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題名 在虛擬環境中以攝影學法則開發智慧型攝影機模組
Designing an Intelligent Camera Module with Cinematography in Virtual Environment
作者 鄭仲強
Cheng,Chung-Chiang
貢獻者 李蔡彥
Li, Tsai-Yen
鄭仲強
Cheng,Chung-Chiang
關鍵詞 動態規劃
虛擬攝影機
Motion Planning
Virtual Camera
日期 2006
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 14:01:39 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究在虛擬環境中發展出一套符合攝影學法則的即時智慧型攝影機模組，當使用者操縱化身時能夠給予攝影機自動規劃之能力，不需要花費額外的心力控制攝影機。智慧型攝影機的能力包含了規劃不被障礙物遮蔽的跟蹤拍攝，以及當攝影機進入險惡的環境時，自動在兩台攝影機之間進行符合攝影學法則的轉切。此外，此智慧型攝影機模組能夠依照不同使用者的偏好，產生不同結果的攝影機規劃。我們實作了此一智慧型攝影機的系統，並以實例說明此系統的有效性。
We have developed a real-time intelligent camera module with a set of cinematography in a virtual environment. Its automatic camera planning capacity allows that the users to spend less effort in controlling the camera when manipulating an avatar. An intelligent camera should be able to plan unobstractive tracking motion and necessary cuts automatically between two cameras with the rule of cinematography. In addition, the results of the camera planning can be customized by setting appropriate parameters in accordance with the user’s preferences. We have implemented this intelligent camera system, and demonstrated the effectiveness of this system through several examples
參考文獻 [Arijon 1976] D. Arijon. Grammar of the Film Language. Hastings House Publishers, 1976.
[Bares 1998] W. H. Bares, J. P. Gregoire and J. C. Lester. Realtime Constraint-Based Cinematography for Complex Interactive 3D Worlds. In Proc. of the Tenth Conf. on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence , 1998.
[Bares 2000] W. H. Bares, S. Thainimit and S. McDermott. A Model for Constraint-Based Camera Planning. In Proc. of the 2000 AAAI Spring Symposium, 2000.
[Bohlin 2000] R. Bohlin and L. E. Kavraki. Path planning using lazy PRM. In IEEE Int. Conf. on Rootics & Automation, pp .521-528, 2000.
[Bohlin 2000] R. Bohlin and L. E. Kavraki. A Lazy Probabilistic Roadmap Planner for Single Query Path Planning, In Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 2000.
[Bourne 2004] O. Bourne and A. Sattar. Applying Constraint Satisfaction Techniques to 3D Camera Control. In 17th Australian Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, 2004.
[Christianson 1996] D. B. Christianson, S. E. Anderson, L. W. He, D. H. Salesin, D. S. Weld and M. F. Cohen. Declarative Camera Control for Automatic Cinematography. In Proc. of the Thirteenth National Conf. on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI’ 96), 1996.
[Christie 2002] M. Christie, E. Languenou and L. Granvilliers. Modeling Camera Control with Constrained Hypertubes. In International Conf. on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming, 2002.
[Christie 2005] M. Christie, R. Machap, J. M. Normand, P. Olivier and J. Pickering. Virtual Camera Planning: A Survey. In Proc. of the 5th International Symposium on Smart Graphics, 2005.
[Dalmau 2003] D. S. Dalmau. Core Techniques and Algorithms in Game Programming. New Riders, 2003.
[Halper 2001] N. Halper, R. Helbing and T. Strothotte. A Camera Engine for Computer Games: Managing the Trade-Off Between Constraint Satisfaction and Frame Coherence. In Proc. of The Eurographics 2001, 2001.
[He 1996] L. W. He, M. F. Cohen and D. H. Salesin. The Virtual Cinematographer: A Paradigm for Automatic Real-Time Camera Control and Directing. In Proc. of the 23rd Annual Conf. on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, 1996.
[Hornung 2003] A. Hornung. Autonomous Real-Time Camera Agents in Interactive Narratives and Games. Thesis, Rheinisch-Westfälishce Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2003.
[Kneafsey 2006] J. Kneafsey. Virtual Cinematography for Computer Games. Thesis, Institute of Technology Blanchardstown, 2006.
[LaValle 1997] S. M. LaValle, H. H. Gonzalez-Banos, C. Becker and J.-C. Latombe. Motion strategies for maintaining visibility of a moving target. In Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1997.
[Lavalle 2006] S. M. LaValle. Planning Algorithms. Cambridge University Press. 2006.
