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題名 以進階的文句推薦方式使用語料庫做為英文寫作之輔助
A Sentence Recommendation Approach to Using Corpora for English Writing Assistance
作者 洪培鈞
Hung, Pei Chun
貢獻者 劉吉軒
Liu, Jyi Shane
洪培鈞
Hung, Pei Chun
關鍵詞 寫作協助
語料庫
資訊檢索
語索引
推薦式系統
Writing Assistance
Corpora
Information Retrieval
Concordance
Recommender System
日期 2006
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 14:03:28 (UTC+8)
摘要 對於大部分的人而言，寫作是一種深度的表達過程，需要詳盡而深入的描述能力及精準而嚴謹的語意呈現。對於非英語為母語的學習者(ESL/EFL)來說，英語寫作尤其是一個困難的過程，常常會因為單字、搭配字(collocation)、句型結構等方面的認知不足，或是受到母語認知的牽制影響，而造成用詞、語法、甚至語意的錯誤。
近年來，語料庫的發展帶來了豐富的語言資源，不僅可以對語言的使用提供許多統計分析上的資訊，也可以做為語言學習者在特定詞語使用上的參照對象。目前語料庫的詞語使用參照以concordance技術為主，提供以特定字詞為基準的上下文例句排列，這種功能對ESL/EFL學習者於寫作過程所提供的參照仍然相當有限；而對於不同的查詢條件，若沒有良善的輸入和比對機制，往往搜尋上的數量和例句品質無法滿足學習者的參照需求；除此之外，對於檢索結果語料庫也沒有評估與排序的概念，學習者往往需要在大量的資訊中篩選出有用的資訊；綜觀以上幾點，目前語料庫技術無法滿足不同程度的ESL/EFL寫作者在參照協助上的需求。
本研究提出一種文句推薦方法，針對ESL/EFL寫作者在寫作過程上的認知不足或不確定，從語料庫中尋找出可用的參照例句，進而提供針對性的協助。我們的文句推薦方法包含三個模組，第一模組是一個彈性的表達元素模組，能針對寫作過程中的語言資訊需求，以規定的表達元素呈現作者的認知需求。第二模組是一個檢索模組，指從語料庫中比對尋找符合作者語意需求的例句。第三模組是一個排序的模組，針對找出的例句，評估其符合作者語意需求的程度，並將之排序，以提升例句參照的使用效率。
本研究依據文句推薦方法實做雛形系統，以British National Corpus和科學人雜誌語料庫(Science America)當例句來源，並依據論文的客觀評估和學習者的問卷調查兩種評估方式來評量雛形系統的成效。經由上述兩種評估方式，本研究驗證雛形系統能針對ESL/EFL於寫作過程中給予一定程度的協助成效，證明本研究的文句推薦方法確實能達成寫作協助的既定目標。
For most people, writing is a process of profundity. It requires well description of capabilities and excellent semantic of representations. For ESL/EFL (English as a Second Language/English as a Foreign Language) learners, English writing is a particularly difficult process. They have error in words, syntax or semantics because their expressions are constrained by their mother tongue or by lacking of the awareness of vocabularies, collocation, or sentence-structures.
In recent years, according to the development of corpus technique, we have rich resource in language. The resource can not only provide many statistical analyses of informations in language research but also can be used as a reference in the use of specific words for the learners. Current corpus technique use concordance which displays the words with their surrounding text to present sentences, but that approach provides very limited references in the writing process for ESL/EFL learners. Also considering the different inquired queries, if we have no well-defined input and retrieval module, the quantity and quality of results could not meet the demand for the learners. In addition, corpus technique doesn’t provide the ranking and evaluating skills to the retrieval results. As a result of that, learners often require filtering a large number of information to find something useful. In view of the above points, current corpus technique is unable to satisfy different degrees of ESL/EFL learners in the writing process.
This paper presents a Sentence Recommendation Approach technique. With regard to the inadequate knowledge in the writing process for ESL/EFL learners, we search for useful sentences from the corpus and provide them to learners. Our Sentence Recommendation Approach technique has three modules: one is Expression Element Module. It allows the learners to use some expression elements to represent their demand. Another is Retrieval Module. It means the process of searching the corresponding sentences based on the expression elements in Expression Element Module. The last is Sort Module. It means the process of ranking the results derived from the Retrieval Module.
Our research establishes the experimental system to verify the performance of our Sentence Recommendation Approach technique. We use British National Corpus and Science America Corpus for the source of sentences. The evaluation is divided into our objective evaluation and the questionnaire evaluation. Both of them prove that our experimental system does some favor in the writing process for ESL/EFL learners. In other words, our Sentence Recommendation Approach technique really helps the learners in the writing process.
