學術產出-Theses

題名 美國母子公司合併子公司少數股東保護之研究—兼評台灣實務案例與相關規範設計之缺憾
作者 盧曉彥
Lu, Hsiao-Yen
貢獻者 方嘉麟
Faung, Kai-Lin
盧曉彥
Lu, Hsiao-Yen
關鍵詞 母子公司合併
制式合併
簡易合併
換股合併
現金逐出合併
關係企業
財產法則
補償法則
公司治理
自己交易
利益衝突交易
經營判斷法則
受任人義務
注意義務
忠實義務
控制股東
完全公平測試標準
公平交易
公平價格
股份收買請求權
市場出脫例外
直接訴訟
禁制令
日期 2004
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 14:24:55 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文研究重點係母子公司合併時子公司少數股東權益保障的爭議問題,並嘗試從美國法之觀點檢討我國母子公司合併案例與相關之規範設計。

從美國德拉瓦州法院對於母子公司合併規範模式之演變,應可察覺一國法制總體面因素的變化,以及合併基礎法制變遷,對於母子公司合併規範設計之影響。總體面因素諸如當代公共政策的游移、投資人與市場周邊機制之成熟度、公司內部治理機制的健全、社會思潮的偏向等;合併基礎法制幾個重大變遷,包括可決合併門檻多數決原則之確立、簡易以及制式現金逐出合併之陸續完成立法等,在在都影響了法院對於母子公司合併之規範態度。法院的態度變化,也顯現在子公司少數股東所擁有之兩項救濟,亦即股份收買請求權以及違反受任人義務訴訟救濟,在近一世紀以來,其起初係平行發展、繼而相互競爭至目前走向調和之變遷過程。而在過程中,違反受任人義務的內涵與課責標準一直持續變化,連帶地也影響股份收買請求權理論基礎的汰換、調整與新生。

德拉瓦州法院對於母子公司合併的處理方式,是區分簡易合併與制式合併而適用不同的規範模式。制式合併係適用「財產法則」概念下之常規交易審查模式,違反常規交易標準即屬違反受任人義務;簡易合併則因為協商成本太高,所以適用「補償法則」,以股份收買請求權為唯一救濟。此項規範模式,很顯然地是一種妥協之處理方式。尤其股份收買請求權之相關配套設計,包括評價得否採計合併綜效、救濟成本之負擔方式以及程序障礙設計猶存諸多問題,採取「補償法則」背後的考量因素或許正是為便利母公司執行合併。

從美國德拉瓦州公司法母子公司合併規範設計之歷史演變,比較我國目前現階段的母子公司合併規範之設計,大體說來,由於我國公司法與企業併購法之規範設計不利於子公司與母公司進行協商、再加上董事以及控制股東(亦即母公司)對於子公司之股東並無直接負受任人義務,在子公司股東無法對於不公平的合併對價,直接請求董事或母公司負擔損害賠償責任的情況下,將很難期待子公司的董事會盡力為子公司少數股東,向母公司爭取公平的合併對價。

換言之,由於我國受任人義務體系之不完備,少數股東縱然認為合併對價涉及不公情事,似乎也祇能依照民法侵權行為之規定,向董事或母公司請求損害賠償。按照民法第一八四條之規定,其舉證責任門檻事實上即相當於美國法對於簡易合併場合之規範。亦即是說,我國法似乎並無特別針對母子公司合併此項具有利益衝突之重大交易,提出任何有別於常規交易之差異規範,此即導致子公司少數股東僅能按照一般侵權行為之規範,請求母公司或董事負擔損害賠償責任,這對於少數股東而言,自是甚為不利。

短期而言,從經濟政策上係鼓勵合併,抑或從我國公司內部治理機制以及市場機制尚未健全發展至足以提供子公司相當之協商力量以與母公司抗衡的角度,我國似乎都無法在仿效美國於制式合併場合,建立偏向「財產法則」概念下之「近似常規交易協商模式」。因此,現階段或應思考從改善我國股份收買請求權設計開始著手。對此,ALI Principles與RMBCA有關股份收買請求權設計之立法例,我國應擇其優而加以援用。

長期而言,按照我國現階段的規範趨勢,似乎係在仿效美國法制,逐漸朝向市場導向之公司治理機制(market-oriented style of corporate governance),因此持續開拓我國資本市場的深度與廣度,以及建立適合於我國公司生態的公司內部治理機制,都將是繼續努力的目標。倘若未來我國市場之周邊機制與公司內部治理機制皆能發揮適當的治理功能,前述偏重於「補償法則」概念下規範模式之股份收買請求權設計,即有必要加以調整,以避免美國現階段在現金逐出合併場合所發生之「規範重疊」(regulation overlap)問題。
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(三)其他
中華徵信所(2002),《台灣地區集團企業研究》,台北,中華徵信所企業股份有限公司。
司法院、政大法研所合譯(1987),《美國法律整編第四冊—判決法、財產法、回復法》,台北,司法院。
財團法人中華民國證券暨期貨市場發展基金會(2001),《我國公司治理》。
國立中興大學法律系(1993),行政院公平交易委員會於八十二年委託中興大學法律系之研究計畫(三)《關係企業與公平交易法有關問題之研究》期末研究報告。
台灣證券交易所,網址為〈http://www.tse.com.tw/〉。
公開資訊觀測站,網址為〈http://mops.tse.com.tw/〉。
證券暨期貨市場發展基金會,資訊王—證券資訊整合資料庫,網址為〈http://www.sfi.org.tw/newsfi/intdb/menu/firstpage.asp〉。
《商業周刊》,網址為〈http://www.bwnet.com.tw/〉。
二、英文部分
(一)書籍
American Law Institute (1994), Principles of Corporate Governance: Analysis and Recommendations Ⅰ. St. Paul, Minn.: American Law Institute Publisher.
____ (1994), Principles of Corporate Governance: Analysis and Recommendations Ⅱ. St. Paul, Minn.: American Law Institute Publisher.
Berle, Adolf A., Jr. and Means, Gardiner C., (1968), The Modern Corporation And Private Property (Revised ed.). New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Block, Dennis J., Barton, Nancy E., Radin, Stephen A. (1998), The Business Judgment Rule Fiduciary Duties of Corporate Directors Ⅰ(5th ed.). New York: Aspen Law & Business.
Blumberg, Phillip I. (1987), The Law of Corporate Groups: Substantive Law. Boston: Little, Brown And Company.
Brodsky, Edward and Adamski, M.Patricia (1995), Law of Corporate Officers and Directors Rights, Duties and Liabilities. New York: Clark Boardman Callaghan.
Clark, Robert C. (1986), Corporate Law. Boston: Little, Brown And Company.
Coase, Ronald H. (1988), The Firm The Market and The Law. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Cox, James D. (2000), Corporations (3rd ed.). West Group .
Dietrich, Michael (1994), Transaction Cost Economics and Beyond—Toward A New Economics of The Firm. New York: Routledge.
Dooley, Michael P. (1995), Fundamentals of Corporation Law. New York: The Foundation Press.
Easterbrook, Frank H. and Fischel, Daniel R. (1998), The Economic Structure of Corporate Law (4th printing). Cambridge: Harvard Univ Press.
Emanuel, Steven L. (1992), Corporations (2nd ed.). New York: Emanuel Law Outlines, Inc..
Gevurtz, Franklin A. (2000), Corporation Law. St. Paul, Minn.: West Group.
Gilson, Ronald J. and Black, Bernard S. (1995), The Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions (2nd ed.). New York: The Foundation Press.
Hamilton, Robert W. (1994), Corporations Including Partnerships And Limited Partnerships Cases And Materials (5th ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co..