[Li 1999] T. Y. Li and T. H. Yu. Planning Tracking Motions for an Intelligent Virtual Camera. In Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1999.
[Lin 2004] T. C. Lin, Z. C. Shih, Y. T. Tsai. Cinematic Camera Control in 3D Computer Games. In The 12th Int. Conf. Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision, 2004.
[Mamet 1993] D. Mamet. 導演功課On Directing Film. 遠流, 1993.
[Nieuwenhuisen 2004] D. Nieuwenhuisen and M. H. Overmars. Motion Planning for Camera Movements in Virtual Environment. In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 2004.
[Oliveros 2004] D. A. M. Oliveros. Intelligent Cinematic Camera for 3D Games. Thesis, Univ. of Technology, Sydney Australia, 2004.
[Pickering 2002] J. H. Pickering. Intelligent Camera Planning for Computer Graphics. Thesis, Univ. of York , York, 2002.
[Russell 2003] S. Russell, P. Norvig. Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach. Prentice Hall, 2003.
[Salomon 2003] B. Salomon, M. Garber, M. C. Lin and D. Manocha. Interactive Navigation in Complex Environment Using Path Planning. In Proc. of the 2003 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics, 2003.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊科學學系
94753001
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094753001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李蔡彥zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Li, Tsai-Yenen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鄭仲強zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Cheng,Chung-Chiangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 鄭仲強zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Cheng,Chung-Chiangen_US
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 14:01:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 14:01:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 14:01:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094753001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32672-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 資訊科學學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94753001zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究在虛擬環境中發展出一套符合攝影學法則的即時智慧型攝影機模組，當使用者操縱化身時能夠給予攝影機自動規劃之能力，不需要花費額外的心力控制攝影機。智慧型攝影機的能力包含了規劃不被障礙物遮蔽的跟蹤拍攝，以及當攝影機進入險惡的環境時，自動在兩台攝影機之間進行符合攝影學法則的轉切。此外，此智慧型攝影機模組能夠依照不同使用者的偏好，產生不同結果的攝影機規劃。我們實作了此一智慧型攝影機的系統，並以實例說明此系統的有效性。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) We have developed a real-time intelligent camera module with a set of cinematography in a virtual environment. Its automatic camera planning capacity allows that the users to spend less effort in controlling the camera when manipulating an avatar. An intelligent camera should be able to plan unobstractive tracking motion and necessary cuts automatically between two cameras with the rule of cinematography. In addition, the results of the camera planning can be customized by setting appropriate parameters in accordance with the user’s preferences. We have implemented this intelligent camera system, and demonstrated the effectiveness of this system through several examplesen_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第 1 章 導論 1
1.1 簡介與研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機與目的 3
1.3 論文貢獻 4
1.4 本論文之章節架構 5
第 2 章 背景知識與相關研究 6
2.1 基礎攝影學 6
2.1.1 攝影機運作的種類 7
2.1.2 攝影機拍攝距離的種類 9
2.1.3 攝影機拍攝角度的種類 11
2.1.4 攝影機架設的方位 12
2.1.5 攝影機的轉切 13
2.2 虛擬攝影機的相關研究 15
2.1.1 代數式系統 (Algebraic System) 15
2.2.2 條件限制式系統 (Constraint-based System) 16
2.2.3 運動計畫式系統 (Motion Planning System) 17
2.3 運動計畫的相關研究 17
2.3.1 區域分割法 18
2.3.2 位能場法 19
2.3.3 街圖法 20
第 3 章 規劃即時攝影機路徑 21
3.1 問題描述 21
3.2 系統架構 23
3.3 攝影機組態空間的定義 25
3.4 惰性機率街圖 (Lazy Probability Roadmap Method) 26
3.5 攝影機路徑規劃 30
3.5.1 目標函式 30
3.5.2 時間預算 (Time-Budget) 32
3.5.3 拍攝目標未來位置的預測 32
3.5.4 攝影機路徑規劃演算法 34
第 4 章 虛擬攝影機的轉切 36
4.1 問題描述 36
4.2 街圖上的虛擬連結 37
4.2.1 分析街圖上節點的攝影機方位 37
4.2.2 虛擬連結的建立 38
4.3 其他實作細節 40
第 5 章 實驗結果與討論 41
5.1 系統實作 41
5.1.1 碰撞偵測 42
5.2 實驗一：基本場景測試 44
5.2.1 實驗設計 44
5.2.2 實驗結果 44
5.3 實驗二：攝影機轉切之實驗 48
5.3.1 實驗設計 48
5.3.2 實驗結果與討論 48
5.4實驗三：拍攝目標物未來位置預測深度之比較 49
5.4.1 實驗設計 49
5.4.2 實驗結果與討論 50
第 6 章 結論與未來展望 53
6.1 結論 53
6.2 未來展望 53
參考文獻 54		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094753001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 動態規劃zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 虛擬攝影機zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Motion Planningen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Virtual Cameraen_US
