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題名 物體輪廓診斷性對形式內促發與跨形式促發之影響
The effect of object contour diagnosticity on within-modal and cross-modal priming作者 王林宇
Linyu Lennel Wang貢獻者 顏乃欣
Nai-Shing Yen
王林宇
Linyu Lennel Wang關鍵詞 物體辨識
內隱記憶
知識表徵
腦側化
物體輪廓診斷性
物體類型
形式內促發
跨形式促發
object recognition
implicit memory
knowledge representation
lateralization
global diagnosticity
within-modal priming
within-modal priming
object type日期 2002 上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 13:12:36 (UTC+8) 摘要 每個人遇到曾經看過的物體時，辨識該物體速度會增加（或辨識的正確率增加），這個現象稱為促發(priming)效果（簡稱P-P促發），同樣地，閱讀某物體的名稱（亦即文字）後，隔幾分鐘後再看該物體的圖形，這樣也會產生一種促發量（簡稱W-P促發）。許多研究都指出W-P促發是一種內隱(implicit)記憶，亦即，個體不需要刻意想起曾經看過的物件，促發效果仍會產生，而且P-P促發量都高於W-P促發量。然而，一些研究卻發現W-P促發量等於P-P促發量，顯然地，內隱記憶理論無法對於這種反直覺現象提出合理的解釋。根據Paivio的雙重收錄理論(dual coding theory)(Paivio, 1986, 1991)，辨識具體(concrete)名詞（例如，物體的名稱）會同時觸及(access)或激發兩種知識表徵，一種是涉及左腦的口語(verbal)表徵，另一種是涉及左腦與右腦的影像(image)表徵，而許多神經語言學研究皆指出，涉及處理具體名詞的神經機制不只包含左腦，同時也包含右腦，是以，閱讀具體名詞可能會觸及或激發物體的內在表徵，如果物體輪廓相當獨特或明顯，那麼閱讀此類型物體之名稱可能會觸及或激發此類物體的完整或重要表徵，致使W-P促發量等於P-P促發量現象。因此本研究試圖操弄物體輪廓診斷性來解釋W-P促發量等於P-P促發量之現象。實驗一與實驗二分別以「圖形唸名」以及「圖形知覺辨識作業」來檢驗「物體輪廓診斷性」對促發的影響，結果顯示，「整體診斷性不高」物體（globally non-diagnostic object，簡稱GN類物體）的P-P促發量高於W-P促發量，和先前許多研究結果一致，然而，「整體診斷性高」物體（globally diagnostic object，簡稱GD類物體）的W-P促發量等於P-P促發量，顯示「物體輪廓診斷性」會影響促發的表現，同時也顯示閱讀GD類物體名稱可以觸及或激發GD類物體的整體或必要的知識表徵。實驗三以分視野(divided visual field)呈現方式檢驗GD類物體的W-P促發之腦側化現象。本研究發現，顯著的W-P促發只出現在右腦，顯示W-P促發主要經由右腦來處理，根據Paivio的雙重收錄理論來推論，W-P促發之本質可能主要涉及以影像為基礎的(image-based)的知識表徵。本研究同時操弄外顯記憶以檢驗外顯記憶是否污染W-P促發而導致W-P促發量等於P-P促發量，結果顯示，不管哪一種物體，P-P情境的再認記憶表現都顯著比W-P情境好，顯示GD類物體的促發表現與外顯記憶表現之間有單一分離(single dissociation)的關係，換言之，GD類物體之W-P促發並不受外顯記憶影響或污染。此外，實驗四顯示刻意的心像策略並不涉及W-P促發，顯示閱讀GD類物體名稱觸及GD類物體概念表徵是一種自動化而且相當快速的歷程。
Implicit memory is usually assessed by showing repetition priming effects, when better performance in accuracy or response time for stimuli that have been previously encountered in comparison with performance with new stimuli. Picture-naming priming has been examined in studies that compared priming in participants who named pictures in the study phase and named those same pictures in the test phase (P-P condition) versus participants who read words that were the names of pictures in the study phase and named pictures cor-responding to those words in the test phase (W-P condition). Many studies demonstrated W-P priming is less than P-P priming in the picture-naming task and other similar object recognition tasks. However, in sharp contrast to the above studies, some studies reported equivalent magnitudes of P-P and W-P naming priming. Theories of implicit memory cannot account for the counter-intuitive phenomenon.According to Paivio’s dual-coding theory, the processing of abstract nouns (e.g., justice) relies on verbal code representations of the left cerebral hemisphere only, whereas concrete nouns (e.g., airplane) additionally access a second image-based processing system in the right cerebral hemisphere (Paivio, 1986, 1991). Paivio’s theory is supported by many researches on neurolinguistics. If the contour of an object is very distinctive or diagnostic, there should be the possible result that reading the name of the distinctive objects could access the whole or essential representation of the object. Following the idea, I manipulated global diagnosticity of object contour to examine whether P-P priming is always larger than W-P priming.I found P-P priming was equivalent to W-P priming on “globally diagnostic” (GD) objects, but the P-P priming was still larger than W-P priming on “glob-ally non-diagnostic” (GN) objects. This phenomenon appeared on both pic-ture-naming (Experiment 1) and picture perceptual-identification (Experiment 2) tasks. Experiment 3 showed that significant W-P priming appeared only when GD objects in the test phase were presented to the right cerebral hemi-sphere (in the left visual field). Based on the Paivio’s dual coding theory (Paivio, 1986, 1991) and research on neurolinguistics, the nature of W-P priming for GD objects was inferred to be image-based processing.Better explicit (conscious) memory performance (recognition memory) in P-P condition than that in W-P condition showed that equivalent priming across P-P and W-P conditions on GD objects was dissociated from the influence of conscious recognition memory. Experiment 4 showed that the intentional strategy of generating mental imagery was not necessarily involved in the W-P priming.These results suggested that reading names of globally diagnostic objects can access, automatically and unconsciously, the representation or essential features of globally diagnostic objects, and right cerebral hemisphere might be responsible for the processing.參考文獻 汪曼穎(1998)。常見物體輪廓圖形之知覺及語意特性評估研究。「中華心理學刊」，39，157-172。