____ (1996), The Law of Corporations in a Nutshell (4th ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co..
Henn, Harry G. and Alexander, John R. (1983), Laws Of Corporations (3rd ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co.
Jennings, Richard W., Marsh, Harold, Jr., Coffee, John C. Jr., and Seligman, Joel (1998), Securities Regulation: Cases and Materials (8th ed.). New York: Foundation Press.
Lajoux, Alexandra R. and Elson, Charles (2000), The Art of M&A Due Diligence: Navigating Critical Steps & Uncovering Crucial Data. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
Loss, Louis and Seligman, Joel (1995), Fundamentals of Securities Regulation. New York: Aspen Law & Business.
Monks, Robert A.G. and Minow, Nell (2001), Corporate Governance (2nd ed.). New York: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Posner, Richard A. (1998), Economic Analysis Of Law (5th ed.). New York: Aspen Law & Business
Reed, Stanley F. and Lajoux, Alexandra R. (1999), The Art of M&A: A Merger Acquisition Buyout Guide (3rd ed.). New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
Seligman, Joel (1995), Corporations: Cases and Materials. Boston: Little, Brown And Company.
Solomon, Lewis D., Schwartz, Donald E., Bauman, Jeffrey D. and Weiss, Elliott J. (1994), Corporations Law and Policy Materials and Problems (3rd ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co..
Solomon, Lewis D. and Palmiter, Alan R. (1994), Corporations: Examples and Explanations (2nd ed.). Boston: Little, Brown And Company.
Stone, Alan (1982), Regulation and its Alternatives. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Welch, Edward P. and Turezyn, Andrew J. (1993), Folk on the Delaware General Corporation Law: Fundamentals. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Williamson, Oliver E. (1996), The Mechanisms of Governance. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, Inc..
(二)期刊論文
Allen, William, Jacobs, T. Jack B. and Strine, Leo E. Jr. (2001),“Function over Form: A Reassessment of Standards of Review in Delaware Corporation Law”, Delaware Journal of Corporation Law 26: 859-895.
____ (2002),“Symposium: Realigning the Standard of Review of Director Due Care with Delaware Public Policy: A Critique of Van Gorkom and its Progeny as a Standard of Review Problem”, Northwestern University Law Review 96: 449-466.
Aronstam, Bradley R., Balotti, R. Franklin and Rehbock, Timo (2003), “Delaware’s Going-Private Dilemma: Fostering Protections for Minority Shareholders in the Wake of Siliconix and Unocal Exploration”, The Business Lawyer 58: 519-558.
Balotti, R. Franklin, Elson, Charles M. and Laster, J. Travis (2000),“Equity Ownership and the Duty of Care: Convergence, Revolution, or Evolution ?”, The Business Lawyer 55: 661-692.
Balotti, R. Franklin and Hinsey, Joseph Ⅳ (2000),“Director Care, Conduct, and Liability: The Model Business Corporation Act Solution”, The Business Lawyer 56: 35-61.
Bebchuk, Lucian Arye and Kahan, Marcel (1989),“Symposium: Fundamental Corporate Changes: Causes, Effects, and Legal Responses: Fairness Opinions: How Fair Are They and What Can Be Done About It ?”, Duke Law Journal 1989: 27-53.
Berger, Carolyn and Allingham, Thomas J. Ⅱ (1983),“A New Light on Cash-out Mergers: Weinberger Eclipses Singer”, The Business Lawyer 39: 1-24.
Booth, Richard A. (1985),“” Management Buyouts, Shareholder Welfare, and the Limit of Fiduciary Duty, New York University Law Review 60: 630-664.
Bratton, William W., Jr. (1989),“The “Nexus of Contracts”Corporation: A Critical Appraisal”, Cornell Law Review 74: 407-465.
Brown, Grover C., Maimone, Michael J. and Schoell, Joseph C. (1998),“Director and Advisor Disinterestedness and Independence under Delaware Law”, Delaware Journal of Corporation Law 23: 1157-1201.
Brudney, Victor (1983),“Equal Treatment Of Shareholders In Corporate Distributions And Reorganizations”, California Law Review 71: 1072-1133.
____ (1997),“Contract and Fiduciary Duty in Corporate Law”, Boston College Law Review 38: 595–665.
____ (2000),“Revisiting the Import of Shareholder Consent for Corporate Fiduciary Loyalty Obligations”, The Journal of Corporation Law 25: 209-240.
Brudney, Victor and Chirelstein, Marvin A. (1974),“Fair Shares in Corporate Mergers and Takeovers”, Harvard Law Review 88: 297-346.
____ (1978),“A Restatement of Corporate Freezeouts”, Yale Law Journal 87: 1354-1376.
Burgman, Dierdre A. and Cox, Paul N. (1984),“Reappraising the Role of The Shareholder in the Modern Public Corporation: Weinberger’s Procedural Approach to Fairness in Freezeouts”, Wisconsin Law Review 1984: 593-665.
Buxbaum, Richard M. (1985),“The Internal Division of Powers in Corporate Governance”, California Law Review 73: 1671-1734.
Calabresi, Guido and Melamed, A. Douglas (1972),“Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral”, Harvard Law Review 85: 1089-1128.
Calio, Joseph Evan (1994),“New Appraisals of Old Problems: Reflections on the Delaware Appraisal Proceeding”, American Business Law Journal 32: 1-68.
Campbell, Rutheford B. Jr. (1995),“A Positive Analysis of the Common Law of Corporate Fiduciary Duties”, Kentucky Law Journal 84: 455-505.
____ (1999),“Fair Value and Fair Price in Corporate Acquisitions”, North Carolina Law Review 78: 101-152.
____ (2003),“The Impact of Modern Finance Theory in Acquisition Cases”, Syracuse Law Review 53: 1-48.
Carney, William J. and Heimendinger, Mark (2003), “Appraising the Nonexistent: The Delaware Court’s Struggle with Control Premiums”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 152: 845-880.
Chandler, Willaim B. Ⅲ, Strine, Leo E. Jr (2003), “The New Federalism of the American Corporate Governance Ssytem: Preliminary reflections of Two Residents of One Small State”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 152: 953-1005.
Cheung, Steven N.S (1983),“The Contractual Nature of the Firm”, Journal of Law and Economics 26: 1-21.
Coates, John C. Ⅳ (1999), ““Fair Value”As an Avoidable Rule of Corporate Law: Minority Discounts in Conflict Transactions”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 147: 1251-1359.
Coffee, John C. Jr. (1996),“Transfers of Control and the Quest for Efficiency: Can Delaware Law Encourage Efficient Transactions While Chilling Inefficient Ones ?”, Delaware Journal of Corporation Law 21: 359-425.
Comment (1984),“The Appraisal Remedy in Corporate Freeze-Out: Questions of Valuation and Exclusivity”, Southwestern University Law Journal 38: 775-798 (authored by Joseph M. Coleman).
Comment (1985),“Valuation in the Context of Share Appraisal”, Emory Law Journal 34: 117-155 (authored by David Cohen).
Comment (1986),“Weinberger to Rabkin: Fine Tuning the Doctrine of Corporate Mergers”, Delaware Journal of Corporation Law 11: 839-859 (authored by Michael Phillips).
Comment (1986),“Regulation of Leveraged Buyouts to Protect The Public Shareholder and Enhance the Corporate Image”, Catholic University Law Review 35: 489-544 (authored by Gregory J. Schwartz).
Comment (1987),“Formulating a Theory for Preliminary Injunctions: American Hospital Supply Corp. v. Hospital Products Ltd.”, Iowa Law Review 72: 1157-1170 (authored by Ann E. Heiny).
