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題名 以探勘之音樂樣式作電腦音樂作曲之研究
作者 邱士銓
Chiu,Shih-Chuan
貢獻者 沈錳坤
Shan,Man-Kwan
邱士銓
Chiu,Shih-Chuan
關鍵詞 電腦音樂
資料探勘
Computer music
Data mining
日期 2004
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 14:08:23 (UTC+8)
摘要 電腦音樂作曲一直是電腦音樂研究者的夢想。本論文中，我們要探討的是從給定的多首音樂中，利用音樂作曲規則探勘的方式，找出給定音樂中的樣式，以產生具備這些音樂風格的新音樂。我們針對，音樂結構、和弦風格和音樂動機三項音樂特性做分析與探勘。在音樂結構部分，我們利用資料探勘技術分析音樂結構，並且學習音樂結構的特性。在旋律風格部分，我們分析每首音樂旋律的和弦以做為旋律的特徵，並從中探勘音樂的旋律風格。音樂動機部份，我們探勘出音樂動機，並探勘出音樂中音樂動機的重要性，以建立音樂動機挑選模型。最後根據音樂結構、和弦、音樂動機，三項音樂特性的學習結果產生整首音樂。在效果評估方面，我們採用類似Turing Test的方式，以測試機器產生的音樂和人所作曲的音樂之辨別率。結果顯示產生的音樂和人所作曲的音樂不易分辨。另外，實驗也顯示系統所產生的音樂在旋律及和弦上接近給定的音樂風格。
Computer music composition has been the dream of the computer music researcher. In this thesis, we investigate the approach to discover the rules of music composition from given music objects, and automatically generate a new music object style similar to the given music objects. To discover the rules of music composition, the music is analyzed by addressing three music properties, music structure, melody style and motif. We exploit the data mining techniques to analyze music structure. For the melody style, chord is utilized to represent the feature of melody and melody style is discovered from chords of music objects. For the motif, modified repeating pattern finding algorithm is employed to discover the motives. Then, the motif selection model is constructed. A new music object is generated based on the discovered rules in terms of three music properties. To measure the effectiveness of proposed computer music composition approach, we adopt the method similar to the Turing test to test the discrimination between machine-generated and human-composed music. The result showed that it is hard to discriminate. Another experiment showed that the style of generated music is similar to the given music objects.
參考文獻 [1] R. Agrawal and R. Srikant, "Fast Algorithms for Mining Association Rules," In Proc. of International Conference on Very Large Data Bases VLDB`94, 1994.
[2] J. A. Biles, "GenJam: A Genetic Algorithm for Generating Jazz Solos," In Proc. of the International Computer Music Conference ICMC`94, 1994.
[3] W. Chai and B. Vercoe, "Music Thumbnailing via Structural Analysis," In Proc. of ACM International Conference on Multimedia ACM MM`03, 2003.
[4] W. N. Cheng, "Chord Identification Based on Statistical Methods and Musical Theory," Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 2002.
[5] M. F. Chiang, M. K. Shan and C. C. Lan, "Rhythm Style Mining of Dance Music," In Proc. of International Computer Symposium ICS`05, 2005.
[6] D. Cope, The Algorithmic Composer, A-R Editions, 2000.
[7] D. Cope, "Recombinant Music Using the Computer to Explore Musical Style," IEEE Computer, Vol. 24, No. 7, 1991.
[8] D. Cope, Virtual Music: Computer Synthesis of Musical Style, MIT Press, 2001.
[9] D. Cope, Experiments in Musical Intelligence, A-R Editions, 1996.
[10] D. Cope, "Computer Modeling of Musical Intelligence in EMI," Computer Music Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1992.
[11] D. Cope, "Pattern-Matching as an Engine for the Computer Simulation of Musical Style," In Proc. of the International Computer Music Conference ICMC`90, 1990.
[12] C. T. Davie, Musical Structure and Design, Dover Publications, 1966.
[13] S. Dubcdv, G. Assayag, O. Lartillot and G. Gejerano, "Using Machine-Learning Methods for Musical Style Modeling," IEEE Computer, Vol. 36, No. 10, 2003.
[14] M. Farbood, "Hyperscore: A New Approach to Interactive, Computer-Generated Music," Master Thesis, Department of Science in Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, 2001.
[15] M. Farbood, "Analysis and Synthesis of Palestrina-Style Counterpoint Using Markov Chains," In Proc. of International Computer Music Conference ICMC`01, 2001.
[16] S. W. Fu, "Chord Generation with Cadence," Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 2004.
[17] K. Hirata and T. Aoyagi, "Computational Music Representation Based on the Generative Theory of Tonal Music and Deductive Object-Oriented Database," Computer Music Journal, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2003.
