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題名 年齡與注意力因素對於時間估計之影響
Age, attention, and time estimation
作者 吳美瑤
Wu,Mei-yao
貢獻者 廖瑞銘
Liao,Ruey-ming
吳美瑤
Wu,Mei-yao
關鍵詞 時間複製
年齡與發展
雙重作業
注意力
小學生
純量計時
time reproduction
age and development
dual task
attention
elementary school student
Scalar expectancy theory
日期 2004
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 13:19:05 (UTC+8)
摘要 為了探討注意力與年齡因素對計時行為的影響，本實驗選用事前知道計時派典（prospective paradigm）與不涉及人為時間單位之知識的計時複製方式。針對注意力的因素，本研究採用雙重作業以操弄注意力資源集中或分散，檢測其對計時作業的影響。另針對年齡的因素，本研究比較低年級小學生、高年級小學生、及大學生成人三種不同年齡組的受試。

本研究利用四種計時作業，針對三個不同年齡層的受試進行對兩種不等的時距計時資料收集。計時作業及年齡因子的實驗設計採受試者間設計，而時距因子則採受試者內設計。研究結果發現（1）低年級組的計時準確性較高年級組或成人組差；（2）受試在雙重作業的計時表現的確較單一作業差，這個計時受干擾的結果，在複雜的雙重作業又較在簡單雙重作業明顯，且年紀愈小的受試所受干擾影響愈大；（3）三年齡層受試在雙重作業中皆有低估目標時距的現象，其中以低年級在複雜雙重作業中的低估程度最明顯；（4）低年級組的計時能力之穩定性較高年級或成人組低；（5）在無需對不斷出現之無意義刺激作偵測反應時，三年齡受試的計時準確性未受影響。

這些結果顯示計時的誤差的確隨著注意力需分派於非時間作業的增加，受試所複製的時距也隨之縮短。這項由於注意力分散所致的計時誤差在國小低年級組最明顯，但隨著年齡的成長及腦發展愈臻成熟，這項影響效果愈趨式微，致使計時的表現愈正確。

關鍵詞：時間複製、年齡與發展、雙重作業、注意力、小學生、純量計時
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the attention and age on time estimation based on the prospective timing paradigm. Four timing tasks, with different degrees of attentional requirement, were utilized to test timing of reproducing the target intervals in three groups of different ages including the lower-grade (M= 7.5 years), higher-grade (M= 11.2 years) elementary school students and adult (M= 20.1 years). The subjects in this work were asked to estimate a stimulus duration lasting for 7 or 14 s, during which they are required to either do or do not perform a concurrent non-temporal task. Thus, the experimental design for the present study was mixed with between-subject factors (age and task) and a within-subject factor (target interval). The results showed (1) the lower-grade children performed less accurate than the higher-grade children; (2) all subjects had worse timing performance in the dual-task condition than the single-task or control condition, which effect was most evident in the lower-grade children; (3) all subjects reproduced shorter interval as compared to the target interval, which effect was most apparently observed from the dual-task for the lower-grade children; (4) the lower-grade children had less reliability in timing; and (5) the effect of age on the single-task and control condition is not significant. Together, these data indicate that concurrent non-temporal task cause temporal reproduction shorter, especially under high attention demand in lower-grade children. In addition to the influence by the task complexity, the accuracy of timing estimation depends on the age.

