| dc.contributor.advisor | 林美珍 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 林子誠 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | 林子誠 | zh_TW |
| dc.date (日期) | 2004 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 17-Sep-2009 13:12:20 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 17-Sep-2009 13:12:20 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 17-Sep-2009 13:12:20 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | G0089752010 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32472 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 心理學研究所 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 89752010 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 93 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 本研究以Stroop中文叫色作業，測驗兒童和成人在Stroop作業之練習和刺激向度分離等情形下，其干擾效果的變化情形。共執行兩個實驗，實驗一中的受試者先接受中性刺激和不和諧刺激的測驗，然後對兩類作業練習8日，其後再測驗一次，探討受試者在練習前、後之干擾效果的變化情形。另一組受試接受實驗二中，中性刺激、整合性不和諧刺激和分離性不和諧刺激等作業的測驗，藉以比較整合性干擾和分離性干擾的差異。兩組受試者皆接受文字閱讀的速度測驗。 結果發現，小學二年級兒童的Stroop干擾效果最大，六年級兒童次之，成人最小，這與之前文獻上所載的研究一致，同時也證實，練習確能降低干擾效果，但仍不能使其完全消失，且練習後，三組受試間的干擾效果已無顯著差異。在實驗二的結果顯著，刺激向度分離的干擾效果仍然存在，但比整合性干擾效果小，且受試者間的分離性干擾也沒有顯著差異。而所有受試的閱讀速度均快於叫色速度。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | The study was used the Stroop Chinese task to examine the course of the Stroop interference among second, sixth grade children and adults. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment I, participants were tested with neutral and incongruent tasks and practiced with the same tasks for the following 8 days. They were tested neutral and incongruent tasks again. Then examined the course of the Stroop interference among children of second, sixth grade children and adults, they were test with neutral and incongruent tasks again. Then examine the course of the Stroop interference in between children and adult during before and after practice. The other group of participants took part in experiment II. They were presented with three tasks consist of neutral, integrated and separated incongruent tasks. Then examine the difference of the interference among children of second, sixth grade and adult during integrated and separated incongruent tasks. Two groups of participants were presented word reading speed of task. The finding of the study was Stroop interference increased from the adults through the sixth grade children and finally to the second grade children is in line with previous finding. We have confirmed that although interference decreases with practice, it is very resistant to eradication. After practice, the interference between children and adults is not significant difference. In the experiment II, it was that separated Stroop stimulus showed interference, and the amount was relatively small. The interference of separated Stroop task among children of second, sixth grade and adults were not significant difference. All participants took longer to name color than to read words. | en_US |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 摘要 ………………………………………………………………………… ⅠAbstract ……………………………………………………………………Ⅱ圖目錄 ……………………………………………………………………… Ⅲ表目錄 ……………………………………………………………………… Ⅳ壹、緒論 一、研究動機……………………………………………………………… 1 二、研究目的……………………………………………………………… 6 三、名詞釋義……………………………………………………………… 7貮、文獻探討 一、Stroop的經典研究…………………………………………………… 9 二、解釋Stroop效果的探討 （一）處理的相對速度（relative speed of processing）……… 12 （二）自動化（automaticity） ……………………………………… 13 （三）平行模式（parallel models）：獲取跡證 （evidence）做決定………………………………………………16 （四）平行分配處理模式 （parallel distributed of processing model)…………… 17 三、Stroop作業的年齡差……………………………………………… 21 四、練習對Stroop作業的影…………………………………………… 24 五、刺激向度整合和分離效…………………………………………… 27參、研究架構……………………………………………………………… 30實驗一、不同年級小學生與成人受試在Stroop中文叫色作業 的干擾效果及練習效果………………………………………… 331. 練習前Stroop干擾效果…………………………………………… 362. 練習後Stroop干擾效果…………………………………………… 403. Stroop干擾之練習效果…………………………………………… 434. 文字閱讀速度……………………………………………………… 47實驗二、刺激向度之整合或分離對不同年級小學生及成人受試在Stroop中文作業之干擾效果 ………………………………… 351. 整合性干擾效果…………………………………………………… 542. 分離性干擾效果…………………………………………………… 573. 整合性與分離性干擾效果之比較………………………………… 594. 文字閱讀速度……………………………………………………… 62肆、綜合討論 …………………………………………………………… 41一、結果之摘要…………………………………………………………… 65二、討論…………………………………………………………………… 67伍、建議…………………………………………………………………… 74參考文獻…………………………………………………………………… 75 | zh_TW |
| dc.format.extent | 40286 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 61193 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 44710 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 60436 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 208568 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 122566 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 59847 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 41794 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 57320 bytes | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.language.iso | en_US | - |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089752010 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Stroop中文叫色作業 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Stroop干擾效果 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 注意力 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 中性作業 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 練習 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 自動化 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 處理的相對速度 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 整合性不和諧作業 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 分離性不和諧作業 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 注意區域 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 位置不確定性 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 閱讀速度 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Stroop Chinese task | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Stroop interference | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Stroop effect | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | attention | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | neutral task | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | practice | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | automaticity | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | relative speed of processing | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | integrated incongruent task | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | separated incongruent task | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | attended location | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | locational uncertainty | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | reading speed | en_US |
