence on Chinese Firms,” IZA Discussion Paper No. 3808, available at ftp.iza.org/dp3808.pdf (Accessed November 15, 2008).
Guo, Y. (2007), “Financing Countermeasure in Financial Leasing Corporations,” Journal of Shandong Institute of Commerce and Technology, 7:3, pp. 30–33. (In Chinese)
Huang, G. H. and M. Song (2006), “The Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from China,” China Economic Review, 17:1, pp. 14–36.
Huang, Y. Y. (2007), “An Empirical Study on Leasing Constraints of Listed Companies,” Journal of Economic Practice, 19, pp. 115–118. (In Chinese)
Hunag, Y. (2003), Selling China: Foreign Direct Investment during the Reform Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
IASC (1997), Proposed International Accounting Standard: Leases. London: International Accounting Standards Committee.
IFC (2003), OEG Leasing Brief. Washington, D.C.: International Finance Corporation.
JLA (2007), The Leasing Industry in Asia and Oceania. Tokyo: Japan Leasing Association.
Kasseeah, H. (2008), “Financing Decisions and Financial Constraints: Evidence from the UK and China,” PH.D. Dissertation, the University of Nottingham.
Ketelhohn, W. (1998), “What Is a Key Success Factor?” European Management Journal, 16:3, pp. 335–340.
Kichler, E. and P. Haiss (2008), “Market Structure as Determinant: the Case of Leasing in Banking Industry Transformation in Central and South Eastern Europe,” presented at the 8th Global Conference on Business & Economics, Oct. 18–19, 2008.
Lee, L. Y., S. S. Zhang, and B. F. Shi (2007), A Study on Some Important Issues of Financial Leasing. Beijing: Contemporary China Publishing House. (In Chinese)
Lee, L. Y. and S. S. Zhang (2007), The Supervision of Financial Leasing. Beijing: Contemporary China Publishing House. (In Chinese)
Leidecker, J. K. and A. V. Bruno (1984), “Identifying and Using Critical Success Factors,” Long Range Planning, 17:1, pp. 23–33.
LFG (2002), Euromoney Publication: World Leasing Yearbook. London: London Financial Group.
LFG (2006), Euromoney Publication: World Leasing Yearbook. London: London Financial Group.
LFG (2007), Euromoney Publication: World Leasing Yearbook. London: London Financial Group.
Linton, K. C. (2006), “Access to Capital in China: Competitive Conditions for Foreign and Domestic Firms,” Journal of International Commerce and Economics, available at http://www.usitc.gov/journal/documents/access_to_capital_china.pdf (Accessed February 2, 2009).
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Maswana, J. C. (2008), “China’s Financial Development and Economic Growth: Exploring the Contradictions,” International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 19, pp. 89–101
Min, S. Y. (2007), “Funding Sources for Financial Leasing Companies: Lessons from Advanced Leasing Markets,” Productivity Research, 5, pp. 96–98. (In Chinese)
Munro, M. C. and B. R. Wheeler (1980), “Planning, Critical Success Factors, and Management Information Requirements,” MIS Quarterly, 4:4, pp. 27–39.
Nair, A., R. K. Todd, and A. Mulder (2004), “Leasing: An Underutilized Tool in Rural Finance,” The World Bank Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 7, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=963655 (Accessed January 5, 2009).
Nasr, S. (2004), “Financial Leasing in MENA Region: An Analysis of Financial, Legal and Institutional Aspects,” World Bank Working Paper 0424, available at www.erf.org.eg/CMS/getFile.php?id=222 (Accessed August 15, 2008)
OECD (2005), Economic Surveys: China, available at: http://team.univ-paris1.fr/teamperso/DEA/Cursus/M1/DocChine/China%20Economic%20Survey%20OCDE.pdf (Accessed December 28, 2008).
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Petersen, M. A. (2004), “Information: Hard and Soft,” mimeo, Northwestern University, available at http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/petersen/htm/papers/softhard.pdf (Accessed March 21, 2009).
Porter, M. E. (1980), Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York: Free Press.
Pritchard, R. E. and T. J. Hindelang (1980), The Lease/Buy Decision. New York : Amacom.
Rockart, J. F. (1979), “Chief Executives Define Their Own Data Needs,” Harvard Business Review, 57:2, pp. 81–94.