Keywords: time reproduction、age and development、dual task、attention、elementary school student、Scalar expectancy theory(SET)
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9.Church, R. M. (1997). Timing and temporal search. In C. M. Bradshaw & E. Szabadi (Eds.), Time and behaviour: Psychological and neurobehavioural analyses (pp. 41-78). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
10.Coull, J. T., Vidal, F., Nazarian, B. & Macar, F. (2004). Functional anatomy of the attention modulation of time estimation. Science, 303, 1506-1508.
11.Damasio, A. R. (2002). Remember when. Scientific American, 287 (3), 48-55.
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17.Gautier, T. & Droit-Volet, S. (2002b). Attentional distraction and time percepton in children. International Journal of Psychology, 37(1), 27-34.
18.Gibbon, J. (1977). Scalar expectancy theory and Weber’s law in animal timing. Psychological Review, 84, 279-325.
19.Gibbon, J. (1991). Origins of scalar timing. Learning and Motivation, 22, 3-38.
20.Gibbon, J., Church, R. M. & Meck, W. H. (1984). Scalar timing in memory. In J. Gibbon & L. Allan (Eds.), Timing and time perception (pp. 52-77). New York Academy of Sciences.
21.Goldberg, M. C., Maurer. D. & Lewis, T. L. (2001). Developmental changes in attention: the effects of endogenous cueing and of distractors. Developmental Sciences, 4(2), 209-219.
22.Goldstone, S. (1975). The variability of temporal judgment in psychopathology. In M. L. Kietzman, S. Sutton & J. Zubin (Eds.), Experimental approaches to psycholopathology (pp. 393-419). New York: Academic Press.
23.Grondin, S., Metthe, L. & koren, S. (1994). Motor disruption in the production of time intervals with finger taps. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48(3), 460-466.
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27.Klenberg, L., Korkman, M. & Lahti-Nuuttila, P. (2001). Differential development of attention and executive functions in 3-to 12-year-old Finnish children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20, 407-428.
28.Macar, F., Grondin, S. & Casini, L. (1994). Controlled attention sharing
influences time estimation. Memory & Cognition, 22 (6), 673-686.
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30.Matell, M. S., Meck, W. H. & Nicolelis M. A. L. (2003). Integration of behavior and timing: anatomically separate systems or distributed processing? In W. H. Meck (Ed.), Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing (pp. 143-182). Flordia: CRC Press.
31.Mauk, M. D. & Buonomano, D. V. (2004). The neural basis temporal processing. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 307-340.
32.Meck, W. H. (1996). Neuropharmacology of timing and time perception. Cognitive Brain Research, 3, 227-242.
33.Meck, W. H. & Malapani, C. (2004). Neuroimaging of interval timing. Cognitive Brain Research, 21, 133-137.
34.Meck, W. H. (2005). Neuropsychology of timing and time perception. Brain and Cognition, 58, 1-8.
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38.Spiegel, M. R. (1961). Schaum’s outline of theory and problems of statistics. New York: Schaum.
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40.Vanneste, S., & Pouthas, V. (1999). Timing in aging: the role of attention. Experimental Aging Research, 25, 49-67.
41.Verfaellie, M., Browers, D. & Heilman, K. M. (1990). Attentional processes in spatial stimulus-response compatibility. In R. W. Proctor & T. G. Reeve (Eds.), Stimulus –response compatibility (pp. 261-275). North-Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.
42.Wearden, J. H. (1991). Human performance on an analogue of an interval bisection task. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental psychology, 43B, 59-81.
43.Wearden, J. H. (1992). Temporal generalization in humans. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 18, 134-144.
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45.Wickens, C. D. (1992). Engineering psychology and human performance (2ed ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
46.Wilkening, F., Levin, I. & Druyan, S. (1987). Children’s counting strategies for time quantification and integration. Development Psychology, 23(6), 823-831.
47.Zakay, D. (1989). Subjective time and attention resource allocation: An integrated model of time estimation. In I. Levin & D. Zakay (Eds.), Time and human cognition: A life –span perspective (pp. 365-397). Amsterdam: North Holland.
48.Zakay, D. (1992). The role of attention in children’s time perception. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 54, 355-371.
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50.Zakay, D. (1993b). Time estimation methods- do they influence prospective duration estimations? Perception, 22, 91-101.
51.Zakay, D. (1998). Attention allocation policy influences prospective timing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5 (1), 114-118.
52.Zakay, D. & Block, R. A. (1996). The role of attention in time estimation processes. In M. A. Pastor & J. Artieda (Eds.), Time, internal clocks and movement (pp. 143-164). New York: Elsevier.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
90752020
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0907520201
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 廖瑞銘zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Liao,Ruey-mingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳美瑤zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu,Mei-yaoen_US
dc.creator (作者) 吳美瑤zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wu,Mei-yaoen_US
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 13:19:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 13:19:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 13:19:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0907520201en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32518-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90752020zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 為了探討注意力與年齡因素對計時行為的影響，本實驗選用事前知道計時派典（prospective paradigm）與不涉及人為時間單位之知識的計時複製方式。針對注意力的因素，本研究採用雙重作業以操弄注意力資源集中或分散，檢測其對計時作業的影響。另針對年齡的因素，本研究比較低年級小學生、高年級小學生、及大學生成人三種不同年齡組的受試。

本研究利用四種計時作業，針對三個不同年齡層的受試進行對兩種不等的時距計時資料收集。計時作業及年齡因子的實驗設計採受試者間設計，而時距因子則採受試者內設計。研究結果發現（1）低年級組的計時準確性較高年級組或成人組差；（2）受試在雙重作業的計時表現的確較單一作業差，這個計時受干擾的結果，在複雜的雙重作業又較在簡單雙重作業明顯，且年紀愈小的受試所受干擾影響愈大；（3）三年齡層受試在雙重作業中皆有低估目標時距的現象，其中以低年級在複雜雙重作業中的低估程度最明顯；（4）低年級組的計時能力之穩定性較高年級或成人組低；（5）在無需對不斷出現之無意義刺激作偵測反應時，三年齡受試的計時準確性未受影響。

這些結果顯示計時的誤差的確隨著注意力需分派於非時間作業的增加，受試所複製的時距也隨之縮短。這項由於注意力分散所致的計時誤差在國小低年級組最明顯，但隨著年齡的成長及腦發展愈臻成熟，這項影響效果愈趨式微，致使計時的表現愈正確。