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國立政治大學
心理學研究所
89752013
91資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089752013 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 顏乃欣 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Nai-Shing Yen en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王林宇 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Linyu Lennel Wang en_US dc.creator (作者) 王林宇 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Linyu Lennel Wang en_US dc.date (日期) 2002 en_US dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 13:12:36 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 13:12:36 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 13:12:36 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0089752013 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32474 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 89752013 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 91 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 每個人遇到曾經看過的物體時，辨識該物體速度會增加（或辨識的正確率增加），這個現象稱為促發(priming)效果（簡稱P-P促發），同樣地，閱讀某物體的名稱（亦即文字）後，隔幾分鐘後再看該物體的圖形，這樣也會產生一種促發量（簡稱W-P促發）。許多研究都指出W-P促發是一種內隱(implicit)記憶，亦即，個體不需要刻意想起曾經看過的物件，促發效果仍會產生，而且P-P促發量都高於W-P促發量。然而，一些研究卻發現W-P促發量等於P-P促發量，顯然地，內隱記憶理論無法對於這種反直覺現象提出合理的解釋。根據Paivio的雙重收錄理論(dual coding theory)(Paivio, 1986, 1991)，辨識具體(concrete)名詞（例如，物體的名稱）會同時觸及(access)或激發兩種知識表徵，一種是涉及左腦的口語(verbal)表徵，另一種是涉及左腦與右腦的影像(image)表徵，而許多神經語言學研究皆指出，涉及處理具體名詞的神經機制不只包含左腦，同時也包含右腦，是以，閱讀具體名詞可能會觸及或激發物體的內在表徵，如果物體輪廓相當獨特或明顯，那麼閱讀此類型物體之名稱可能會觸及或激發此類物體的完整或重要表徵，致使W-P促發量等於P-P促發量現象。因此本研究試圖操弄物體輪廓診斷性來解釋W-P促發量等於P-P促發量之現象。實驗一與實驗二分別以「圖形唸名」以及「圖形知覺辨識作業」來檢驗「物體輪廓診斷性」對促發的影響，結果顯示，「整體診斷性不高」物體（globally non-diagnostic object，簡稱GN類物體）的P-P促發量高於W-P促發量，和先前許多研究結果一致，然而，「整體診斷性高」物體（globally diagnostic object，簡稱GD類物體）的W-P促發量等於P-P促發量，顯示「物體輪廓診斷性」會影響促發的表現，同時也顯示閱讀GD類物體名稱可以觸及或激發GD類物體的整體或必要的知識表徵。實驗三以分視野(divided visual field)呈現方式檢驗GD類物體的W-P促發之腦側化現象。本研究發現，顯著的W-P促發只出現在右腦，顯示W-P促發主要經由右腦來處理，根據Paivio的雙重收錄理論來推論，W-P促發之本質可能主要涉及以影像為基礎的(image-based)的知識表徵。本研究同時操弄外顯記憶以檢驗外顯記憶是否污染W-P促發而導致W-P促發量等於P-P促發量，結果顯示，不管哪一種物體，P-P情境的再認記憶表現都顯著比W-P情境好，顯示GD類物體的促發表現與外顯記憶表現之間有單一分離(single dissociation)的關係，換言之，GD類物體之W-P促發並不受外顯記憶影響或污染。此外，實驗四顯示刻意的心像策略並不涉及W-P促發，顯示閱讀GD類物體名稱觸及GD類物體概念表徵是一種自動化而且相當快速的歷程。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Implicit memory is usually assessed by showing repetition priming effects, when better performance in accuracy or response time for stimuli that have been previously encountered in comparison with performance with new stimuli. Picture-naming priming has been examined in studies that compared priming in participants who named pictures in the study phase and named those same pictures in the test phase (P-P condition) versus participants who read words that were the names of pictures in the study phase and named pictures cor-responding to those words in the test phase (W-P condition). Many studies demonstrated W-P priming is less than P-P priming in the picture-naming task and other similar object recognition tasks. However, in sharp contrast to the above studies, some studies reported equivalent magnitudes of P-P and W-P naming priming. Theories of implicit memory cannot account for the counter-intuitive phenomenon.According to Paivio’s dual-coding theory, the processing of abstract nouns (e.g., justice) relies on verbal code representations of the left cerebral hemisphere only, whereas concrete nouns (e.g., airplane) additionally access a second image-based processing system in the right cerebral hemisphere (Paivio, 1986, 1991). Paivio’s theory is supported by many researches on neurolinguistics. If the contour of