Ross, L. and C. Hsu (2001), “The Leasing Industry’s Legal Environment Improves,” China Business Review, Jan.–Feb., pp. 1–6.
Shi, Y. P. (2004), A Study on Financial Leasing and Its Macroeconomic Effectiveness. Beijing: University of International Business and Economics Press. (In Chinese)
Shi, Y. P. (2005), Foundations of Financial Leasing. Beijing: University of International Business and Economics Press. (In Chinese)
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Shirai, S. (2002), “Banks Lending Behavior and Firms Corporate Financing Pattern in Peoples Republic of China,” ADB Institue Research Paper 43, available at http://adbi.adb.org/files/2002.09.rp43.prc.lending.financing_001.pdf (Accessed December 7, 2008).
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
中國大陸研究英語碩士學程(IMCS)
95925008
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095925008
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃仁德zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hwang, Jen-Teen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林其泰zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Chi-Taien_US
dc.creator (作者) 林其泰zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Chi-Taien_US
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 13:36:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 13:36:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Sep-2009 13:36:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0095925008en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32297-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 中國大陸研究英語碩士學程(IMCS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95925008zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) nonzh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Statistics in the 2008 World Leasing Yearbook showed that China’s leasing volume was only US$5.35 billion for the year 2006, lagging far behind that of other high-GDP countries. However, leasing in China did experience extraordinary high growth rates over the past few years and seems to have ample room for growth in the future.
     As we know, each industry has its own set of critical success factors (CSFs) and a match between these factors and a firm’s strengths may ensure the firm’s successful performance. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to explore CSFs for leasing in China and explain the major influences behind these factors. This research is analyzed based on the PEST analysis framework and Porter’s five forces model. The CSFs identified in this study can provide guidelines to develop leasing in China as well as for those planning to enter China’s leasing market.
     Based on the findings, the business environment for leasing in China, though better than it has ever been, still leaves much to be desired. For leasing to further develop, the following CSFs must be handled with care: Public awareness and understanding; An enabling legal framework; Credit risk management capabilities; Diversified funding sources; Qualified and well-trained staff; A vibrant second-hand equipment market, and Information technology infrastructure and know-how.
     The identified CSFs also lead to several strong policy recommendations. Among these are the following: Embarking on campaigns promoting leasing; Passing the Financial Leasing Law as soon as possible; Removing tax disincentives to leasing; Establishing a national credit information center; Providing funding support and credit guarantee schemes in favor of SME leasing; and Strengthening information technology infrastructure. Without improvement of these critical elements, the outlook for China’s leasing sector may not be so promising after all.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 1
     1.1 Background and Motivation……………………………………………………... 1
     1.2 Purpose…………………………………………………………………………… 6
     1.3 Scope……………………………………………………………………………... 6
     1.4 Limitation………………………………………………………………………… 7
     1.5 Methodology……………………………………………………………………... 7
     
     Chapter 2 Terminology Overview of This Study................................................................ 9
     2.1 An Overview of Financial Leasing………………………………………………. 9
     2.1.1 Definitions of Financial Leasing…………………………………………. 9
     2.1.2 Types of Leases…………………………………………………………… 11
     2.1.3 Advantages of Financial Leasing ………………………………………… 17
     2.1.4 Comparison between Leasing and Other Financing Ways……………….. 21
     2.2 An Overview of Critical Success Factors (CSFs)……………………………….. 22
     2.2.1 Definitions of CSFs………………………………………………………. 22
     2.2.2 Importance of CSFs………………………………………………………. 22
     2.2.3 Research Methods of CSFs……………………………………………….. 23
     2.3 The PEST Macro Environment Analysis………………………………………… 23
     2.4 The Five Forces Industry Analysis………………………………………………. 26
     2.5 Summary…………………………………………………………………………. 29
     
     Chapter 3 Global Review of the Leasing Industry………………………………………. 30
     3.1 The U.S. Leasing Industry……………………………………………………….. 30
     3.1.1 History of Leasing in the U.S…………………………………………….. 31
     3.1.2 Market Review……………………………………………………………. 32
     3.1.3 Reasons behind the Success of the U.S. Leasing Market………………… 35
     3.2 Japan’s Leasing Industry………………………………………………………… 37
