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題名 網路拍賣課稅制度之可行性分析-賽局理論的應用
作者 林翊斐
貢獻者 陳香梅
林翊斐
關鍵詞 網路拍賣
賽局理論
營業稅
日期 2004
上傳時間 14-Sep-2009 13:43:28 (UTC+8)
摘要 網際網路的普及性與便利性,促使了網路拍賣此一新興商業模式日益的成長,因此為維持租稅的公平性,2004年起網路拍賣之課稅問題隨即引發了相當大的討論:2005年5月財政部正式公布「網路交易課徵營業稅及所得稅規範」,詳細規範出網路營業人必須遵行的相關規定,稅捐機關所抱持的立場乃是營業人不管是透過實體通路或網路商店販售貨品或勞務,其課稅原則均保持一致;然而由於網路拍賣相較於實體通路具有匿名性、無實體店面以及資訊不易掌握等種種特性,因此網路拍賣課稅在實施初期必然會面對不小的困難。另外,尚有鑑於過去探討電子商務課稅之相關理論文獻,均未對於加值稅部分多加探討,因此本研究除希望能為電子商務加值稅部分的探討開啟另一面的思考方向外,尚希望藉由賽局理論策略互動的模型來分析我國現行網路拍賣課稅之制度與此一制度可能產生的問題,在此研究主要焦點著重於營業稅部分的探究,因為當營業稅之課稅問題一旦獲得解決,所得稅層面之課稅問題同樣能一體適用。
     本研究所得出的結論大致可歸納如下:在現行規範下,若政府希望促使網路拍賣的賣方均能主動去申辦營利事業登記,則所訂出的查核率不僅必須夠大,且應隨著不同賣家營業額的高低,採行不同的查核率水準,此時勢必需付出較大的查核成本。然而,若政府乃是希望網路拍賣市場更能蓬勃發展,則此時採行課徵零稅率的政策方為適當;因此無論從以極大化稅收為目的,或是以極大化整體網路拍賣使用者的福利為目的,現行網路拍賣課稅草案中,所訂定的制度其執行成效,均須仔細思考是否合宜。有鑑於此,最後本研究則提出「勾稽機制」以及「獎勵機制」的設計,希望能藉由此兩項機制的配合能使得我國網路拍賣的課稅制度能更加順利的施行。
參考文獻 一、英文
Agha, A. and J. Haughton, (1996), “Designing Vat Systems: Some Efficiency Considerations,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 78, 303-308.
Allingham, M.G.. and A. Sandmo, (1972), “Income Tax Evasion: a Theoretical Analysis,” Journal of Public Economics, 1, 323-338.
Alm, J., B. Jackson, and M. McKee (1992), “Institutional Uncertainty and Taxpayer Compliance,” The American Economic Review, 82, 1018-1026.
Bernasconi, M. (1998), “Tax Evasion and Orders of Risk Aversion,” Journal of Public Economics, 67, 123-134.
Cremer, H. and F. Gahvari, (1993), “Tax Evasion and Optimal Commodity Taxation,” Journal of Public Economics, 50, 261-275.
Falkinger, J. (1995), “Tax Evasion, Consumption of Public Goods and Fairness,” Journal of Economic Psychology, 16, 63-72.
Fox, W. F. and M. N. Murray, (1997), “The Sales Tax and Electronic Commerce: So What’s New,” National Tax Journal, 50, 573-592.
Gordon, R. G.. and S. B. Nielsen, (1997), “Tax Evasion In An Open Economy: Value-added vs. Income Taxation,” Journal of Public Economics, 66, 173-197.
Hellerstein, W. (1997), “Transaction Taxes and Electronic Commerce: Designing State Taxes That Work in an Interstate Environment,” National Tax Journal, 50, 593-606.
Harsanyi, J. (1967), “Game with Incomplete Information Played by Bayesian Players, Parts I, II, and III.” Management Science, 14, 159-182, 320-334, 486-502.
Lee, K. (2001), “Tax Evasion and Self-insurance,” Journal of Public Economics, 81, 73-81.
Lovely, E. M. (1994), “Crossing the Border: Does Commodity Tax Evasion Reduce Welfare and Can Enforcement Improve It? ” The Canadian Journal of Economics, 27, 157-174.
Marrelli , M. (1984), “On Indirect Tax Evasion,” Journal of Public Economics, 25, 181-196.