參考文獻 [1]http://tw.dictionary.yahoo.com/ 奇摩線上辭典
[2]http://www.dreye.com/tw/index.php/ 譯點通辭典
[3]http://www.kingsoft.com/ 金山詞霸
[4]http://www.collins.co.uk/ Collins Cobuild English
Dictionary
[5]http://www.collins.co.uk/corpus/CorpusSearch.aspx/
Collins Free Corpus
[6]http://view.byu.edu/ VIEW system
[7]http://elex.amu.edu.pl/~przemka/corpora/TOSCA-
ICLE_tagset.htm TOSCAL
[8]http://icame.uib.no/brown/bcm.html brown corpus
[9]http://www.proftrans.com/TOEEL/ TOFEL 學習網
[10]http://www.lextutor.ca/ 1000 English Word Test
[11] A. A. Aghbar, “Fixed Expressions in Written Texts: Implications for Assessing Sophistication,” East Lancing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning, ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 352808, 1990.
[12] A. B. M. Tsui, “ESL Teachers’ Questions and Corpus Evidence,” International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 10(3):335-356, 2005.
[13] Adwait Ratnaparkhi, “A Maximum Entropy Part-Of-Speech Tagger,” Proceedings of Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing Conference, Pennsylvania, USA, 1996.
[14] Alexander Cruden, Cruden’s Concordance, Location:Lodon, 1769.
[15] Badrul Sarwar, George Karypis, Joseph Konstan, and John Riedl, “Analysis of Recommendation Algorithms for E-Commerce,” Proceedings of ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2000.
[16] Bengt Altenberg and Sylviane Granger,“The Grammatical and Lexical Pattern of MAKE in Native and Non-native Student Writing,” Applied Linguistics 22(2):173-195, 2001.
[17] C. C. Shei and Helen Pain, “An ESL Writer’s Collocational Aid,” Computer Assisted Language Learning 13(2):167-182, 2000.
[18] Chia-Chuan Li, “A Study of Collocational Error in ESL/EFL College Learners’ Writing,” Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Art, Ming Chuan University, Taiwan, 2005.
[19] David Goldberg, David Nichols, B. M. Oki, and Douglas Terry, “Using Collaborative Filtering to Weave an Information Tapestry,” Communications of the ACM 35(12):61-71, 2000.
[20] Helmut Schmid, “Probabilistic Part-of-Speech Tagging Using Decision Tree,” Proceedings of International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing, Manchester, UK, 1994.
[21] Hyunsook Yoon, “An Investigation of Students’ Experiences with Corpus Technology in Second Language Academic Writing,” Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Philosophy, Ohio State University, USA, 2005.
[22] I.de O’Sullivan and Angela Chambers, “Learners’ Writing Skills in French: Corpus Consultation and Learner Evaluation,” Journal of Second Language Writing 15(1):49-68, 2006.
[23] J. Nattinger and J. DeCarrico, “Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching,” ELT Journal 49:87-90, 1995.
[24] Jean-Jacques Weber, “A Concordance and Genre-informed Approach to ESP Essay Writing,” ELT Journal 55(1):14-20, 2001.
[25] Johnnie-Johnson Hafernik, Dorothy Messerschmitt, and Stephanie Vandrick, “ESL in the Academy Today,” Education 116, 1996.
[26] L. H. F. Lin, “Applying Information Technology to a Corpus of Student Report Writing to Help Students Write Better Reports,” Proceedings of ITMELT Conference, Kowloon, Hongkong, 1999.
[27] M. Heilman, K. Collins-Thompson, J. Callan, and M. Eskenazi, “Classroom Success of an Intelligent Tutoring System for Lexical Practice and Reading Comprehension,” Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Spoken
Language Processing, Pittsburgh, USA, 2006.
[28] Mark Davies, “The Advantage of Using Relational Databases for Large Corpora,” International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 10(3):307-334, 2005.
[29] Paul Nation, “Measuring Readiness for Simplified Material: A Test of the First 1000 Words of English,” In Simplification: Theory and Application RELC 31:193-203, 1993.
[30] R. H. Shih, J. Y. Chiang, and J. F. Tien, “Part-of-speech Sequences and Distribution in a Learner Corpus of English,” Proceedings of Computational Linguistics Conference XIII (ROCLING XIII), Taipei, Taiwan, 2000.
[31] Robert Ilson, Benson Morton, and Benson Evelyn, The BBI Dictionary of English Word Combinations, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997.
[32] S. B. Needleman and C. D. Wunsh, “A General Method Applicable to the Search for Similarities in the Amino Acid Sequence of Two Proteins,” Journal of Molecular Biology 48:443-453, 1970.
[33] S. M. Conrad, “The Importance of Corpus-based Research for Language Teachers,” System 27:1-18, 1999.
