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題名 定錨效果內在機制之探討--無意識層次與意識層次的定錨效果
作者 賴怡君
貢獻者 顏乃欣
Yen,Nai-Shing
賴怡君
關鍵詞 定錨效果
無意識層次
意識層次
定錨效果的量測
錨點極端性
日期 2003
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 13:13:24 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究主要探討定錨效果內在機制中，無意識歷程與意識歷程定錨效果的區分。在實驗一中，利用快速呈現的研究典範，發現即使是在受試者沒有意識到錨點的情況下仍然會有定錨效果的發生。實驗二中則同時操弄時間壓力與意識層次，結果發現透過無意識歷程產生的定錨效果，時間壓力的有無並不會造成定錨效果大小的差異；而透過意識歷程產生的定錨效果，則在有時間壓力的情況下，會有比較大的定錨效果。實驗三則釐清以往研究所探討「錨點極端性對定錨效果的影響」中許多不一致的結果，認為以往研究結果的歧異有可能是由於所使用的量測方式不適當的原因所導致，當採用修正後的量測方式「調整指數」去重新計算定錨效果，並利用讓受試者寫下訊息的方式以了解產生訊息的性質與數量，結果發現當錨點越極端時，受試者所搜尋到目標與錨點一致的訊息就越少，定錨效果也就會越小。實驗四中同時操弄時間壓力與錨點極端性，結果發現沒有時間壓力時，錨點越極端其定錨效果越小；而當有時間壓力時，錨點極端性就不會產生效果。以上結果由無意識層次及意識層次的角度來討論所有的定錨現象。
參考文獻 林志皇（2001）。「影響定錨效果的因素」。國立中正大學心理學研究所
未發表之碩士論文。
蕭湘如，李玉惠（2000）。錨點個數與錨點一致性對定錨效果的影響。
「中華心理學刊」，42， 155-170。
Balota, D. A. (1983). Automatic semantic activation and
episodic memory encoding. Journal of Verbal Learning and
Verbal Behavioral, 22, 88-104.
Brewer, N. T., & Chapman, G. B. (2002). The fragile of basic
anchoring effect. Journal of Decision Making, 15, 65-77.
Chapman, G. B., & Bornstein, B. H.(1996). The more you ask for,
the more you get: Anchoring in personal injury verdicts.
Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 519-540.
Chapman, G. B., & Johnson, E. J. (1994). The limits of
anchoring. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 7, 223-
242.
Chapman, G. B., & Johnson, E. J. (1999). Anchoring, activation,
and the construction of values. Organizational Behavior and
Human Decision Processes, 79, 115-153.
Chapman, G. B., & Johnson, E. J. (2002). Incorporating the
irrelevant: Anchors in judgments of belief and value. In T.
Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and
Biases, (pp120-138). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Dupoux, E., Kouider, S., & Mehler, J. (2003). Lexical access
without attention? Explorations using dichotic priming.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and
Performance, 29, 172-184.
Hinsz, V. B., Kalnbach, L. R., & Lorentz, N. R. (1997). Using
judgemental anchors to establish challenging self-set goals
without jeopardizing commitment. Organizational Behavior
and Human Decision Processes,71, 287-308.
Jacowitz, K.E., & Kahnman, D. (1995). Measures of anchoring in
estimation tasks. Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin, 21, 1161-1166.
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: a
judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3,
434-454.
Kristensen, H., & Garling, T. (1997). The effects of anchor
points and reference points on negotiation process and
outcome. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision
Processes, 71, 84-94.
Kruger, J. (1999). Lake Wobegon be gone! The “Below-average
effect” and the egocentric nature of comparative ability
judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
77, 221-232.
Kunst-Wilson, W. R., & Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Affective
discrimination of stimuli that cannot be recognized.
Science, 207, 557-558.
Marcel, A. J. (1974). Perception with and without awareness.
Paper presented at the meeting of the Experimental
Psychology Society, Stirling, Scotland.
Maule, A. J., & Edland, A. C. (1997). The effect of time
pressure on human judgment and decision making. In R.
Ranyard, W. R. Crozier, & O. Svenson (Eds.), Decision
Making, (pp189-204). New York: Routledge.
Merikle, P. M. (2000). Subliminal perception. In A. E. Kazdin
(Eds.), Encylopedia of Psychology, (Vol.7, pp.497-499). New
York: Oxford University Press.
Merikle, P. M., & Daneman, M. (1998). Psychological
investigations of unconscious perception. Journal of
Consciousness Studies, 5, 5-18.
Merikle, P. M., & Joordens, S. (1997). Measuring unconscious
influences. In J. D. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.),
Scientific Approaches to Consciousness. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Merikle, P. M., Joordens, S., & Stolz, J. Z. (1995). Measuring
the relative magnitude of unconscious influences.