[18] K. Hirata and S. Matsuda, "Interactive Music Summarization Based on Generative Theory of Tonal Music," Journal of New Music Research, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2003.
[19] K. Hirata and S. Matsuda, "Interactive Music Summarization Based on GTTM," In Proc. of International Symposium Music Information Retrieval ISMIR`02, 2002.
[20] M. C. Ho, "Theme-based Music Structural Analysis," Master Thesis, Department of Computer Sciencs, National Cheng Chi University, 2004.
[21] P. Howell, I. Cross and R. West, Musical Structure and Cognition, Academic Press, 1985.
[22] J. L. Hsu, "Content-based Music Information Retrieval and Analysis," Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 2001.
[23] J. L. Hsu, C. C. Liu and Chen, A. L. P., "Efficient Repeating Pattern Finding in Music Database," In Proc. of IEEE Transaction on Multimedia, 2001.
[24] N. C. Jones and P. A. Pevzner, An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms, The MIT Press, 2004.
[25] F. F. Kuo, "Melody Style Mining Using Chord Features," Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science, National Cheng Chi University, Taiwan, 2003.
[26] O. Lartillot, "Discovering Musical Patterns through Perceptive Heuristics," In Proc. of Internal Symposium on Music Information Retrieval ISMIR`03, 2003.
[27] O. Lartillot, S. Subcdv, G. Assayag and G. Bejerano, "Automatic Modeling of Musical Style," In Proc. of International Conference in Computer Music ICMC`02, 2002.
[28] F. Lerdahl and R. Jackendoff, A Generative Theory of Tonal Music, MIT Press, 1983.
[29] C. R. Lin, N. H. Liu, Y. H. Wu and A. L. P. Chen, "Music Classification Using Significant Repeating Patterns," International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications DASFAA`04, 2004.
[30] B. Liu, W. Hsu and Y. Ma, "Integrating Classification and Classification and Association Rule Mining," In Proc. of ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management CIKM`98, 1998.
[31] C. C. Liu, J. L. Hsu and A. L. P. Chen, "Efficient Theme and non-Trivial Repeating Pattern Discovering in Music Database," In Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering ICDE`99, 1999.
[32] Y. Marom, "Improvising Jazz with Markov Chains," Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, Western Australia University, Australia, 1997.
[33] E. R. Miranda, Composing Music with Computers, Focal Press, 2001.
[34] G. Papadopoulos and G. Wiggins, "A Genetic Algorithm for Generation of Jazz Melodies," In Proc. of Software Technology and Engineering Practice STEP`98, 1998.
[35] B. Pardo, "Algorithm for Chordal Analysis," Computer Music Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2002.
[36] B. Pardo, "The Chordal Analysis of Tonal Music," Technique Report, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Michigan, USA, 2001.
[37] M. Pearce and G. Wiggins, "Towards A Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Compositions," 2001, In Proc. of AISB`01 Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Creativity in the Arts and Sciences.
[38] J. Pickens and T. Crawford, "Harmonic Model for Polyphonic Music Retrieval," In Proc. of ACM International Conference on Information Knowledge Management CIKM`02, 2002.
[39] S. T. Pope, "Fifteen Years of Computer-Assisted Composition," Computer Music Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1995.
[40] C. Rapheal and J. Stoddard, "Harmonic Analysis with Probabilistic Graphical Models," In Proc. of International Symposium Music Information Retrieval ISMIR`03, 2003.
[41] P. Reagan, "Computer Music Generation via Decision Tree Learning," Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, USA, 1999.
[42] M. K. Shan and F. F. Kuo, "Music Style Mining and Classification by Melody," IEICE Transactions on Information and System, Vol. E86-D, No. 4, 2003.
[43] M. K. Shan, F. F. Kuo and M. F. Chen, "Music Style Mining and Classification by Melody," In Proc. of IEEE International Conference Multimedia Expo ICME`02, 2002.
[44] A. Smaill, G. Wiggins and M. Harris, "Hierarchical Music Representation for Composition and Analysis," Computers and the Humanties, Vol. 27, 1993.
[45] P. Spencer and P. M. Temko, A Practical Approach to the Study of Form in Music, Waveland Press, 1988.
[46] L. Stein, Structure & Style: The Study and Analysis of Musical Forms, Summy-Birchard Music, 1979.
[47] D. Temperley, The Cognition of Basic Musical Structures, MIT Press, 2001.
[48] B. Thom, "BoB: An Improvisational Music Companion," Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, USA, 2001.
[49] B. Thom, "Machine Learning Techniques for Real-time Improvisational Solo Trading," In Proc. of International Computer Music Conference ICMC`01, 2001.
[50] B. Thom, "Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Interactive Improvisation," In Proc. for the American Association in Artificial Intelligence AAAI`00, 2000.