[34] S. M. Conrad, “Will Corpus Linguistics Revolutionize Grammar Teaching in the 21st Century?” TESOL Quarterly 34(3):548-560, 2000.
[35] Steffan Corley, Martin Corley, Frank Keller, Matthew Crocker, and Shari Trewin,“Finding Synyactic Structure in Unparsed Corpora: The Gsearch Corpus Query System,” Computers and the Humanities 35(2):81-94, 2001.
[36] T. McEnery and A. Wilson, Corpus Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1996.
[37] T. Saracevic, P. Kantor, A. Y. Chamis, and D. Tirvison, “A Study of Information Seeking and Retrieving: I. Background and Methodology,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science 39(3):161-176, 1988.
[38] T. Saracevic, P. Kantor, A. Y. Chamis, and D. Tirvison, “A Study of Information Seeking and Retrieving: II. Users, Questions and Effectiveness,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science 39(3):177-196, 1988.
[39] T. Saracevic, P. Kantor, A. Y. Chamis, and D. Tirvison, “A Study of Information Seeking and Retrieving: III. Searchers, Searches, and Overlap,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science 39(3):197-216, 1988.
[40] Paul Resnick and H. R. Varian, “Recommender Systems,” Communication of the ACM 40(3):56-58, 1997.
[41] Y. L. Francis, N. L. Ho, T. W. Lam, W. H. Wong, and M. Y. Chan, “Efficient Constrained Multiple Sequence Alignment with Performance Guarantee,” IEEE Computational Systems Bioinformatics 2:337-346, 2003.
[42] Yu-Chih Sun, “Learning Process, Strategies and Web-based Concordancers: a Case Study,” British Journal of Educational Technology 34(5):601-613, 2003.
[43] 林武聰，「線上英語學習環境」，碩士論文，電子與資訊工程研究所，國立雲林科技大學，2003。
[44] 陳相言，「多重序列排序應用於線上英語輔助學習—以Concordancer為例」，碩士論文，電子與資訊工程研究所，國立雲林科技大學，2003。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊科學學系
94753032
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094753032
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 劉吉軒zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Liu, Jyi Shaneen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 洪培鈞zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hung, Pei Chunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 洪培鈞zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Hung, Pei Chunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 14:03:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 14:03:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 14:03:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094753032en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32685-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 資訊科學學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94753032zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 對於大部分的人而言，寫作是一種深度的表達過程，需要詳盡而深入的描述能力及精準而嚴謹的語意呈現。對於非英語為母語的學習者(ESL/EFL)來說，英語寫作尤其是一個困難的過程，常常會因為單字、搭配字(collocation)、句型結構等方面的認知不足，或是受到母語認知的牽制影響，而造成用詞、語法、甚至語意的錯誤。
近年來，語料庫的發展帶來了豐富的語言資源，不僅可以對語言的使用提供許多統計分析上的資訊，也可以做為語言學習者在特定詞語使用上的參照對象。目前語料庫的詞語使用參照以concordance技術為主，提供以特定字詞為基準的上下文例句排列，這種功能對ESL/EFL學習者於寫作過程所提供的參照仍然相當有限；而對於不同的查詢條件，若沒有良善的輸入和比對機制，往往搜尋上的數量和例句品質無法滿足學習者的參照需求；除此之外，對於檢索結果語料庫也沒有評估與排序的概念，學習者往往需要在大量的資訊中篩選出有用的資訊；綜觀以上幾點，目前語料庫技術無法滿足不同程度的ESL/EFL寫作者在參照協助上的需求。
本研究提出一種文句推薦方法，針對ESL/EFL寫作者在寫作過程上的認知不足或不確定，從語料庫中尋找出可用的參照例句，進而提供針對性的協助。我們的文句推薦方法包含三個模組，第一模組是一個彈性的表達元素模組，能針對寫作過程中的語言資訊需求，以規定的表達元素呈現作者的認知需求。第二模組是一個檢索模組，指從語料庫中比對尋找符合作者語意需求的例句。第三模組是一個排序的模組，針對找出的例句，評估其符合作者語意需求的程度，並將之排序，以提升例句參照的使用效率。
本研究依據文句推薦方法實做雛形系統，以British National Corpus和科學人雜誌語料庫(Science America)當例句來源，並依據論文的客觀評估和學習者的問卷調查兩種評估方式來評量雛形系統的成效。經由上述兩種評估方式，本研究驗證雛形系統能針對ESL/EFL於寫作過程中給予一定程度的協助成效，證明本研究的文句推薦方法確實能達成寫作協助的既定目標。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) For most people, writing is a process of profundity. It requires well description of capabilities and excellent semantic of representations. For ESL/EFL (English as a Second Language/English as a Foreign Language) learners, English writing is a particularly difficult process. They have error in words, syntax or semantics because their expressions are constrained by their mother tongue or by lacking of the awareness of vocabularies, collocation, or sentence-structures.