Consciousness and Cognition, 4, 422-439.
Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and
awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal
stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 64, 723-739.
Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (1999). Hypothesis-consistent
testing and semantics priming in the anchoring paradigm: A
selective accessibility model. Journal of Experimental
Social Psychology, 35, 136-164.
Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (2000a). Numeric judgments under
uncertainty: The role of knowledge in anchoring. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 495-518.
Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (2000b). The use of category and
exemplar knowledge in the solution of anchoring task.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1038-1052.
Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (2001). The semantics of
anchoring. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision
Processes, 86, 2, 234-255.
Mussweiler, T., Strack, F., & Pfeiffer, T. (2000). Overcoming
the inevitable anchoring effect: Considering the opposite
compensates for selective accessibility. Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1142-1150.
Posner, P. G. & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975). Attention and
cognitive of control. In R. Solso (Ed.), Information
Processing and Cognition: The Loyola Symposium. Hillsdale,
NJ: Erlbaum.
Schwarz, N. (1990). Assessing frequency reports of mundane
behaviors: Contribution of cognitive psychology to
questionnaire construction. In C. Hendrick & M. S. Clark
(Eds.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology: Vol.
11. Research Methods in Personality and Social Psychology
(pp.98-119). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Shafir, E. & LeBoeuf, R. A. (2002). Rationality. Annual Review
of Psychology, 53, 491-517.
Strack, F. (1992). The different routes to social judgment:
Experimental versus informational strategies. In L. L.
Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.). The Construction of Social
Judgment (pp.249-275). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Strack, F., & Mussweiler, T. (1997). Explaining the enigmatic
anchoring effect: Mechanisms of selective accessibility.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 437-446.
Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choices.
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69, 99-118.
Tversky, A., & Kahnman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty:
Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
Quattrone, G. A., Lawrence, C. P., Finkel, S. E., & Andrus, D.
C. (1984). Explorations in Anchoring: The Effect of Prior
Range, Anchor Extremity, and Suggestive Hints. Manuscript,
Stanford University.
Wansink, B., Kent, R. J., & Hoch, S. J. (1998). An anchoring
and adjustment model of purchase quantity decisions.
Journal of Marketing Research, 35, 71-81.
Wilson, T. D., & Brekke, N. (1994). Mental contamination and
mental correction: unwanted influences on judgments and
evaluations. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 117-142.
Wilson, T. D., Houston, C. E., Etling, K. M. & Brekke, N.
(1996). A new look at anchoring effect: Basic anchoring and
its antecedent. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
General, 125, 387-402.
Wong, K. F., & Kwong, Y. Y. (2000). Is 7300m equal to 7.3km?
Same semantics but different anchoring effects.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82,
2, 314-333.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
90752017
92
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090752017
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 顏乃欣zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yen,Nai-Shingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 賴怡君zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 賴怡君zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2003en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 13:13:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 13:13:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 13:13:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0090752017en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32480-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90752017zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究主要探討定錨效果內在機制中，無意識歷程與意識歷程定錨效果的區分。在實驗一中，利用快速呈現的研究典範，發現即使是在受試者沒有意識到錨點的情況下仍然會有定錨效果的發生。實驗二中則同時操弄時間壓力與意識層次，結果發現透過無意識歷程產生的定錨效果，時間壓力的有無並不會造成定錨效果大小的差異；而透過意識歷程產生的定錨效果，則在有時間壓力的情況下，會有比較大的定錨效果。實驗三則釐清以往研究所探討「錨點極端性對定錨效果的影響」中許多不一致的結果，認為以往研究結果的歧異有可能是由於所使用的量測方式不適當的原因所導致，當採用修正後的量測方式「調整指數」去重新計算定錨效果，並利用讓受試者寫下訊息的方式以了解產生訊息的性質與數量，結果發現當錨點越極端時，受試者所搜尋到目標與錨點一致的訊息就越少，定錨效果也就會越小。實驗四中同時操弄時間壓力與錨點極端性，結果發現沒有時間壓力時，錨點越極端其定錨效果越小；而當有時間壓力時，錨點極端性就不會產生效果。以上結果由無意識層次及意識層次的角度來討論所有的定錨現象。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
目錄………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………Ⅳ
表目錄……………………………………………………………………Ⅴ
緒論…………………………………………………………………………1
文獻探討……………………………………………………………………4
定錨現象的相關研究…………………………………………………4
各理論模式對定錨效果的解釋……………………………………………5
無意識訊息對決策判斷的影響………………………………………12
修正的整合模式………………………………………………………15
定錨效果的量測………………………………………………………27
研究假設………………………………………………………………30
前測…………………………………………………………………………33
實驗一………………………………………………………………………36
實驗二………………………………………………………………………39
實驗三………………………………………………………………………45
實驗四………………………………………………………………………51
綜合討論……………………………………………………………………55
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………62
附錄…………………………………………………………………………67
附錄一、研究所使用的問題…………………………………………67
附錄二、前測實驗指導語……………………………………………68
附錄三、實驗一指導語………………………………………………69
附錄四、實驗二指導語-未覺知無意識無時間壓力組………………70
附錄五、實驗二指導語-未覺知無意識有時間壓力組………………71
附錄六、實驗二指導語-注意無意識無時間壓力組…………………72
附錄七、實驗二指導語-注意無意識有時間壓力組…………………73
附錄八、實驗二指導語-注意意識無時間壓力組……………………74
附錄九、實驗二指導語-注意意識有時間壓力組……………………75
附錄十、實驗三指導語………………………………………………76
附錄十一、實驗四指導語無時間壓力組……………………………77