Murray, N. M. (1995), “ Sales Tax Compliance and Audit Selection,” National Tax Journal 48, pp.515-529.
McLure, C. E., Jr. (1997), “Electronic Commerce, State Sales Taxation, and Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations,” National Tax Journal, 50, 731-749.
______ , (1999), “Electronic Commerce and State Retail Sales Tax: A Challenge to American Federalism,” International Tax and Public Finance, 6, 193-224.
Myerson , R. B. (1985), “ An Introduction to Game Theory,” Discussion Paper, Northwestern University.
Myer, S., and N. Majluf, (1984), “Corporate Financing and Investment Decision When Firms Have Information That Investors Do Not Have,” Journal of Financial Economics, 13, 187-221.
Nash, J. (1950), “Equilibrium Points in n-Person Games,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 36, 48-49.
Peha, J. M. and R. P. Strauss, (1997), “A Primer on Changing Information Technology and the Fisc,” National Tax Journal, 50, 607-621.
Rasmusen, E. (2003), Games and Information: An Introduction to Game Theory,3rd, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Sandmo, A. (1981), “Income Tax Evasion, Labor Supply, and the Equity-efficiency Tradeoff,” Journal of Public Economics, 16, 265-288.
Segal, U. and A. Spivak, (1990), “First Order versus Second Order Risk Aversion,” Journal of Economic Theory, 51, 111-125.
Selten, R. (1965), “Spieltheoretische Behandlung eines Oligopolmodells mit Nachfagetragheit,” Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Staatswissenscraft, 12,301-324.
______ , (1975), “Reexamination of the Perfectness Concept for Equilibrium Points in Extensive Games,” International Journal of Game Theory, 4, 25-55.
Slemrod, S. and N. Sorum, (1984), “The Compliance Cost of the US Individual Income Tax System,” National Tax Journal, 37, 461-474.
Soete, L. and B. Ter Weel, (1998a), “Cybertax,” Futures, 30, 853-871.
______ , (1998b), “Globalization, Tax Erosion and Internet,” available at (http:// meritbbs.unimaas.nl/rmpdf/rm98_026.pdf)
Torgler, B. (2003), “To Evade Taxes or Not to Evade: That is the Question,” Journal of Socio-Economics, 32, 283-302.
Varian, H. R. (1994), “Sequential Contributions to Public Goods,” Journal of Public Economics, 53, 165-186.
Watanabe, S. (2000), “Electronic Commerce, International Taxation, and Administration,” Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 41, 53-64.
Yitzhaki, S. (1974), “A Note On Income Tax Evasion: A Theoretical Analysis,” Journal of Public Economics, 3, 201-202.
二、中文
iThome電腦報有料版,(2005.03.23), 「PChome Online 推出免費拍賣平台」,1421期。
______,(2005.01.11), 「Yahoo!奇摩今年EC交易額估計達250億元」,1349期。
巫和懋與夏珍 (2002),《賽局高手全方位策略應用》,台北:時報文化。
林育妃,(2004.05.17),「網拍課稅:原則簡單、執行不易」,聯合報社論。
邱祥榮 (2002),《電子商務課徵加值型營業稅之探析》,台北:翰蘆圖書出版有限公司。
財政部賦稅署(2005),「網路交易課徵營業稅及所得稅規範」稅法釋令,http://dotsearch.dot.gov.tw/Searchnew/show.asp?id=787
陳振耀 (2001),「以賽局為基礎之網路服務產業策略行為分析模式」,國立成功大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文。
張光華 (1994),「不完全資訊下對局的探討」,國立政治大學統計研究所碩士論文。
簡上棻、陳勁宏、劉家瑜與邱重威 (2003),「誰該死?誰該活?探討器官移植」,東吳大學經濟論壇參與論文。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
財政研究所
92255002
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0922550021
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳香梅zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林翊斐zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 林翊斐zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 13:43:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 13:43:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Sep-2009 13:43:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0922550021en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32352-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 財政研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92255002zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 網際網路的普及性與便利性,促使了網路拍賣此一新興商業模式日益的成長,因此為維持租稅的公平性,2004年起網路拍賣之課稅問題隨即引發了相當大的討論:2005年5月財政部正式公布「網路交易課徵營業稅及所得稅規範」,詳細規範出網路營業人必須遵行的相關規定,稅捐機關所抱持的立場乃是營業人不管是透過實體通路或網路商店販售貨品或勞務,其課稅原則均保持一致;然而由於網路拍賣相較於實體通路具有匿名性、無實體店面以及資訊不易掌握等種種特性,因此網路拍賣課稅在實施初期必然會面對不小的困難。另外,尚有鑑於過去探討電子商務課稅之相關理論文獻,均未對於加值稅部分多加探討,因此本研究除希望能為電子商務加值稅部分的探討開啟另一面的思考方向外,尚希望藉由賽局理論策略互動的模型來分析我國現行網路拍賣課稅之制度與此一制度可能產生的問題,在此研究主要焦點著重於營業稅部分的探究,因為當營業稅之課稅問題一旦獲得解決,所得稅層面之課稅問題同樣能一體適用。