| dc.title (題名) | 由Stroop叫色作業探討注意力的發展 | zh_TW |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 鄭昭明 （1993）。認知心理學 台北市：桂冠圖書公司 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ashcraft, M. H.（2004）。認知心理學 陳學志、邱發忠、劉政宏、林宜利、陳萩卿、林奕宏、陳淑蓉譯。 台北市：學富文化 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T.（2003）。認知心理學 （4th ed.） 李素卿譯。 台北市：五南圖書公司 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Siegler, R. S. (2004)原著。兒童認知發展（4th ed.） 林美珍編譯。 台北市：心理出版社 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ackerman, P. L., & Schneider, W. (1984). Practice effects and a model for Stroop interference. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Antonio. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Alwitt, L. F. (1966). Attentionin a visual task among non-readers and readers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 23, 361-362. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Balaban, M. T., Snidman, N., & Kagan, J. (1997). Attention, emotion, and reactivity in infancy and early childhood, In P. J. Lang & R. E. Simons (Eds.), Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes (pp. 369-391). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Bassett, J. E., & Schellman, G. C. (1976). Performance of retardates on the Stroop color-word test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 43, 1259-1262. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Bradlyn, A. S., & Rollins, H. A. (1988). Incidental memory for the color-word association in the Stroop Color-Word Test. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 16, 269-272. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Broadbent, D. E. (1958). Perception and Communication. London: Pergamon press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Bryson, S. E. (1983). Interference effects in autistic children: Evidence for the comprehension of single stimuli. Journal of Abcdrmal Psychology, 92, 250-254. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Bub, D. N., Masson, M E. J., and Lalonde, C. (2005). Cognitive control in children: Stroop Interference and Suppression of Word Reading. Psychological Science, (in press-accepted May 2005) | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Carter, C. S., Mintun, M., & Cohen, J, D. (1995). Interference and facilitation effects during selective attention: An H2150 PET study of Stroop task performance. NeuroImage, 2, 264-272. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cattell, J. M. (1886). The time it takes to see and name objects. Mind, 11, 63-65. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cohen, J. D., Dunbar, K., & McClelland, J.L.,(1990). On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect. Psychololgical Review, 97, 332-361.’ | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Comalli, P. E., Jr., Wapner, S., & Werner, H. (1962) Interference effects of Stroop colour-word test in childhood, adulthood, and ageing, Journal of Genetic Psychology, 100, 47-53. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Corbitt, J. R. (1978). Cognitive organization for words and colors as related to reading ability level: A developmental approach. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wyoming, 1977) Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 4501-B. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | DeHaas, P. A., & Young, R. D. (1984). Attention styles of hyperactive and normal girls. Journal of Abcdrmal Child Psychology, 12, 531-545. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Dulaney, C L., & Rogers, W. A. (1994). Mechanisms underlying reduction in Stroop interference with practice for young and old adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 20, 470-484. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Dunbar, K., & MacLeod, C. M. (1984). A horse race of a different color: Stroop interference patterns with transformed words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 622-639. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Dyer, F. N. (1973a). Interference and facilitation for color naming with separate bilateral presentations of the word and color. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 99, 314-317. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Dyer, F. N. (1973b). Same and different judgments for word-color pairs with “irrelevant”words or colors: Evidence for word-code comparisons. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 98, 102-108. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ehri, L. C. (1976). Do words really interfere in naming pictures? Child Development, 47, 502-505. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ehri, L. C., & Wilce, L. S. (1979). Does word training increase or decrease interference in a Stroop task? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 27, 352-364. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ehri, N. R., Woodley-Zanthos, P., Dulaney, C. L., & Palmer, R. L. (1989). Automatic-effortful processing and cognitive inertia in persons with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 93, 412-423. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ellis, N. R., & Dulaney, C. L. (1991). Further evidence for cognitive inertia in persons with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95, 613-621. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Everatt, J., McCorquodale, B., Smith, J., Culverwell, E., Wilks, A., Evans, D., Kay, M., & Baker, D. (1999). Associations between reading ability and visual processes. In j. Everatt (Ed.), reading and dyslexia: Visual and attentional processes (pp. 1-39). London: Routledge. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flowers, J. H., & Stoup, C. M. (1977). Selective attention between words, Shapes and colors in speeded classification and vocalization tasks. Memory & Cognition, 5, 299-307. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Flowers, J. H., & Wilcox, N. (1982). The effect of flanking context on visual classification: The joint contribution of interactions ay different processing levels. Perception and psychophysics, 32, 581-591. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Fraisse, P. (1969). Why is naming longer than reading? Acta Psychologica, 30, 96-103. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Garner, W. R. (1974). The processing of information and structure. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Gatti, S. V., & Egeth, H. E. (1978). Failure of spatial selectivity in vision. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 11, 181-184. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Glaser, M. O., & Glaser, W. r. (1982). Time course analysis of the Stroop phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and performance, 8, 875-894. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Golinkoff, R. M., & Rosinski, R. R. (1976). Decoding, semantic processing, and reading comprehension skill. Child Development, 47 252-258. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Guttentag, R. E., & Haith, M. M. (1978). Automatic processing as a function of age and reading ability. Child Development, 49, 707-716. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Harbeson, M. M., Krause, M., Kinnedy, R. S., & Bittner, A. C. (1982). The Stroop as a performance evaluation test for environmental research. Journal of Psychology, 111, 223-233. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology. New York: Holt. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Jerger, S., Stout, G., kent, M., Albritton, E., Loiselle, L., Blondeau, J., & Jorgenson, S. (1993). Auditory Stroop effects in children with hearing impairment. Journal of speech & Hearing Research, 36, 1083-1096. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kahneman, D., & Chajczyk, D. (1983). Tests of the automaticity of reading: Dilution of Stroop effects by color-irrelevant stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfornance, 9, 497-509. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kahneman, D., & Henik, A. (1981). Perceptual organization and attention. In M. Kubovy & J. R. Pomerantz (Eds), Perceptual organization (pp. 181-211). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kindlon, D. J. (1998). The measurement of attention. Child Psychology & Psychiatry review, 3, 72-78. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Klein. G. S. (1964). Semantic power measured through the interference of words with color-naming. American Journal of Psychology. 6, 293-323. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Lee, T. M. C., & Chan, C. C. H. (2000). Stroop interference in Chinese and English. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 465-471. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Logan, G. D. (1980). Attention and automaticity in Stroop and priming tasks: Theory and data. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 525-553. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Logan, G. D. (1985). Skill and automaticity: Relations, implications, and future directions. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 39, 367-386. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | MacLeod, C. M. (1986). [A replication of the classic Stroop effect]. Unpublished raw data. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | MacLeod, C. M. (1991). John Ridley Stroop: Creator of a landmark cognitive task. Canadian Psychology, 32:3, 521-524. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | MacLeod, C. M. (1992). The Stroop task: The “gold standard”of attentional measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121, 12-14. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | MacLeod, C. M. (1998). Training on integrated versus separated Stroop tasks: The progression of interference and facilitation. Memory & Cognition, 26, 201-211. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | MacLeod, C. M., & Dunbar, K. (1988). Training and Stroop-like interference: Evidence for a continuum of automaticity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 14, 126-135. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | MacLeod, c. M., & MacDonald, P. A. (2000). Interdimensional interference in the Stroop effect: Uncovering the cognitive and neural anatomy of attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(10), 383-391. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic finding. Psychological Review, 88, 375-407. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Menard-Buteau, C., & Cavanagh, P. (1984). Localization of the form/colour interference at the perceptual level in a Stroop task with stimuli drawings. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 38, 421-439. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Morton, J., & Chambers, S. M. (1973). Selective attention to words and colours. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 387-397. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Milliken, B., & Tipper, S. P. (1998). Attention and inhibition. In H. Pashler (Ed.). Attention (pp. 191-222). Hove, Sussex: Psychology Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Nielsen, G. D. (1975). The locus and mechanism of the Stroop color word effect (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin----Madison, 1974). Dissertation Abstracts International, 35, 5672-B. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ogura, C. (1980). Formation of learning-set in the task of Stroop color-word test. Journal of Child Development, 16, 30-36. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Posner, M. I., & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium (pp. 55-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Rieger, M., & Gauggel, s. (1999). Inhibitory after-effects in the stop signal paradigm. British journal of Psychology, 90, 509-518. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Schiller, P. H. (1966). Developmental Study of color-word interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 105-108. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: Ⅱ. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127-190. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Stroop, J. P. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Treisman, A. M. (1969). Strategies and models of selective attention. Psychological Review, 76, 282-299. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Underwood, G. (1976). Semantic interference from unattended printed words . British Journal of Psychology, 67, 327-338. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Van Selst, M., & Jolicoeur, P. (1997). Decision and response in dual-task interference. Cognitive Psychology, 33, 266-307. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Wright, B. C., & Wanley, A. (2003). Adults’ versus children’s performance on the Stroop task: Interference and facilitation. British Journal of Psychology, 94, 475-485. | zh_TW |