an object is very distinctive or diagnostic, there should be the possible result that reading the name of the distinctive objects could access the whole or essential representation of the object. Following the idea, I manipulated global diagnosticity of object contour to examine whether P-P priming is always larger than W-P priming.I found P-P priming was equivalent to W-P priming on “globally diagnostic” (GD) objects, but the P-P priming was still larger than W-P priming on “glob-ally non-diagnostic” (GN) objects. This phenomenon appeared on both pic-ture-naming (Experiment 1) and picture perceptual-identification (Experiment 2) tasks. Experiment 3 showed that significant W-P priming appeared only when GD objects in the test phase were presented to the right cerebral hemi-sphere (in the left visual field). Based on the Paivio’s dual coding theory (Paivio, 1986, 1991) and research on neurolinguistics, the nature of W-P priming for GD objects was inferred to be image-based processing.Better explicit (conscious) memory performance (recognition memory) in P-P condition than that in W-P condition showed that equivalent priming across P-P and W-P conditions on GD objects was dissociated from the influence of conscious recognition memory. Experiment 4 showed that the intentional strategy of generating mental imagery was not necessarily involved in the W-P priming.These results suggested that reading names of globally diagnostic objects can access, automatically and unconsciously, the representation or essential features of globally diagnostic objects, and right cerebral hemisphere might be responsible for the processing. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 中文摘要 iii英文摘要 iv致謝 v表目次 ix圖目次 x緒論 1知覺特定性(Perceptual Specificity) 3非知覺歷程 ~ 跨形式促發(Cross Form/Modality Priming) 8影響跨形式促發的因素 12反直覺現象 ~ 跨形式促發量 = 形式內促發量 22研究目的 26實驗一 28實驗二 40實驗三 44實驗四 52綜合討論 58參考文獻 68附錄 81 zh_TW dc.format.extent 11043 bytes - dc.format.extent 10039 bytes - dc.format.extent 228210 bytes - dc.format.extent 165690 bytes - dc.format.extent 283158 bytes - dc.format.extent 305620 bytes - dc.format.extent 313821 bytes - dc.format.extent 296984 bytes - dc.format.extent 454058 bytes - dc.format.extent 355808 bytes - dc.format.extent 269816 bytes - dc.format.extent 501243 bytes - dc.format.extent 367247 bytes - dc.format.extent 537698 bytes - dc.format.extent 470293 bytes - dc.format.extent 330884 bytes - dc.format.extent 448838 bytes - dc.format.extent 423278 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089752013 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 物體辨識 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 內隱記憶 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 知識表徵 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 腦側化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 物體輪廓診斷性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 物體類型 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 形式內促發 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨形式促發 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) object recognition en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) implicit memory en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) knowledge representation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) lateralization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) global diagnosticity en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) within-modal priming en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) within-modal priming en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) object type en_US dc.title (題名) 物體輪廓診斷性對形式內促發與跨形式促發之影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The effect of object contour diagnosticity on within-modal and cross-modal priming en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 汪曼穎(1998)。常見物體輪廓圖形之知覺及語意特性評估研究。「中華心理學刊」，39，157-172。 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳學志、鄭昭明(1999)。適用於認知心理學實驗室之變異數分析暨趨勢分析程式。「應用心理研究」，1，229-246。 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Amedi, A., Jacobson, G., Hendler, T., Malach, R., & Zohary, E. 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