     3.2.1 History of Leasing in Japan………………………………………………. 37
     3.2.2 Market Review……………………………………………………………. 37
     3.2.3 Reasons behind the Success of Japan’s Leasing Market…………………. 39
     3.3 Taiwan’s Leasing Industry……………………………………………………….. 41
     3.3.1 History of Leasing in Taiwan……………………………………………... 41
     3.3.2 Market Review……………………………………………………………. 42
     3.3.3 Challenges Faced by Taiwan’s Leasing Market………………………….. 45
     3.4 China’s Leasing Industry………………………………………………………… 47
     3.4.1 History of Leasing in China……………………………………………… 47
     3.4.2 Market Review……………………………………………………………. 49
     3.4.3 Types of Lessors………………………………………………………….. 51
     3.5 Comparison of the Four Leasing Markets………………………………………. 55
     3.6 Summary…………………………………………………………………………. 56
     
     Chapter 4 The Environmental Scan of China’s Leasing Industry………………………... 57
     4.1 Political (Legal) Environment……………………………………………………. 57
     4.1.1 Lease Law………………………………………………………………… 58
     4.1.2 Lease Supervision………………………………………………………… 61
     4.1.3 Lease Accounting…………………………………………………………. 64
     4.1.4 Lease Taxation……………………………………………………………. 66
     4.2 Economic Environment………………………………………………………….. 69
     4.2.1 The Prospects of the Economy…………………………………………… 69
     4.2.2 The Prospects of the Individual Industry…………………………………. 73
     4.2.3 The Prospects of the SME Sector………………………………………… 74
     4.3 Social Environment………………………………………………………………. 76
     4.3.1 Contradiction between Chinese Values and Leasing Philosophy………… 76
     4.3.2 Lack of Knowledge about Leasing……………………………………….. 77
     4.3.3 Lack of Monthly Payment Concept………………………………………. 79
     4.4 Technological Environment……………………………………………………… 80
     4.4.1 Leasing as a Funding Source for Innovation……………………………... 80
     4.4.2 Leasing as a Tool for Sharing the Obsolescence Risk……………………. 81
     4.4.3 Leasing Supported by Modern Technology………………………………. 81
     4.5 Summary…………………………………………………………………………. 84
     
     Chapter 5 The Competitive Environment of China’s Leasing Industry…………………. 85
     5.1 Bargaining Power of Suppliers…………………………………………………... 85
     5.1.1 Staffing……………………………………………………………………. 85
     5.1.2 Funding…………………………………………………………………… 87
     5.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers……………………………………………………... 92
     5.2.1 The Banking sector……………………………………………………….. 93
     5.2.2 The Stock Market…………………………………………………………. 96
     5.2.3 The Bond Market…………………………………………………………. 98
     5.3 Entry Barriers…………………………………………………………………….. 99
     5.3.1 Government Regulation..…………………………………………………. 99
     5.3.2 Cost Disadvantages……………………………………………………….. 102
     5.3.3 Economies of Scale……………………………………………………….. 103
     5.4 Substitutes………………………………………………………………………... 106
     5.5 Rivalry among Competitors…………………………………………………….... 111
     5.5.1 Number of Competitors…………………………………………………... 113
     5.5.2 Product Differentiation…………………………………………………… 113
     5.5.3 Barriers to Market Exit…………………………………………………… 113
     5.5.4 Strategic Importance of the Business Unit………………………………... 114
     5.6 Summary…………………………………………………………………………. 116
     
     Chapter 6 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations…………………………………... 117
     6.1 Research Conclusions……………………………………………………………. 117
     6.2 Policy Recommendations………………………………………………………… 123
     
     References………………………………………………………………………………….. 130		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095925008en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國融資租賃業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 五力分析zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) PEST分析zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 關鍵成功要素zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) China`s financial leasing industryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Five forces modelen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) PEST analysis frameworken_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Critical success factorsen_US
dc.title (題名) 中國融資租賃業之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Study of China`s Financial Leasing Industryen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ADB (2003), The Development of Private Enterprise in the People’s Republic of China, available at: http://www.adb.org/Documents/Studies/PRC_Private_Enterprise_Development/prc_private_enterprise.pdf (Accessed August 30, 2008).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aguilar, F. J. (1967), Scanning the Business Environment. New York: Macmillan.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Amembal, S. P. (2000), International Leasing: The Complete Guide. Salt Lake City: Amembal & Associates.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baker, C. R. and R. S. Hayes (1981), Lease Financing, A Practical Guide. New York : Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carter, L. W. (1996), Lessons of Experience Series: 3 Leasing In Emerging Markets. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank and International Finance Corporation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chiang, Z. S. (2001), “Guidelines of Leasing Development from Abroad,” Journal of Zhejiang Shuren University, 1:1, pp. 30–34. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Daniel, D. R. (1961), “Management Information Crisis,” Harvard Business Review, 39:5, pp. 111–121.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Deng, B. Y. (2007), “Lessons from the Development of the US Leasing Market,” Public Science, 17, pp. 116–117. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dickinson, R., C. R. Ferguson, and S. Sircar (1984), “The Critical Success Factors Approach for the Design of Management Information Systems,” American Business Review, 1:2, pp. 23–29.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dickinson, R., C. R. Ferguson, and S. Sircar (1984), “Critical Success Factors and Small Business,” American Journal of Small Business, 8:3, pp. 49–58.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dowla, A. U. (1998), “Micro Leasing: The Grameen Bank Experience,” St. Mary’s College of Maryland and the American Institute of Bangladesh Studies, available at http://www.itcltd.com/microleasing/docs/a-dowla.pdf (Accessed September 23, 2008).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ELFA (2007), 2007 Annual Report. Washington, D.C.: Equipment and Leasing Association.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ELFF (2006), Knocking Down (Great) Walls Identifying Factors for Success in the Chinese Equipment Leasing Market. Northwood: The Alta Group.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ELFF (2007), U.S. Equipment Finance Market Study. Washington, D.C.: The Equipment Leasing and Finance Foundation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fletcher, M., R. Freeman, M. Sultanov, and U. Umarov (2005), Leasing in Development Lessons from Emerging Economies. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank and International Finance Corporation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fan, X. Q. and T. H. Akiko (2003), “Changing Bank Lending Behavior and Corporate Financing in Asia—Some Research Issues,” Asian Development Bank ERD Working Paper No. 49, available at: www.adb.org/Documents/ERd/Working_Papers/wp049.pdf (Accessed December 30, 2008).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gallardo, J. (1997), “Leasing to Support Micro and Small Enterprises,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 1857, available at http://www.itcltd.com/microleasing/docs/gallardo.pdf (Accessed October 8, 2008).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guariglia, A., X. X. Liu, and L. N. Song (2008), “Internal Finance and Growth: Microeconometric Evidence on Chinese Firms,” IZA Discussion Paper No. 3808, available at ftp.iza.org/dp3808.pdf (Accessed November 15, 2008).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guo, Y. (2007), “Financing Countermeasure in Financial Leasing Corporations,” Journal of Shandong Institute of Commerce and Technology, 7:3, pp. 30–33. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, G. H. and M. Song (2006), “The Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from China,” China Economic Review, 17:1, pp. 14–36.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Y. Y. (2007), “An Empirical Study on Leasing Constraints of Listed Companies,” Journal of Economic Practice, 19, pp. 115–118. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hunag, Y. (2003), Selling China: Foreign Direct Investment during the Reform Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) IASC (1997), Proposed International Accounting Standard: Leases. London: International Accounting Standards Committee.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) IFC (2003), OEG Leasing Brief. Washington, D.C.: International Finance Corporation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) JLA (2007), The Leasing Industry in Asia and Oceania. Tokyo: Japan Leasing Association.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kasseeah, H. (2008), “Financing Decisions and Financial Constraints: Evidence from the UK and China,” PH.D. Dissertation, the University of Nottingham.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ketelhohn, W. (1998), “What Is a Key Success Factor?” European Management Journal, 16:3, pp. 335–340.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kichler, E. and P. Haiss (2008), “Market Structure as Determinant: the Case of Leasing in Banking Industry Transformation in Central and South Eastern Europe,” presented at the 8th Global Conference on Business & Economics, Oct. 18–19, 2008.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, L. Y., S. S. Zhang, and B. F. Shi (2007), A Study on Some Important Issues of Financial Leasing. Beijing: Contemporary China Publishing House. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, L. Y. and S. S. Zhang (2007), The Supervision of Financial Leasing. Beijing: Contemporary China Publishing House. (In Chinese)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Leidecker, J. K. and A. V. Bruno (1984), “Identifying and Using Critical Success Factors,” Long Range Planning, 17:1, pp. 23–33.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) LFG (2002), Euromoney Publication: World Leasing Yearbook. London: London Financial Group.zh_TW
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