Comment (1989), Cede & Co. v. Technicolor, Inc.: A Whole New Ball Game for Dissenting Shareholders, Delaware Journal of Corporation Law 14: 999-1023 (authored by Helen M. Richards).
Comment (1991),“The Exclusivity of the Appraisal Remedy under the New North Carolina Business Corporation Act: Deciding the Standard of Review for Cash-out Mergers”, North Carolina Law Review 69: 501-550 (authored by Julie Gwyn Hudson).
Commentary (1995),“Recent Developments in Delaware Corporate Law: Kahn v. Lynch Communication Systems, Inc.: A Major Step Toward Clarifying the Role of Independent Committees”, Delaware Journal of Corporation Law 20: 564-587 (authored by Jeffrey J. Clark).
Committee on Corporate Laws (1988),“Guidelines for the Unaffiliated Director of the Controlled Corporation”, The Business Lawyer 44: 211-222.
____(1989),“Changes in the Model Business Corporation Act-Amendments Pertaining to Directors’ Conflicting Interest Transactions”, The Business Lawyer 44: 1307-1334.
____(1994),“Corporate Director’s Guidebook-1994 Edition”, The Business Lawyer 49: 1243-1289.
____(1997),“Changes in the Model Business Corporation Act-Amendments Pertaining to Electronic Filings/Standards of Conduct and Standards of Liability for Directors”, The Business Lawyer 53: 157-191.
____(1998),“Proposed Changes in the Model Business Corporation Act-Appraisal Rights”, The Business Lawyer 54: 209-283.
____(1999),“Changes in the Model Business Corporation Act Pertaining to Appraisal Rights and to Fundamental Changes- Final Adoption”, The Business Lawyer 55: 405-406.
____(2001),“Corporate Director’s Guidebook-Third Edition”, The Business Lawyer 56: 1575-1632.
Corre, Isaac (2002),“Management and Control of The Modern Business Corporation: Corporate Control Transactions: Commentary on Fischel”, University of Chicago Law Review 69: 963-971.
Davis, Kenneth B. Jr. (1985),“Judicial Review of Fiduciary Decisionmaking – Some Theoretical Perspectives (Part 2 Of 2)”, Northwestern University Law Review 80: 1-99.
Dooley, Michael P. and Goldman, Michael D. (2000),“Some Comparisons Between the Model Business Corporation Act and the Delaware General Corporation Law”, The Business Lawyer 56: 737-766.
Edelman, James J. (2001),“Restitution and Unjust Enrichment: Unjust Enrichment, Restitution, and Wrongs”, Texas Law Review 79: 1869-1878.
Eisenberg, Melvin A. (1988),“Self-Interested Transactions in Corporate Law”, The Journal of Corporation Law 13: 997-1009.
____ (1993),“”The Divergence of Standards of Conduct and Standards of Review in Corporate Law, Fordham Law Review 62: 437-468.
Eisenhofer, Jay W. and Reed, John L. (1997),“Valuation Litigation”, Delaware Journal of Corporation Law 22: 27–140.
Elson, Charles M. (1992),“Fairness Opinion: Are They Fair or Should We Care ?”, Ohio State Law Journal 53: 951-1003.
Elson, Charles M. and Thompson, Robert B. (2002),“Symposium: Van Gorkom’s Legacy: The Limits of Judicially Enforced Constraints and the Promise of Proprietary Incentives”, Northwestern University Law Review 96: 579-593.
Fischel, Daniel R. and Bradley, Michael (1986),“The Role of Liability Rules and the Derivative Suit in Corporate Law: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis”, Cornell Law Review 71: 261-297.
Fischel, Daniel R. (2002), “Management and Control of the Modern Business Corporation: Corporate Control Transactions: Market Evidence in Corporate Law”, University of Chicago Law Review 69: 941-961.
Gilson, Ronald J. and Gordon, Jeffrey N. (2003), “Controlling Controlling Shareholders”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 152: 785-843.
Goshen, Zohar (1997), “Controlling Strategic Voting: Property Rule Or Liability Rule?”, Southern California Law Review 70: 741-804.
Goshen, Zohar (2003),“The Efficiency of Controlling Corporate Self-Dealing: Theory Meets Reality”, California Law Review 91: 393-438.
Gouvin, Eric J. (1996),“Resolving the Subsidiary Director’s Dilemma”, Hastings Law Journal 47: 287-338.
Grossbauer, John F. and Fischer, Matthew E. (2001),“Recent Developments in Delaware Corporation Law”, Delaware Law Review 4: 93-136.
Hamilton, Robert W. (2000),“Corporate Governance in America 1950-2000: Major Changes but Uncertain Benefits”, The Journal of Corporation Law 25: 349-373.
Herzel, Leo and Colling, Dale E. (1984),“Establishing Procedural Fairness in Squeeze-out Mergers after Weinberger v. UOP”, The Business Lawyer 39: 1525-1539.
Heyman, Kurt M. and Enerio, Patricia L. (2001),“The Disappearing Distinction Derivative and Direct Actions”, Delaware Law Review 4: 155-189.
Holmstrom, Bengt and Kaplan, Steven N. (2001), “Corporate Governance and Merger Activity in the United States: Making Sense of the 1980s and 1990s”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 15: 121-144.
Iacono, Christopher A. (2003), “Tender Offers and Short-Form Mergers by Controlling Shareholders under Delaware Law: The “800-Pound Gorilla” Continues Unimpeded-In Re Pure Resources, Inc., Shareholders Litigation”, Delaware Journal of Corporation Law 28: 645-671.
Jensen, Michael C. and Meckling, William H. (1976),“Theory of The Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure”, Journal of Financial Economics 3: 305-360.
Johnson, Henry F. and Bartlett, Paul, Jr. (1993),“Is a Fistful of Dollars the Answer? A Critical Look at Dissenters` Rights under the Revised Model Business Corporation Act”, Journal of Law and Commerce 12: 211-233.
Johnson, Jennifer J. and Siegel, Mary (1987),“Corporate Mergers: Redefining the Role of Target Directors”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 136: 315-416.
Johnson, Lyman (2000),“The Modest Business Judgment Rule”, The Business Lawyer 55: 625-652.
Kanda, Hideki and Levmore, Saul (1985),“The Appraisal Remedy and the Goals of Corporate Law”, UCLA Law Review 32: 429-473.
Koch, Charles H. Jr. (2003), “Envisioning a Global Legal Culture”, Michigan Journal of International Law 25: 1-76.
Letsou, Peter V. (1998),“The Role of Appraisal in Corporate Law”, Boston College Law Review 39: 1121-1174.
____ (2001),“Theory Informs Business Practice: Implications of Shareholder Diversification on Corporate Law and Organization: The Case of the Business Judgment Rule”, Chicago-Kent Law Review 77: 179-210.
Lorne, Simon M. (1978),“A Reappraisal of Fair Shares in Controlled Mergers”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 126: 955-988.
Manning, Bayless (1962),“The Shareholders’ Appraisal Remedy: An Essay for Frank Coker”, Yale Law Journal 72: 223-265.
____(1985),“Reflections and Practical Tips on Life in The Boardroom after Van Gorkom”, The Business Lawyer 41: 1-14.
McGovern, Bruce A. (2002),“Fiduciary Duties, Consolidated Returns, and Fairness”, Nebraska Law Review 81: 170-282.
Mitchell, Lawrence E. (1993),“Fairness and Trust in Corporate Law”, Duke Law Journal 43: 425-491.
Note (1961),“Freezing out Minority Shareholders”, Harvard Law Review 74: 1630-1647.