附錄十二、實驗四指導語有時間壓力組……………………………78		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090752017en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 定錨效果zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 無意識層次zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 意識層次zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 定錨效果的量測zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 錨點極端性zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 定錨效果內在機制之探討--無意識層次與意識層次的定錨效果zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林志皇（2001）。「影響定錨效果的因素」。國立中正大學心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 未發表之碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蕭湘如，李玉惠（2000）。錨點個數與錨點一致性對定錨效果的影響。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 「中華心理學刊」，42， 155-170。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Balota, D. A. (1983). Automatic semantic activation andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) episodic memory encoding. Journal of Verbal Learning andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Verbal Behavioral, 22, 88-104.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brewer, N. T., & Chapman, G. B. (2002). The fragile of basiczh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) anchoring effect. Journal of Decision Making, 15, 65-77.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chapman, G. B., & Bornstein, B. H.(1996). The more you ask for,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) the more you get: Anchoring in personal injury verdicts.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 519-540.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chapman, G. B., & Johnson, E. J. (1994). The limits ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) anchoring. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 7, 223-zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 242.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chapman, G. B., & Johnson, E. J. (1999). Anchoring, activation,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) and the construction of values. Organizational Behavior andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Human Decision Processes, 79, 115-153.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chapman, G. B., & Johnson, E. J. (2002). Incorporating thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) irrelevant: Anchors in judgments of belief and value. In T.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Biases, (pp120-138). New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dupoux, E., Kouider, S., & Mehler, J. (2003). Lexical accesszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) without attention? Explorations using dichotic priming.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Performance, 29, 172-184.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hinsz, V. B., Kalnbach, L. R., & Lorentz, N. R. (1997). Usingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) judgemental anchors to establish challenging self-set goalszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) without jeopardizing commitment. Organizational Behaviorzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) and Human Decision Processes,71, 287-308.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jacowitz, K.E., & Kahnman, D. (1995). Measures of anchoring inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) estimation tasks. Personality and Social Psychologyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bulletin, 21, 1161-1166.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: azh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 434-454.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kristensen, H., & Garling, T. (1997). The effects of anchorzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) points and reference points on negotiation process andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) outcome. Organizational Behavior and Human Decisionzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Processes, 71, 84-94.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kruger, J. (1999). Lake Wobegon be gone! The “Below-averagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) effect” and the egocentric nature of comparative abilityzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 77, 221-232.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kunst-Wilson, W. R., & Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Affectivezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) discrimination of stimuli that cannot be recognized.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Science, 207, 557-558.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marcel, A. J. (1974). Perception with and without awareness.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Paper presented at the meeting of the Experimentalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Psychology Society, Stirling, Scotland.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Maule, A. J., & Edland, A. C. (1997). The effect of timezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) pressure on human judgment and decision making. In R.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ranyard, W. R. Crozier, & O. Svenson (Eds.), Decisionzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Making, (pp189-204). New York: Routledge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Merikle, P. M. (2000). Subliminal perception. In A. E. Kazdinzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (Eds.), Encylopedia of Psychology, (Vol.7, pp.497-499). Newzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) York: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Merikle, P. M., & Daneman, M. (1998). Psychologicalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) investigations of unconscious perception. Journal ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Consciousness Studies, 5, 5-18.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Merikle, P. M., & Joordens, S. (1997). Measuring unconsciouszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) influences. In J. D. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Scientific Approaches to Consciousness. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Merikle, P. M., Joordens, S., & Stolz, J. Z. (1995). Measuringzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) the relative magnitude of unconscious influences.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Consciousness and Cognition, 4, 422-439.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Socialzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Psychology, 64, 723-739.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (1999). Hypothesis-consistentzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) testing and semantics priming in the anchoring paradigm: Azh_TW
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