關鍵詞：時間複製、年齡與發展、雙重作業、注意力、小學生、純量計時		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the attention and age on time estimation based on the prospective timing paradigm. Four timing tasks, with different degrees of attentional requirement, were utilized to test timing of reproducing the target intervals in three groups of different ages including the lower-grade (M= 7.5 years), higher-grade (M= 11.2 years) elementary school students and adult (M= 20.1 years). The subjects in this work were asked to estimate a stimulus duration lasting for 7 or 14 s, during which they are required to either do or do not perform a concurrent non-temporal task. Thus, the experimental design for the present study was mixed with between-subject factors (age and task) and a within-subject factor (target interval). The results showed (1) the lower-grade children performed less accurate than the higher-grade children; (2) all subjects had worse timing performance in the dual-task condition than the single-task or control condition, which effect was most evident in the lower-grade children; (3) all subjects reproduced shorter interval as compared to the target interval, which effect was most apparently observed from the dual-task for the lower-grade children; (4) the lower-grade children had less reliability in timing; and (5) the effect of age on the single-task and control condition is not significant. Together, these data indicate that concurrent non-temporal task cause temporal reproduction shorter, especially under high attention demand in lower-grade children. In addition to the influence by the task complexity, the accuracy of timing estimation depends on the age.

Keywords: time reproduction、age and development、dual task、attention、elementary school student、Scalar expectancy theory(SET)		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 目次
中文摘要………………………………………………………………… i
英文摘要………………………………………………………………… ii
目次……………………………………………………………………… iii
附表之目次……………………………………………………………… vi
附圖之目次……………………………………………………………… vii

第一章 研究背景 ………………………………………………………1
一、 前言 ……………………………………………………………1
二、 時間知覺扭曲現象 ………………………………………… 3
三、時間估計的兩種派典及其估計方法 …………………………3
四、純量計時理論（Scalar expectancy theory）…………………5
五、注意力與時間知覺 ……………………………………………6
六、年齡與時間知覺………………………………………………13
七、年齡與注意力…………………………………………………15
八、研究目的與研究假設…………………………………………17

第二章 研究方法………………………………………………………19
一、實驗受試…………………………………………………………19
二、實驗器材…………………………………………………………19
三、實驗設計與步驟 …………………………………………………20
四、目標刺激的時距選定與呈現方式之安排 ………………………23
五、統計分析與依變項處理 …………………………………………25

第三章 實驗結果………………………………………………………29
一、參與實驗的人數及有效樣本數 ………………………………29
二、複製時距 ………………………………………………………29
三、計時絕對誤差 …………………………………………………30
四、計時相對誤差 …………………………………………………31
五、估計時距值之標準差 …………………………………………32
六、計時相對差異係數 ……………………………………………33
七、對球方向反應之答錯率 ………………………………………34
八、對球方向反應之反應時間 ……………………………………34
九、對四顆球與八顆球方向反應之反應時間 ……………………35

第四章 討論與建議 …………………………………………………36
一、實驗操弄之有效性 ……………………………………………36
二、論年齡與注意力干擾對於長短時距之判斷 …………………37
三、論年齡與注意力對於計時準確性之影響 ……………………38
四、論三年齡層受試在計時行為表現之穩定性差異 ……………40
五、論無需作反應的干擾刺激對計時之影響 ……………………42
六、論計時歷程的神經生理機制 …………………………………43
七、結論與建議 ……………………………………………………46

參考文獻 ………………………………………………………………48
附錄：四種作業的實驗指導語………………………………………56
附表與圖 …………………………………………………………………60



附表之目次
表一：三年齡層受試參與實驗之各組總人數表 ………………………… 60
表二：三年齡層受試參與實驗後排除之各組人數表 ………………… 60
表三：計時作業事後比較達顯著差異組之一覽表 ……………………… 61


附圖之目次
圖一：純量計時理論之計時歷程表徴圖 …………………………………63
圖二：時間估計之純量性質 ………………………………………………64
圖三：時間估計資源分配理論模式 ………………………………………65
圖四：球出現在目標時距的時間軸示意圖 ……………………………66
圖五：三年齡受試者在四種計時作業下複製時距之結果 …………… 67
圖六：三年齡受試者在四種計時作業下計時絕對誤差之結果 …… 68
圖七：三年齡受試者在四種計時作業下計時相對誤差之結果 …… 69
圖八：三年齡受試者在四種計時作業下估計時距值的標準差之結果 … 70
圖九：三年齡受試者在四種計時作業情形下計時相對差異係數之結果……………………………………………………………………71
圖十：三年齡受試者在簡單與複雜雙重作業下對球方向反應之答錯率結果 ………………………………………………………………… 72
圖十一：三年齡受試者在簡單與複雜雙重作業下對球方向反應之反應時間結果 …………………………………………………………… 73
圖十二：三年齡受試者在簡單與複雜雙重作業下七秒(四顆球)與十四秒(八顆球)時對四顆球與八顆球方向反應之反應時間結果 … 74		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0907520201en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 時間複製zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 年齡與發展zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 雙重作業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 注意力zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 小學生zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 純量計時zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) time reproductionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) age and developmenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) dual tasken_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) attentionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) elementary school studenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Scalar expectancy theoryen_US
dc.title (題名) 年齡與注意力因素對於時間估計之影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Age, attention, and time estimationen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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