Note (1983),“Minority Shareholders and Cashout Mergers: The Delaware Court Offers Plaintiffs Greater Protection and A Procedural Dilemma -- Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701 (Del. 1983)”, Washington Law Review 59: 119-140 (authored by John T. McLean).
Note (1983),“A Cash-Out Breakthrough in Delaware Judical Merger Regulation: Weinberger v. UOP, Inc.”, Southwestern University Law Review 37: 823-839 (authored by Kevin W. Parke).
Note (1984),“Approval of Take-out Mergers by Minority Shareholders: From Substantive to Procedural Fairness”, Yale Law Journal 93: 1113-1126 (authored by Kent T. van den Berg).
Note (1984),“Corporation Law – Weinberger v. Uop, Inc.: Delaware Reevaluates State-Law Limitations on Take out Mergers”, North Carolina Law Review 62: 812-832 (authored by Glenn Carsten Campbell).
Note (1984),“Delaware Improves its Treatment of Freezeout Mergers: Weinberger v. UOP. Inc.”, Boston College Law Review 25: 685-723 (authored by Geoffrey E. Hobart).
Note (1990),“Balancing the Rights of Majority and Minority Shareholders in Take-out Mergers: Trends in Delaware Law”, New England Law Review 25: 699-731 (authored by Rand D. Richey).
Note (1992),“Exclusivity of Appraisal—The Possibility of Extinguishing Shareholder Claims”, Case Western Reserve Law Review 42: 955-991 (authored by Michelle M. Pepin).
Note & Comment (1994),“Director Conflicts of Interest under the Model Business Corporation Act: A Model for All States?”, Washington Law Review 69: 207-233 (authored by Peter E. Kay).
Note (1994),“Interested Transactions by Corporate Directors: A Weakening of the Fiduciary Duty of Loyalty”, Suffolk University Law Review 28: 93-121 (authored by Richard W. Holtz).
Note (1994),“Valuation Problems in the Appraisal Remedy”, Cardozo Law Review 16: 649-698 (authored by Michael R. Schwenk).
Note (1995),“Appraisal Rights in Mergers of Publicly-Held Delaware Corporations: Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, and Something B.L.U.E”, Southern California Law Review 68: 719-743 (authored by Angie Woo).
Note (1997),“Coming In from the Cold: Reforming Shareholders’ Appraisal Right in Freeze-out Transactions”, Columbia Business Law Review 1997: 133-163 (authored by Alexander Khutorsky).
Note (2003),“Recent Delaware Decisions May Prove to be "Entirely Unfair" to Minority Shareholders in Parent Merger with Partially Owned Subsidiary”, Columbia Business Law Review 2003: 253-283 (authored by Brian M. Resnick).
Orlinsky, Eric G. (1999),“Corporate Opportunity Doctrine and Interested Director Transactions: A Framework for Analysis in an Attempt to Restore Predictability”, Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 24: 451-525.
Payson, Robert K. and Inskip, Gregory A. (1983),“Weinberger v. UOP, Inc.: Its Practical Significance in the Planning and Defense of Cash-out Mergers”, Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 8: 83-97.
Pinto, Arthur R. (1998),“Section Ⅲ: Corporate Governance: Monitoring the Board of Directors in American Corporations”, American Journal of Comparative Law 46: 317-346.
Prickett, William and Hanrahan, Michale (1983),“Weinberger v. UOP: Delaware’s Effort to Preserve a Level Playing Field for Cash-out Mergers”, Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 8: 59-82.
Ramsay, Ian M. (1999), “Allocating Liability in Corporate Groups: An Australian Perspective”, 13 Connecticut Journal of International Law 13: 329-377.
Ratway, David J. (1996),“Delaware`s Stock Market Exception to Appraisal Rights: Dissenting Minority Stockholders of Warner Communications, Inc. Are "Market-Out" of Luck”, Toledo Law Review 28: 179-217.
Rock, Edward B. and Wachter, Michael L. (2001),“Symposium Norms & Corporate Law: Islands of Conscious Power: Law, Norms. and the Self-Governing Corporation”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 149: 1619-1700.
Roth, Bud (2000),“Entire Fairness for a Pure Breach of the Duty of Care: Sensible Approach or Technicolor Flop?”, Delaware Law Review 3: 145-177.
Shaw, Bill (1990),“Resolving the Conflict of Interest in Management Buyout”, Hofstra Law Review 19: 143-170.
Slovin, Myron B. and Sushka, Marie E. (1998), “The Economics of Parent-Subsidiary Mergers: An Empirical Analysis”, Journal of Financial Economics 49: 255-279.
Silver, Carole B. (1984),“Fair Dealing Comes of Age in the Regulation of Going Private Transactions”, Journal of Corporation Law 9: 385-454.
Seligman, Joel (1984),“American Law Institute’s Corporate Governance Project: Remedies: Reappraising the Appraisal Remedy”, George Washington Law Review 52: 829-871.
Siegel, Mary (1995),“Back to the Future, Appraisal Rights in the Twenty-First Century”, Harvard Journal on Legislation 32:79-143.
____(1999),“The Erosion of the Law of Controlling Shareholders”, Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 24: 27-81.
Silverstein, Bruce L. and McBride David C. (2002), “Norberg v. Security Storage Co.: Stretching the Limits of The Doctrine of Acquiescence in Freeze-out Mergers”, Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 27: 53-98.
Smith, D. Gordon (1999),“A Proposal to Eliminate Director Standards from the Model Business Corporation Act”, University of Cincinnati Law Review 67: 1201-1228.
Steinberg, Marc I. (2002),“Short-Form Mergers in Delaware”, Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 27: 489-498.
Stern, Yedidia Z. (2001), “A General Model for Corporate Acquisition Law”, The Journal of Corporation Law 26: 675-716
Strine, Leo E., Jr. (2002),“The Inescapably Empirical Foundation of the Common Law of Corporations”, Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 27:499-518.
Taylor, Nelson Ferebee (1998),“Evolution of Corporate Combination Law: Policy Issues and Constitutional Questions”, North Carolina Law Review 76: 687-1014.
Thomas, Randall S. (2000),“Revising the Delaware Appraisal Statute”, Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 3: 1-35.
Thompson, Robert B. (1995),“Exit, Liquidity, and Majority Rule: Appraisals Role in Corporate Law”, Georgetown Law Journal 84: 1-60.
Thompson, Samuel C., Jr. (1996), “The Merger and Acquisition Provisions of The ALI Corporate Governance Project as Applied to the Three Steps in the Time-Warner Acquisition”, Columbia Business Law Review 1996: 145-280.
Ulen, Thomas S. (1997), “Symposium: Law and Society & Law and Economics: Common Ground, Irreconcilable Differences, New Directions: Firmly Grounded: Economics in the Future of the Law”, Wisconsin Law Review 1997: 433-463.
Veasey, E. Norman (1998), An Economic Rationale For Judicial Decisionmaking In Corporate Law, Delaware Law Review 1: 169-192.
Veasey, E. Norman (2003), “Musings on the Dynamics of Corporate Governance Issues, Director Liability Concerns, Corporate Control Transactions, Ethics, and Federalism”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 152: 1007-1021.
Vorenberg, James (1964),“Exclusivity of the Dissenting Stockholder’s Appraisal Right”, Harvard Law Review 77: 1189-1217.
Weiss, Elliott J. (1981),“The Law of Take out Mergers: A Historical Perspective”, New York University Law Review 56: 624-692.
____(1983),“Balancing Interests in Cash-out Mergers: The Promises of Weinberger v. UOP, Inc.”, Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 8: 1-58.
Wertheimer, Barry M. (1998),“The Purpose of the Shareholder’s Appraisal Remedy”, Tennessee Law Review 65: 661-690.