[51] B. Thom, "Unsupervised Learning and Interactive Jazz/Blues Improvisation," In Proc. of the American Association in Artificial Intelligence AAAI`00, 2000.
[52] A. L. Uitdenbogerd and J. Zobel, "Manipulation of Music for Melody Matching," In Proc. of ACM International Conference on Multimedia, MM`98, 1998.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊科學學系
92753022
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0927530221
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 沈錳坤zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Shan,Man-Kwanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 邱士銓zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chiu,Shih-Chuanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 邱士銓zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chiu,Shih-Chuanen_US
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 14:08:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 14:08:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 14:08:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0927530221en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32724-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 資訊科學學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92753022zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 電腦音樂作曲一直是電腦音樂研究者的夢想。本論文中，我們要探討的是從給定的多首音樂中，利用音樂作曲規則探勘的方式，找出給定音樂中的樣式，以產生具備這些音樂風格的新音樂。我們針對，音樂結構、和弦風格和音樂動機三項音樂特性做分析與探勘。在音樂結構部分，我們利用資料探勘技術分析音樂結構，並且學習音樂結構的特性。在旋律風格部分，我們分析每首音樂旋律的和弦以做為旋律的特徵，並從中探勘音樂的旋律風格。音樂動機部份，我們探勘出音樂動機，並探勘出音樂中音樂動機的重要性，以建立音樂動機挑選模型。最後根據音樂結構、和弦、音樂動機，三項音樂特性的學習結果產生整首音樂。在效果評估方面，我們採用類似Turing Test的方式，以測試機器產生的音樂和人所作曲的音樂之辨別率。結果顯示產生的音樂和人所作曲的音樂不易分辨。另外，實驗也顯示系統所產生的音樂在旋律及和弦上接近給定的音樂風格。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Computer music composition has been the dream of the computer music researcher. In this thesis, we investigate the approach to discover the rules of music composition from given music objects, and automatically generate a new music object style similar to the given music objects. To discover the rules of music composition, the music is analyzed by addressing three music properties, music structure, melody style and motif. We exploit the data mining techniques to analyze music structure. For the melody style, chord is utilized to represent the feature of melody and melody style is discovered from chords of music objects. For the motif, modified repeating pattern finding algorithm is employed to discover the motives. Then, the motif selection model is constructed. A new music object is generated based on the discovered rules in terms of three music properties. To measure the effectiveness of proposed computer music composition approach, we adopt the method similar to the Turing test to test the discrimination between machine-generated and human-composed music. The result showed that it is hard to discriminate. Another experiment showed that the style of generated music is similar to the given music objects.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 viii
表目錄 xi
第 1 章 概論 1
1.1 動機 1
1.2 背景 3
1.2.1 基本樂理 3
1.2.2 MIDI格式 9
1.3 論文架構 10
第 2 章 相關研究 11
第 3 章 系統架構 19
3.1 概論 19
3.2 系統流程 20
3.3 主旋律擷取 22
第 4 章 分析與學習 25
4.1 音樂結構分析與學習 25
4.1.1 音樂結構分析 25
4.1.2 音樂結構模型 32
4.2 和弦分析與旋律風格學習 32
4.2.1 和弦分析 35
4.2.2 旋律風格模型 37
4.3 音樂動機探勘與學習 38
4.3.1 音樂動機探勘 39
4.3.2 音樂動機挑選學習 42
第 5 章 音樂產生 43
5.1 概論 43
5.2 音樂結構產生 45
5.2.1 樂段決定(Section Determination) 45
5.2.2 樂句配置(Phrase Arrangement) 46
5.3 音樂和弦產生 49
5.4 旋律及音符產生 50
第 6 章 實驗 53
第 7 章 結論與未來研究 58
參考文獻 60		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0927530221en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 電腦音樂zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資料探勘zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Computer musicen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Data miningen_US
dc.title (題名) 以探勘之音樂樣式作電腦音樂作曲之研究zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [1] R. Agrawal and R. Srikant, "Fast Algorithms for Mining Association Rules," In Proc. of International Conference on Very Large Data Bases VLDB`94, 1994.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [2] J. A. Biles, "GenJam: A Genetic Algorithm for Generating Jazz Solos," In Proc. of the International Computer Music Conference ICMC`94, 1994.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [3] W. Chai and B. Vercoe, "Music Thumbnailing via Structural Analysis," In Proc. of ACM International Conference on Multimedia ACM MM`03, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [4] W. N. Cheng, "Chord Identification Based on Statistical Methods and Musical Theory," Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [5] M. F. Chiang, M. K. Shan and C. C. Lan, "Rhythm Style Mining of Dance Music," In Proc. of International Computer Symposium ICS`05, 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [6] D. Cope, The Algorithmic Composer, A-R Editions, 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [7] D. Cope, "Recombinant Music Using the Computer to Explore Musical Style," IEEE Computer, Vol. 24, No. 7, 1991.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [8] D. Cope, Virtual Music: Computer Synthesis of Musical Style, MIT Press, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [9] D. Cope, Experiments in Musical Intelligence, A-R Editions, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [10] D. Cope, "Computer Modeling of Musical Intelligence in EMI," Computer Music Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1992.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [11] D. Cope, "Pattern-Matching as an Engine for the Computer Simulation of Musical Style," In Proc. of the International Computer Music Conference ICMC`90, 1990.