     本研究所得出的結論大致可歸納如下:在現行規範下,若政府希望促使網路拍賣的賣方均能主動去申辦營利事業登記,則所訂出的查核率不僅必須夠大,且應隨著不同賣家營業額的高低,採行不同的查核率水準,此時勢必需付出較大的查核成本。然而,若政府乃是希望網路拍賣市場更能蓬勃發展,則此時採行課徵零稅率的政策方為適當;因此無論從以極大化稅收為目的,或是以極大化整體網路拍賣使用者的福利為目的,現行網路拍賣課稅草案中,所訂定的制度其執行成效,均須仔細思考是否合宜。有鑑於此,最後本研究則提出「勾稽機制」以及「獎勵機制」的設計,希望能藉由此兩項機制的配合能使得我國網路拍賣的課稅制度能更加順利的施行。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
     第一節□研究背景與研究動機 1
     第二節□研究目的 3
     第三節□研究範圍與研究方法 4
     第四節□論文架構 4
     第二章 文獻回顧 6
     第一節 逃漏稅與租稅依從相關文獻 6
     第二節 賽局理論運用相關文獻 18
     第三章 現行網路拍賣之課稅原則與問題 23
     第一節 營業稅課稅規定及對網路拍賣採行之原則 23
     第二節 網路拍賣交易流程 27
     第三節□現行網路拍賣課稅所面臨之考驗 33
     第四章 網路拍賣課稅制度理論模型的建立 36
     第一節 稽徵賽局(AUDITING GAME) 36
     第二節 不確定賽局(UNCERTAINTY GAME) 41
     第三節 不完全訊息之STACKELBERG賽局模型 51
     第五章 改進網路拍賣課稅之困境 67
     第一節 提升納稅人誠實納稅之機制設計 67
     第二節 修正制度對降低網路拍賣課稅質疑的效果 84
     第六章 結論與未來研究方向 87
     第一節 結論□ 87
     第二節 未來研究方向 88
     參考文獻 89
     附錄 □蘢竷璈鶵瓞x營業稅及所得稅規範 93
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0922550021en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網路拍賣zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 賽局理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 營業稅zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 網路拍賣課稅制度之可行性分析-賽局理論的應用zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、英文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Agha, A. and J. Haughton, (1996), “Designing Vat Systems: Some Efficiency Considerations,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 78, 303-308.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allingham, M.G.. and A. Sandmo, (1972), “Income Tax Evasion: a Theoretical Analysis,” Journal of Public Economics, 1, 323-338.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alm, J., B. Jackson, and M. McKee (1992), “Institutional Uncertainty and Taxpayer Compliance,” The American Economic Review, 82, 1018-1026.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bernasconi, M. (1998), “Tax Evasion and Orders of Risk Aversion,” Journal of Public Economics, 67, 123-134.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cremer, H. and F. Gahvari, (1993), “Tax Evasion and Optimal Commodity Taxation,” Journal of Public Economics, 50, 261-275.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Falkinger, J. (1995), “Tax Evasion, Consumption of Public Goods and Fairness,” Journal of Economic Psychology, 16, 63-72.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fox, W. F. and M. N. Murray, (1997), “The Sales Tax and Electronic Commerce: So What’s New,” National Tax Journal, 50, 573-592.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gordon, R. G.. and S. B. Nielsen, (1997), “Tax Evasion In An Open Economy: Value-added vs. Income Taxation,” Journal of Public Economics, 66, 173-197.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hellerstein, W. (1997), “Transaction Taxes and Electronic Commerce: Designing State Taxes That Work in an Interstate Environment,” National Tax Journal, 50, 593-606.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Harsanyi, J. (1967), “Game with Incomplete Information Played by Bayesian Players, Parts I, II, and III.” Management Science, 14, 159-182, 320-334, 486-502.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, K. (2001), “Tax Evasion and Self-insurance,” Journal of Public Economics, 81, 73-81.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lovely, E. M. (1994), “Crossing the Border: Does Commodity Tax Evasion Reduce Welfare and Can Enforcement Improve It? ” The Canadian Journal of Economics, 27, 157-174.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marrelli , M. (1984), “On Indirect Tax Evasion,” Journal of Public Economics, 25, 181-196.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Murray, N. M. (1995), “ Sales Tax Compliance and Audit Selection,” National Tax Journal 48, pp.515-529.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McLure, C. E., Jr. (1997), “Electronic Commerce, State Sales Taxation, and Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations,” National Tax Journal, 50, 731-749.