____(1998),“The Shareholders’ Appraisal Remedy and How Courts Determine Fair Value”, Duke Law Journal 47: 613-712.
(三)其他
Bebchuk, Lucian Arye and Kahan, Marcel (1999), “Adverse Selection and Gains to Controllers in Corporate Freezeouts”, in Randall K. Morck, ed, Concentrated Corporate Ownership 247-61 (Chicago 2000), available at < http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=147568#PaperDownload>. An earlier version of this paper was circulated as “The “Lemons Effect” in Corporate Freeze-outs”, Working Paper No. 6938. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, available at <http://nber.org/papers/w6938> (last visited Aug. 2003).
Finkelstein, Jesse A. (2001), “Recent Delaware Court Decisions Show Path to Avoid Entire Fairness Review in Subsidiary Buy-out Transactions”, 33 BNA`s Securities Regulation & Law Report Analysis & Perspective 1151.
Foss, Nicolai J., Lando, Henrik and Thomosn, Steen,“The Theory of the Firm”, in Encyclopedia of Law and Economics §5610, 631-658, available at <http://encyclo.findlaw.com/5610book.pdf> (last visited Dec. 2002).
Jacobs, Jack B. (1995),“Reappraising Appraisal: Some Judicial Reflections”, Speech at 15th Annual Ray Garrett, Jr. Corporate and Securities Law Institute, Northwestern University School of Law (Apr. 27, 1995) (on file with the author) (Jack B. Jacobs is now serving as Justice of Delaware Supreme Court.) < http://courts.state.de.us/supreme/feedback.htm>.
Johnson, Simon, La Porta, Rafael, Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio and Shleifer, Andrei (2000), “Tunnelling”, Working Paper No. 7523. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, available at <http://nber.org/papers/w7523> (last visited Aug. 2003).
La Porta, Rafael, Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio, Shleifer, Andrei and Vishny (1998), Robert W., “Law and Finance”, Journal of Political Economy 106: 1113, available at < http://post.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/shleifer/papers/lawandfinance.pdf> (last visited July. 10, 2004).
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學研究所
87651045
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0087651045
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 方嘉麟zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Faung, Kai-Linen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 盧曉彥zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lu, Hsiao-Yenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 盧曉彥zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lu, Hsiao-Yenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 14:24:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 14:24:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 14:24:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0087651045en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32770-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 87651045zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文研究重點係母子公司合併時子公司少數股東權益保障的爭議問題,並嘗試從美國法之觀點檢討我國母子公司合併案例與相關之規範設計。

從美國德拉瓦州法院對於母子公司合併規範模式之演變,應可察覺一國法制總體面因素的變化,以及合併基礎法制變遷,對於母子公司合併規範設計之影響。總體面因素諸如當代公共政策的游移、投資人與市場周邊機制之成熟度、公司內部治理機制的健全、社會思潮的偏向等;合併基礎法制幾個重大變遷,包括可決合併門檻多數決原則之確立、簡易以及制式現金逐出合併之陸續完成立法等,在在都影響了法院對於母子公司合併之規範態度。法院的態度變化,也顯現在子公司少數股東所擁有之兩項救濟,亦即股份收買請求權以及違反受任人義務訴訟救濟,在近一世紀以來,其起初係平行發展、繼而相互競爭至目前走向調和之變遷過程。而在過程中,違反受任人義務的內涵與課責標準一直持續變化,連帶地也影響股份收買請求權理論基礎的汰換、調整與新生。

德拉瓦州法院對於母子公司合併的處理方式,是區分簡易合併與制式合併而適用不同的規範模式。制式合併係適用「財產法則」概念下之常規交易審查模式,違反常規交易標準即屬違反受任人義務;簡易合併則因為協商成本太高,所以適用「補償法則」,以股份收買請求權為唯一救濟。此項規範模式,很顯然地是一種妥協之處理方式。尤其股份收買請求權之相關配套設計,包括評價得否採計合併綜效、救濟成本之負擔方式以及程序障礙設計猶存諸多問題,採取「補償法則」背後的考量因素或許正是為便利母公司執行合併。

從美國德拉瓦州公司法母子公司合併規範設計之歷史演變,比較我國目前現階段的母子公司合併規範之設計,大體說來,由於我國公司法與企業併購法之規範設計不利於子公司與母公司進行協商、再加上董事以及控制股東(亦即母公司)對於子公司之股東並無直接負受任人義務,在子公司股東無法對於不公平的合併對價,直接請求董事或母公司負擔損害賠償責任的情況下,將很難期待子公司的董事會盡力為子公司少數股東,向母公司爭取公平的合併對價。

換言之,由於我國受任人義務體系之不完備,少數股東縱然認為合併對價涉及不公情事,似乎也祇能依照民法侵權行為之規定,向董事或母公司請求損害賠償。按照民法第一八四條之規定,其舉證責任門檻事實上即相當於美國法對於簡易合併場合之規範。亦即是說,我國法似乎並無特別針對母子公司合併此項具有利益衝突之重大交易,提出任何有別於常規交易之差異規範,此即導致子公司少數股東僅能按照一般侵權行為之規範,請求母公司或董事負擔損害賠償責任,這對於少數股東而言,自是甚為不利。

短期而言,從經濟政策上係鼓勵合併,抑或從我國公司內部治理機制以及市場機制尚未健全發展至足以提供子公司相當之協商力量以與母公司抗衡的角度,我國似乎都無法在仿效美國於制式合併場合,建立偏向「財產法則」概念下之「近似常規交易協商模式」。因此,現階段或應思考從改善我國股份收買請求權設計開始著手。對此,ALI Principles與RMBCA有關股份收買請求權設計之立法例,我國應擇其優而加以援用。

長期而言,按照我國現階段的規範趨勢,似乎係在仿效美國法制,逐漸朝向市場導向之公司治理機制(market-oriented style of corporate governance),因此持續開拓我國資本市場的深度與廣度,以及建立適合於我國公司生態的公司內部治理機制,都將是繼續努力的目標。倘若未來我國市場之周邊機制與公司內部治理機制皆能發揮適當的治理功能,前述偏重於「補償法則」概念下規範模式之股份收買請求權設計,即有必要加以調整,以避免美國現階段在現金逐出合併場合所發生之「規範重疊」(regulation overlap)問題。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 序論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法 4
第三節 研究範圍 7
第四節 研究架構 8
第二章 母子公司合併之法律經濟分析 11
第一節 母子公司形成之經濟因素 11
第二節 合併之動機理論 28
第三節 母子公司合併之成本效益分析 31
第四節 防止價值減損交易與鼓勵價值增加交易經濟目標之實現 41
第五節 公司治理(Corporate Governance)機制之成本效益分析—市場或管制的取捨 51
第三章 美國母子公司合併之規範 91
第一節 董事之受任人義務 93
第二節 母公司之受任人義務 164
第三節 母子公司合併之規範 208
第四章 美國母子公司合併子公司少數股東之救濟途徑 371
第一節 反對股東之股份收買請求權 373
第二節 違反受任人義務之救濟 457
第三節 兩項救濟之競爭與調和 470
第五章 從美國法之觀點檢討我國母子公司合併案例與相關之規範設計缺憾 513
第一節 兩種不同之母子公司合併類型爭議 513
第二節 我國母子公司合併之規範與案例介紹 518
第三節 案例分析與問題之提出 553
第六章 結論與建議—美國法對於我國母子公司合併規範設計之啟示 567
第一節 美國德拉瓦州母子公司合併規範設計之歷史演變以及現階段發展之時代意涵 567
第二節 從美國法之觀點檢討我國目前母子公司合併規範設計之缺憾……………………………………………………………. 582
附錄 1
附錄一 經營判斷法則成文化的努力 1
附錄二 董事自己交易現行制定法之規範 3
附錄三 ALI Principles控制股東之公平商業往來義務 13
附錄四 德拉瓦州法院母子公司合併案例的整理 17
附錄五 反對股東股份收買請求權法規之比較 31
附錄六 美國與我國母子公司合併規範模式變遷及合併基礎法制變化因素分析(口試報告) 65