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [12] C. T. Davie, Musical Structure and Design, Dover Publications, 1966.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [13] S. Dubcdv, G. Assayag, O. Lartillot and G. Gejerano, "Using Machine-Learning Methods for Musical Style Modeling," IEEE Computer, Vol. 36, No. 10, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [14] M. Farbood, "Hyperscore: A New Approach to Interactive, Computer-Generated Music," Master Thesis, Department of Science in Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [15] M. Farbood, "Analysis and Synthesis of Palestrina-Style Counterpoint Using Markov Chains," In Proc. of International Computer Music Conference ICMC`01, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [16] S. W. Fu, "Chord Generation with Cadence," Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [17] K. Hirata and T. Aoyagi, "Computational Music Representation Based on the Generative Theory of Tonal Music and Deductive Object-Oriented Database," Computer Music Journal, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [18] K. Hirata and S. Matsuda, "Interactive Music Summarization Based on Generative Theory of Tonal Music," Journal of New Music Research, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [19] K. Hirata and S. Matsuda, "Interactive Music Summarization Based on GTTM," In Proc. of International Symposium Music Information Retrieval ISMIR`02, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [20] M. C. Ho, "Theme-based Music Structural Analysis," Master Thesis, Department of Computer Sciencs, National Cheng Chi University, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [21] P. Howell, I. Cross and R. West, Musical Structure and Cognition, Academic Press, 1985.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [22] J. L. Hsu, "Content-based Music Information Retrieval and Analysis," Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [23] J. L. Hsu, C. C. Liu and Chen, A. L. P., "Efficient Repeating Pattern Finding in Music Database," In Proc. of IEEE Transaction on Multimedia, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [24] N. C. Jones and P. A. Pevzner, An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms, The MIT Press, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [25] F. F. Kuo, "Melody Style Mining Using Chord Features," Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science, National Cheng Chi University, Taiwan, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [26] O. Lartillot, "Discovering Musical Patterns through Perceptive Heuristics," In Proc. of Internal Symposium on Music Information Retrieval ISMIR`03, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [27] O. Lartillot, S. Subcdv, G. Assayag and G. Bejerano, "Automatic Modeling of Musical Style," In Proc. of International Conference in Computer Music ICMC`02, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [28] F. Lerdahl and R. Jackendoff, A Generative Theory of Tonal Music, MIT Press, 1983.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [29] C. R. Lin, N. H. Liu, Y. H. Wu and A. L. P. Chen, "Music Classification Using Significant Repeating Patterns," International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications DASFAA`04, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [30] B. Liu, W. Hsu and Y. Ma, "Integrating Classification and Classification and Association Rule Mining," In Proc. of ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management CIKM`98, 1998.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [31] C. C. Liu, J. L. Hsu and A. L. P. Chen, "Efficient Theme and non-Trivial Repeating Pattern Discovering in Music Database," In Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering ICDE`99, 1999.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [32] Y. Marom, "Improvising Jazz with Markov Chains," Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, Western Australia University, Australia, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [33] E. R. Miranda, Composing Music with Computers, Focal Press, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [34] G. Papadopoulos and G. Wiggins, "A Genetic Algorithm for Generation of Jazz Melodies," In Proc. of Software Technology and Engineering Practice STEP`98, 1998.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [35] B. Pardo, "Algorithm for Chordal Analysis," Computer Music Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [36] B. Pardo, "The Chordal Analysis of Tonal Music," Technique Report, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Michigan, USA, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [37] M. Pearce and G. Wiggins, "Towards A Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Compositions," 2001, In Proc. of AISB`01 Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Creativity in the Arts and Sciences.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [38] J. Pickens and T. Crawford, "Harmonic Model for Polyphonic Music Retrieval," In Proc. of ACM International Conference on Information Knowledge Management CIKM`02, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [39] S. T. Pope, "Fifteen Years of Computer-Assisted Composition," Computer Music Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1995.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [40] C. Rapheal and J. Stoddard, "Harmonic Analysis with Probabilistic Graphical Models," In Proc. of International Symposium Music Information Retrieval ISMIR`03, 2003.zh_TW
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