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______ , (1999), “Electronic Commerce and State Retail Sales Tax: A Challenge to American Federalism,” International Tax and Public Finance, 6, 193-224.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Myerson , R. B. (1985), “ An Introduction to Game Theory,” Discussion Paper, Northwestern University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Myer, S., and N. Majluf, (1984), “Corporate Financing and Investment Decision When Firms Have Information That Investors Do Not Have,” Journal of Financial Economics, 13, 187-221.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nash, J. (1950), “Equilibrium Points in n-Person Games,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 36, 48-49.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Peha, J. M. and R. P. Strauss, (1997), “A Primer on Changing Information Technology and the Fisc,” National Tax Journal, 50, 607-621.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rasmusen, E. (2003), Games and Information: An Introduction to Game Theory,3rd, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sandmo, A. (1981), “Income Tax Evasion, Labor Supply, and the Equity-efficiency Tradeoff,” Journal of Public Economics, 16, 265-288.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Segal, U. and A. Spivak, (1990), “First Order versus Second Order Risk Aversion,” Journal of Economic Theory, 51, 111-125.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Selten, R. (1965), “Spieltheoretische Behandlung eines Oligopolmodells mit Nachfagetragheit,” Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Staatswissenscraft, 12,301-324.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______ , (1975), “Reexamination of the Perfectness Concept for Equilibrium Points in Extensive Games,” International Journal of Game Theory, 4, 25-55.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Slemrod, S. and N. Sorum, (1984), “The Compliance Cost of the US Individual Income Tax System,” National Tax Journal, 37, 461-474.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Soete, L. and B. Ter Weel, (1998a), “Cybertax,” Futures, 30, 853-871.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______ , (1998b), “Globalization, Tax Erosion and Internet,” available at (http:// meritbbs.unimaas.nl/rmpdf/rm98_026.pdf)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Torgler, B. (2003), “To Evade Taxes or Not to Evade: That is the Question,” Journal of Socio-Economics, 32, 283-302.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Varian, H. R. (1994), “Sequential Contributions to Public Goods,” Journal of Public Economics, 53, 165-186.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Watanabe, S. (2000), “Electronic Commerce, International Taxation, and Administration,” Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 41, 53-64.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yitzhaki, S. (1974), “A Note On Income Tax Evasion: A Theoretical Analysis,” Journal of Public Economics, 3, 201-202.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、中文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) iThome電腦報有料版,(2005.03.23), 「PChome Online 推出免費拍賣平台」,1421期。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______,(2005.01.11), 「Yahoo!奇摩今年EC交易額估計達250億元」,1349期。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 巫和懋與夏珍 (2002),《賽局高手全方位策略應用》,台北:時報文化。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林育妃,(2004.05.17),「網拍課稅:原則簡單、執行不易」,聯合報社論。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 邱祥榮 (2002),《電子商務課徵加值型營業稅之探析》,台北:翰蘆圖書出版有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 財政部賦稅署(2005),「網路交易課徵營業稅及所得稅規範」稅法釋令,http://dotsearch.dot.gov.tw/Searchnew/show.asp?id=787zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳振耀 (2001),「以賽局為基礎之網路服務產業策略行為分析模式」,國立成功大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張光華 (1994),「不完全資訊下對局的探討」,國立政治大學統計研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 簡上棻、陳勁宏、劉家瑜與邱重威 (2003),「誰該死?誰該活?探討器官移植」,東吳大學經濟論壇參與論文。zh_TW