參考文獻 1
一、中文部分 1
二、英文部分 7



詳 目
第一章 序論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法 4
第三節 研究範圍 7
第四節 研究架構 8
第二章 母子公司合併之法律經濟分析 11
第一節 母子公司形成之經濟因素 11
第一項 從獨資、合夥到股份有限公司 11
第二項 母子公司之形成因素 20
第三項 子公司結構變化與公司法制之因應初探 24
第二節 合併之動機理論 28
第三節 母子公司合併之成本效益分析 31
第一項 母子公司合併之效益 31
第一款 一般合併所能產生之效益 31
第二款 減少母子公司之代理成本 32
第一目 減少子公司的監控成本 32
第二目 減少母公司的擔保成本以促進資源的有效利用 34
第二項 母子公司合併的可能危害 35
第一款 綜效之質疑 35
第二款 資訊不對稱之衍生問題 36
第三款 自己交易之爭議 38
第三項 小結 39
第四節 防止價值減損交易與鼓勵價值增加交易經濟目標之實現 41
第一項 正視立法政策左右游移的可能性 41
第二項 少數股東有權參與合併綜效利得分配之理由 42
第一款 符合受任人義務之要求 44
第二款 防止利益輸送並有效促進具有綜效價值之合併 47
第五節 公司治理(Corporate Governance)機制之成本效益分析—市場或管制的取捨 51
第一項 公司治理機制之互動與選擇 51
第二項 以市場作為治理機制之不足與可能後果 54
第一款 市場機制之效能檢驗 54
第一目 控制權市場(競價機制)的欠缺 54
第二目 贊成或反對市價作為判斷基準之理由 56
第二款 以市價作為判斷基準所衍生的問題 63
第三項 法律規範之設計、選擇與成本效益分析 66
第一款 寇斯定理的再運用 67
第二款 適用財產法則或補償法則的衍生思考 69
第三款 選擇採用「財產法則」或「補償法則」規範模式之考量因素 74
第一目 總體面的考量因素 75
第二目 母公司持有子公司股權數量、合併對價及合併模式差異 77
壹、母公司持有子公司股權數量之差異 77
貳、合併對價種類之差異 77
參、合併模式之差異 78
第三目 「財產法則」與「補償法則」概念下可能之規範設計類型與實際架構設計之考量因素 79
壹、「財產法則」概念下可能之規範設計類型與實際架構設計之考量因素 80
一、資訊揭露之要求 80
二、近似常規交易協商機制之建立 80
三、提高子公司方面協商談判之力量 81
(一)同意合併表決權門檻之設計 81
(二)賦予少數股東請求法院判予禁制令、撤銷合併或回復原狀損害賠償之權能 81
貳、「補償法則」概念下可能之規範設計類型與實際架構設計之考量因素—由法院等公正的仲裁機構決定股份之公平價格 83
第四款 小結 85
第三章 美國母子公司合併之規範 91
第一節 董事之受任人義務 93
第一項 概說 93
第二項 董事的基本職責、義務內容與負義務的對象 94
第三項 注意義務與經營判斷法則 101
第一款 注意義務 101
第二款 經營判斷法則 103
第一目 經營判斷法則之意義 103
第二目 經營判斷法則之理論基礎 104
第三目 經營判斷法則之適用 109
第四目 經營判斷法則的要素 111
壹、商業決定 111
貳、善意 112
參、適當的注意 112
肆、無利益衝突且具獨立性 116
伍、無濫用裁量權、浪費或其他不法情事 119
第四目 經營判斷法則成文化的努力 121
壹、一九九八年版RMBCA第八‧三一條 121
貳、一九九四年ALI Principles第四‧0一條 122
第三款 注意義務因經營判斷法則而弱化之疑慮 124
第四項 忠實義務與董事自己交易之規範 126
第一款 忠實義務 126
第二款 董事自己交易之規範 127
第一目 自己交易之定義與種類 128
第二目 早期判例法之發展 129
第三目 現行制定法之規範 132
壹、安全港規則—以德拉瓦州公司法第一四四條為例 132
一、揭露與不具利害關係董事之同意 134
二、揭露與股東之同意 135
三、公平 135
貳、RMBCA之規範 136
一、一九八四年版RMBCA第八‧三一條(a)、(b)兩項之規定 136
二、一九八八年版RMBCA第F分章 138
(一)衝突利益交易之定義 139
(二)必要揭露義務 140
(三)行使表決權之身分限制 141
(四)衝突利益交易之司法審查方式 142
(五)實質公平之判斷方式 143
(六)小結 145
參、ALI Principles第五‧0二條 146
第四目 自己交易之未來規範趨勢 148
第三款 忠實義務與經營判斷法則 152
第五項 本節結論 155
第二節 母公司之受任人義務 164
第一項 概說 164
第二項 母公司之定義 165
第三項 母公司之受任人義務 168
第四項 合併以外之母子公司內部商業往來規範 173
第一款 與百分之百持有股權(Wholly Owned)之子公司進行商業往來 175
第二款 與非百分之百持有股權(Partially Owned)之子公司進行商業往來 176
第一目 商業往來的類型區分 177
壹、合併申報租稅協議 177
貳、操控子公司之股利政策 179
參、奪取子公司之商業機會 180
肆、合併以外之母子公司交易 181
一、母子公司之買賣 182
(一)Sinclair Oil Corp. v. Levien案 182
(二)Kahn v. Tremont Corp.案 183
二、母子公司之借貸 186
(一)公平交易 188
(二)公平價格 189
第二目 學者與ALI Principles之建議 190
壹、學者Mary Siegel之建議 190
一、緩和二極(bipolar)審查標準之必要 190
二、交易類型之區分 191
三、利益與否測試標準之門檻設計 192
四、「安全港規則」程序規定之適用 193
五、實例分析 193
貳、ALI Principles之建議 196
一、第五‧一0條之規定 196
二、第五‧一一條之規定 199
(一)關於合併申報租稅協議 200
(二)操控子公司之股利政策 201
三、第五‧一二條之規定 202
第五項 本節結論 204
第三節 母子公司合併之規範 208
第一項 概說 208
第二項 Weinberger案前母子公司合併審查標準之歷史演變 212
第一款 審查標準之演變 212
第一目 換股合併之審查標準 212
第二目 迂迴的現金逐出合併 219
第三目 現金逐出合併立法後審查標準之演變 222
壹、不法與詐欺標準—Stauffer 與 Schenley兩案 222
貳、短暫的插曲—證交法反詐欺條款之救濟 226
參、雙重測試標準—Singer與Tanzer與Najjar三部曲 228
一、Singer v. Magnavox Co.案 229
二、Tanzer v. International General Industries, Inc.案 230
三、Roland International Corp. v. Najjar案 233
四、Singer三部曲的規範意涵 235
第二款 審查標準之分析 239
第一目 以對價的差異作區分 239
第二目 以合併類型作區分 245
第三項 Weinberger v. UOP, Inc.案 251
第一款 案例事實 252
第二款 法院判決 256
第一目 衡平法院 256
第二目 最高法院 257
壹、Arledge與Chitiea的評估報告 257
貳、資訊揭露與共通董事的忠實義務 258
參、完全公平的基本內涵 259
肆、公平交易 260
伍、公平價格 261
陸、商業目的測試標準不再援用 266
第四項 Weinberger案之分析與影響 267
第一款 Weinberger案的分析 267
第一目 解決Singer三部曲遺留下的問題 267
第二目 違反受任人義務訴訟與股份收買請求權兩項救濟之適用爭議 268
第二款 Weinberger案對於制式合併之影響 282
第一目 完全公平測試標準之確立 283
第二目 商業目的測試標準逐漸不再援用 286
第三目 符合安全港程序規則僅能產生舉證責任倒置之效果 290
第四目 近似常規交易協商模式(an approximately arm’s length bargaining model)之建立 292
第三款 Weinberger案對於簡易合併之影響 299
第五項 Weinberger案後母子公司制式合併案例完全公平標準之測試 310
第一款 公平交易的測試 312
第一目 合併時點與發起時機 312
第二目 架構設計之方式 316
第三目 協商談判的過程 321
第四目 投資銀行與其他顧問之參與 330
第五目 充分揭露 338
第六目 不具利害關係董事之同意 344
第七目 不具利害關係股東之同意 348
第二款 公平價格之測試 353
第六項 本節結論 358
第四章 美國母子公司合併子公司少數股東之救濟途徑 371
第一節 反對股東之股份收買請求權 373
第一項 概說 373
第二項 德拉瓦州公司法之規定 374
第一款 早期理論基礎與法規架構之演變 374
第一目 早期理論基礎 374
第二目 法規架構之演變 380
壹、一八九九年之原始規定 380
貳、一九四三年之規定—制定程序規定並賦予法院實體審查權力 381
參、一九六七年之規定—增設「市場出脫例外」設計 382
第二款 適用範圍與例外 384
第一目 適用範圍 384
第二目 例外情形 385
壹、簡易合併 386
貳、非對稱式合併 386
參、「市場出脫例外」規定 386
第三款 行使程序之設計 389
第一目 公司於合併前之書面通知 389
第二目 反對股東之回應 390
第三目 公司於股東會決議日後之通知 391
第四目 聲請法院裁定股份價格之程序 391
第五目 法院可召開聽證會確定反對股東之聲請資格 392
第六目 事證開示程序(discovery) 392
第七目 反對股東撤回聲請之權利 393
第八目 反對股東在股份價格裁定程序中之地位 393
第四款 股份公平價值之決定 394
第一目 評價方法 394
壹、The Delaware Block method 396
貳、現代財務評價方法—以現金流量折現法為例 400
第二目 合併綜效利得之評價 404
第三目 反對股東之少數股權折價 408
第四目 參酌合併前不公平行為之爭議 413
第五目 參酌合併後具體事證之爭議 417
第五款 利息之計算 418
第六款 訴訟、顧問費用之分擔 419
第三項 股份收買請求權理論基礎之再建構 420
第一款 Weinberger案前股份收買請求權之運用情形 420
第一目 Weinberger案前股份收買請求權之案例並不多見 420
第二目 股份收買請求權設計不受青睞之原因 421
壹、適用範圍過於嚴格 421
貳、「市場出脫例外」之限制 422
參、程序規定之障礙 422
一、程序要件之解釋過於嚴格 422
二、無法解決流動性問題 423
三、救濟成本過高 423
肆、評價標準之專擅性及不可預測 425
第二款 Weinberger案後股份收買請求權之運用情形與功能再建構之相關理論介紹 425
第一目 Weinberger案後股份收買請求權之案例明顯增加 425
第二目 功能再建構之相關理論介紹 427
壹、事前監控利益衝突交易之功能 427
貳、事後發現利益衝突交易之功能 429
第三款 股份收買請求權作為監控控制股東利益衝突交易工具之趨勢 432
第四項 立法例之建議—簡介ALI Principles與RMBCA之規範設計 437
第一款 監控控制股東利益衝突交易工具之因應設計 438
第二款 適用範圍之擴大 441
第三款 「市場出脫例外」設計之排除或修正 442
第四款 程序規定障礙的排除 446
第一目 便利反對股東踐行通知程序 446
第二目 強制預付的規定 446
第三目 減輕反對股東救濟成本之負擔 447
第五款 評價方式之修正 449
第一目 現代評價方式之引進 449
第二目 合併綜效利得之評價 449
第三目 少數股權或無流通性折價之摒棄 453
第五項 本節結論 454
第二節 違反受任人義務之救濟 457
第一項 概說 457
第二項 直接訴訟 458
第三項 違反受任人義務之救濟內容 460
第一款 禁制令 460
第二款 金錢之損害賠償 463
第一目 一般之損害賠償 463
第二目 回復原狀之損害賠償 465
第三目 名義上之損害賠償 466
第四項 本節結論 468
第三節 兩項救濟之競爭與調和 470