In recent years, according to the development of corpus technique, we have rich resource in language. The resource can not only provide many statistical analyses of informations in language research but also can be used as a reference in the use of specific words for the learners. Current corpus technique use concordance which displays the words with their surrounding text to present sentences, but that approach provides very limited references in the writing process for ESL/EFL learners. Also considering the different inquired queries, if we have no well-defined input and retrieval module, the quantity and quality of results could not meet the demand for the learners. In addition, corpus technique doesn’t provide the ranking and evaluating skills to the retrieval results. As a result of that, learners often require filtering a large number of information to find something useful. In view of the above points, current corpus technique is unable to satisfy different degrees of ESL/EFL learners in the writing process.
This paper presents a Sentence Recommendation Approach technique. With regard to the inadequate knowledge in the writing process for ESL/EFL learners, we search for useful sentences from the corpus and provide them to learners. Our Sentence Recommendation Approach technique has three modules: one is Expression Element Module. It allows the learners to use some expression elements to represent their demand. Another is Retrieval Module. It means the process of searching the corresponding sentences based on the expression elements in Expression Element Module. The last is Sort Module. It means the process of ranking the results derived from the Retrieval Module.
Our research establishes the experimental system to verify the performance of our Sentence Recommendation Approach technique. We use British National Corpus and Science America Corpus for the source of sentences. The evaluation is divided into our objective evaluation and the questionnaire evaluation. Both of them prove that our experimental system does some favor in the writing process for ESL/EFL learners. In other words, our Sentence Recommendation Approach technique really helps the learners in the writing process.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論…1
1.1 英語寫作…1
1.1.1 辭典工具…2
1.1.2 語料庫協助工具…3
1.2 研究動機和目的…5
1.3 研究貢獻和論文結構…6
第二章 背景知識和相關技術…7
2.1 相關研究…7
2.2 語料庫 (Corpus/Corpora)…8
2.3 語料庫語言學…9
2.4 詞性標籤 (Part-of-Speech)…9
2.5 Concordance…10
2.6 詞語搭配 (Collocation)…11
2.7 推薦式系統 (Recommender System)…15
2.8 多重序列排列 (Multiple sequence alignment (MSA))…16
2.8.1 Needleman-Wunsch algorithm…18
2.8.2 The Center Star algorithm…19
第三章 文句推薦方法和實驗系統…21
3.1 文句推薦方法…21
3.2 實驗系統…23
3.2.1 表達元素模組…24
3.2.2 檢索模組…26
3.2.3 排序模組…27
3.2.4 案例流程…29
3.2.5 SAW系統查詢圖…30
第四章 實驗分析討論…34
4.1 實驗測試資料…34
4.1.1 實驗語料庫…34
4.1.2 實驗比對系統…35
4.1.3 實驗案例來源…36
4.2 實驗評估方法…37
4.3 實驗指標…38
4.4 試題案例評估…41
4.4.1 量上的評估…41
4.4.2 單字片語的評估…44
4.4.3 子句和認知錯誤的評估…49
4.4.4 試題案例小結…52
4.5 問卷案例評估…52
4.5.1 受測者對於寫作協助的認知調查…56
4.5.2 有無使用系統的區別…57
4.5.3 使用系統前後的區別…63
4.5.4 問卷小結…66
4.6 學生作文範例…66
4.7 實驗分析小結…71
第五章 結論和未來方向…72
5.1 結論…72
5.2 未來方向…73
參考文獻…76
附錄一 BNC POS…80
附錄二 SA POS…83
附錄三 SAW系統中POS和BNC、SA中POS置換規則…85
附錄四 SAW系統中的MSA置換矩陣參數…86
附錄五 SAW系統測試的關鍵字總攬…87
附錄六 量上的評估實驗數據…88
附錄七 單字片語的評估實驗數據…90
附錄八 子句和認知錯誤的評估實驗數據…92
附錄九 問卷調查 (英語字彙程度測試)…94
附錄十 問卷調查 (認知調查部分)…95
附錄十一 問卷調查 (所有試題部分)…96
附錄十二 問卷調查 (SAW系統提供的參考例句(高符合度))…98
附錄十三 問卷調查 (SAW系統提供的參考例句(低符合度))…119		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094753032en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 寫作協助zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語料庫zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資訊檢索zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語索引zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 推薦式系統zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Writing Assistanceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Corporaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Information Retrievalen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Concordanceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Recommender Systemen_US
dc.title (題名) 以進階的文句推薦方式使用語料庫做為英文寫作之輔助zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Sentence Recommendation Approach to Using Corpora for English Writing Assistanceen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [1]http://tw.dictionary.yahoo.com/ 奇摩線上辭典zh_TW
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