dc.title (題名) 在虛擬環境中以攝影學法則開發智慧型攝影機模組zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Designing an Intelligent Camera Module with Cinematography in Virtual Environmenten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Arijon 1976] D. Arijon. Grammar of the Film Language. Hastings House Publishers, 1976.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Bares 1998] W. H. Bares, J. P. Gregoire and J. C. Lester. Realtime Constraint-Based Cinematography for Complex Interactive 3D Worlds. In Proc. of the Tenth Conf. on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence , 1998.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Bares 2000] W. H. Bares, S. Thainimit and S. McDermott. A Model for Constraint-Based Camera Planning. In Proc. of the 2000 AAAI Spring Symposium, 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Bohlin 2000] R. Bohlin and L. E. Kavraki. Path planning using lazy PRM. In IEEE Int. Conf. on Rootics & Automation, pp .521-528, 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Bohlin 2000] R. Bohlin and L. E. Kavraki. A Lazy Probabilistic Roadmap Planner for Single Query Path Planning, In Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Bourne 2004] O. Bourne and A. Sattar. Applying Constraint Satisfaction Techniques to 3D Camera Control. In 17th Australian Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Christianson 1996] D. B. Christianson, S. E. Anderson, L. W. He, D. H. Salesin, D. S. Weld and M. F. Cohen. Declarative Camera Control for Automatic Cinematography. In Proc. of the Thirteenth National Conf. on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI’ 96), 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Christie 2002] M. Christie, E. Languenou and L. Granvilliers. Modeling Camera Control with Constrained Hypertubes. In International Conf. on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Christie 2005] M. Christie, R. Machap, J. M. Normand, P. Olivier and J. Pickering. Virtual Camera Planning: A Survey. In Proc. of the 5th International Symposium on Smart Graphics, 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Dalmau 2003] D. S. Dalmau. Core Techniques and Algorithms in Game Programming. New Riders, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Halper 2001] N. Halper, R. Helbing and T. Strothotte. A Camera Engine for Computer Games: Managing the Trade-Off Between Constraint Satisfaction and Frame Coherence. In Proc. of The Eurographics 2001, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [He 1996] L. W. He, M. F. Cohen and D. H. Salesin. The Virtual Cinematographer: A Paradigm for Automatic Real-Time Camera Control and Directing. In Proc. of the 23rd Annual Conf. on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Hornung 2003] A. Hornung. Autonomous Real-Time Camera Agents in Interactive Narratives and Games. Thesis, Rheinisch-Westfälishce Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Kneafsey 2006] J. Kneafsey. Virtual Cinematography for Computer Games. Thesis, Institute of Technology Blanchardstown, 2006.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [LaValle 1997] S. M. LaValle, H. H. Gonzalez-Banos, C. Becker and J.-C. Latombe. Motion strategies for maintaining visibility of a moving target. In Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Lavalle 2006] S. M. LaValle. Planning Algorithms. Cambridge University Press. 2006.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Li 1999] T. Y. Li and T. H. Yu. Planning Tracking Motions for an Intelligent Virtual Camera. In Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1999.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Lin 2004] T. C. Lin, Z. C. Shih, Y. T. Tsai. Cinematic Camera Control in 3D Computer Games. In The 12th Int. Conf. Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Mamet 1993] D. Mamet. 導演功課On Directing Film. 遠流, 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Nieuwenhuisen 2004] D. Nieuwenhuisen and M. H. Overmars. Motion Planning for Camera Movements in Virtual Environment. In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Oliveros 2004] D. A. M. Oliveros. Intelligent Cinematic Camera for 3D Games. Thesis, Univ. of Technology, Sydney Australia, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Pickering 2002] J. H. Pickering. Intelligent Camera Planning for Computer Graphics. Thesis, Univ. of York , York, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Russell 2003] S. Russell, P. Norvig. Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach. Prentice Hall, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [Salomon 2003] B. Salomon, M. Garber, M. C. Lin and D. Manocha. Interactive Navigation in Complex Environment Using Path Planning. In Proc. of the 2003 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics, 2003.zh_TW