第一項 概說 470
第二項 德拉瓦州法院對於雙重救濟調和爭議之處理 470
第一款 實體法上排他救濟爭議之歷史演變 470
第二款 訴訟程序上雙重救濟之處理方式 476
第一目 兩項救濟訴訟程序之差異 476
第二目 Cede & Co. v. Technicolor, Inc.案之處理意見 479
第三款 兼具事前抑制不法與事後發現不法的輔助監控功能 481
第三項 其他立法例之建議 482
第一款 ALI Principles之規範建議 482
第二款 RMBCA之規範建議 491
第四項 本節結論 493
第一款 德拉瓦州公司法規範模式與ALI Principles以及RMBCA立法例之比較 493
第二款 德拉瓦州公司法股份收買請求權監控功能之檢驗 496
第三款 從法律經濟分析觀點分析德拉瓦州法院對於母子公司合併之規範模式 500
第五章 從美國法之觀點檢討我國母子公司合併案例與相關之規範設計缺憾 513
第一節 兩種不同之母子公司合併類型爭議 513
第二節 我國母子公司合併之規範與案例介紹 518
第一項 母子公司合併之規範 518
第一款 委請獨立專家 518
第二款 董事會(監察人)作成合併契約 518
第一目 法定(制式)合併 519
第二目 特殊合併(包括簡易合併與非對稱式合併) 519
第三目 利害關係迴避設計之排除 519
第四目 監察人代表簽約並進行實質審查 520
第三款 資訊揭露設計 520
第一目 董事會決議日後的公告資訊 520
第二目 股東會決議日前的資訊提供 521
第三目 股東會決議日後公開說明書之揭露 522
第四款 股東會決議 523
第五款 反對股東股份收買請求權之行使 524
第一目 股份收買請求權之理論基礎 524
第二目 股份收買請求權之適用範圍與例外 524
第三目 股份收買請求權之行使程序 524
壹、行使股份收買請求權之要件 524
貳、反對股東請求收買股份之期間 525
參、聲請法院裁定股份公平價格之程序 525
第四目 股份公平價格之裁定 526
第五目 股份收買請求權之失效 527
第六目 股份收買請求權與其他救濟之關係 527
第二項 案例介紹 527
第一款 聯電五合一案 527
第二款 大眾銀行與大眾票券合併案 543
第三款 台灣慧智與致達合併案 551
第三節 案例分析與問題之提出 553
第一項 概說 553
第二項 「財產法則」概念下規範設計之缺失 556
第一款 資訊揭露設計不足以保障少數股東 556
第二款 排除利害關係迴避設計之衍生疑慮 558
第三款 客觀第三人設計不具實質意義 558
第四款 受任人義務體系的不完備 561
第三項 「補償法則」概念下規範設計之缺失 563
第六章 結論與建議—美國法對於我國母子公司合併規範設計之啟示 567
第一節 美國德拉瓦州母子公司合併規範設計之歷史演變以及現階段發展之時代意涵 567
第二節 從美國法之觀點檢討我國目前母子公司合併規範設計之缺憾 582
一、我國現階段母子公司合併規範設計之缺憾 582
二、初步建議 584
附錄 1
附錄一 經營判斷法則成文化的努力 1
附錄二 董事自己交易現行制定法之規範 3
(第八‧六0至第八‧六三條) 4
附錄三 ALI Principles控制股東之公平商業往來義務 13
附錄四 德拉瓦州法院母子公司合併案例的整理 17
附錄五 反對股東股份收買請求權法規之比較 31
附錄六 美國與我國母子公司合併規範模式變遷及合併基礎法制變化因素分析(口試報告) 65
參考文獻 1
一、中文部分 1
(一)書籍 1
(二)期刊論文 3
(三)其他 6
二、英文部分 7
(一)書籍 7
(二)期刊論文 9
(三)其他 19
zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0087651045en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 母子公司合併zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 制式合併zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 簡易合併zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 換股合併zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 現金逐出合併zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 關係企業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 財產法則zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 補償法則zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公司治理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自己交易zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 利益衝突交易zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 經營判斷法則zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 受任人義務zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 注意義務zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 忠實義務zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 控制股東zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 完全公平測試標準zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公平交易zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公平價格zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 股份收買請求權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 市場出脫例外zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 直接訴訟zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 禁制令zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 美國母子公司合併子公司少數股東保護之研究—兼評台灣實務案例與相關規範設計之缺憾zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (一)書籍zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王志誠(1998),《論公司員工參與經營之制度—以股份有限公司經營機關之改造為中心—》,政大法研所未出版博士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 方嘉麟(1999),〈論關係企業法制問題—資訊揭露與運作管制〉,「企業法制之改造」學術研討會發表論文,國立台灣大學法律系等主辦。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 任慶宗(2003),《集團企業子公司之綜效利益與彈性限制-網絡觀點》,政大企研所未出版博士論文。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳姿璉(2000),《論股份有限公司經營者與公司間利益衝突交易—以關係人交易為核心》,政大法研所未出版碩士論文。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、英文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (一)書籍zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clark, Robert C. (1986), Corporate Law. Boston: Little, Brown And Company.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gevurtz, Franklin A. (2000), Corporation Law. St. Paul, Minn.: West Group.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gilson, Ronald J. and Black, Bernard S. (1995), The Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions (2nd ed.). New York: The Foundation Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hamilton, Robert W. (1994), Corporations Including Partnerships And Limited Partnerships Cases And Materials (5th ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co..zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____ (1996), The Law of Corporations in a Nutshell (4th ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co..zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Henn, Harry G. and Alexander, John R. (1983), Laws Of Corporations (3rd ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jennings, Richard W., Marsh, Harold, Jr., Coffee, John C. Jr., and Seligman, Joel (1998), Securities Regulation: Cases and Materials (8th ed.). New York: Foundation Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lajoux, Alexandra R. and Elson, Charles (2000), The Art of M&A Due Diligence: Navigating Critical Steps & Uncovering Crucial Data. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Loss, Louis and Seligman, Joel (1995), Fundamentals of Securities Regulation. New York: Aspen Law & Business.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Monks, Robert A.G. and Minow, Nell (2001), Corporate Governance (2nd ed.). New York: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Posner, Richard A. (1998), Economic Analysis Of Law (5th ed.). New York: Aspen Law & Businesszh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Seligman, Joel (1995), Corporations: Cases and Materials. Boston: Little, Brown And Company.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Solomon, Lewis D., Schwartz, Donald E., Bauman, Jeffrey D. and Weiss, Elliott J. (1994), Corporations Law and Policy Materials and Problems (3rd ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co..zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Solomon, Lewis D. and Palmiter, Alan R. (1994), Corporations: Examples and Explanations (2nd ed.). Boston: Little, Brown And Company.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stone, Alan (1982), Regulation and its Alternatives. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Welch, Edward P. and Turezyn, Andrew J. (1993), Folk on the Delaware General Corporation Law: Fundamentals. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Williamson, Oliver E. (1996), The Mechanisms of Governance. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, Inc..zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (二)期刊論文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allen, William, Jacobs, T. Jack B. and Strine, Leo E. Jr. (2001),“Function over Form: A Reassessment of Standards of Review in Delaware Corporation Law”, Delaware Journal of Corporation Law 26: 859-895.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____ (2002),“Symposium: Realigning the Standard of Review of Director Due Care with Delaware Public Policy: A Critique of Van Gorkom and its Progeny as a Standard of Review Problem”, Northwestern University Law Review 96: 449-466.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aronstam, Bradley R., Balotti, R. Franklin and Rehbock, Timo (2003), “Delaware’s Going-Private Dilemma: Fostering Protections for Minority Shareholders in the Wake of Siliconix and Unocal Exploration”, The Business Lawyer 58: 519-558.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Balotti, R. Franklin and Hinsey, Joseph Ⅳ (2000),“Director Care, Conduct, and Liability: The Model Business Corporation Act Solution”, The Business Lawyer 56: 35-61.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bebchuk, Lucian Arye and Kahan, Marcel (1989),“Symposium: Fundamental Corporate Changes: Causes, Effects, and Legal Responses: Fairness Opinions: How Fair Are They and What Can Be Done About It ?”, Duke Law Journal 1989: 27-53.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berger, Carolyn and Allingham, Thomas J. Ⅱ (1983),“A New Light on Cash-out Mergers: Weinberger Eclipses Singer”, The Business Lawyer 39: 1-24.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Booth, Richard A. (1985),“” Management Buyouts, Shareholder Welfare, and the Limit of Fiduciary Duty, New York University Law Review 60: 630-664.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bratton, William W., Jr. (1989),“The “Nexus of Contracts”Corporation: A Critical Appraisal”, Cornell Law Review 74: 407-465.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, Grover C., Maimone, Michael J. and Schoell, Joseph C. (1998),“Director and Advisor Disinterestedness and Independence under Delaware Law”, Delaware Journal of Corporation Law 23: 1157-1201.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brudney, Victor (1983),“Equal Treatment Of Shareholders In Corporate Distributions And Reorganizations”, California Law Review 71: 1072-1133.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____ (1997),“Contract and Fiduciary Duty in Corporate Law”, Boston College Law Review 38: 595–665.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brudney, Victor and Chirelstein, Marvin A. (1974),“Fair Shares in Corporate Mergers and Takeovers”, Harvard Law Review 88: 297-346.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____ (1978),“A Restatement of Corporate Freezeouts”, Yale Law Journal 87: 1354-1376.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burgman, Dierdre A. and Cox, Paul N. (1984),“Reappraising the Role of The Shareholder in the Modern Public Corporation: Weinberger’s Procedural Approach to Fairness in Freezeouts”, Wisconsin Law Review 1984: 593-665.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Buxbaum, Richard M. (1985),“The Internal Division of Powers in Corporate Governance”, California Law Review 73: 1671-1734.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Calabresi, Guido and Melamed, A. Douglas (1972),“Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral”, Harvard Law Review 85: 1089-1128.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Calio, Joseph Evan (1994),“New Appraisals of Old Problems: Reflections on the Delaware Appraisal Proceeding”, American Business Law Journal 32: 1-68.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Campbell, Rutheford B. Jr. (1995),“A Positive Analysis of the Common Law of Corporate Fiduciary Duties”, Kentucky Law Journal 84: 455-505.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____ (1999),“Fair Value and Fair Price in Corporate Acquisitions”, North Carolina Law Review 78: 101-152.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carney, William J. and Heimendinger, Mark (2003), “Appraising the Nonexistent: The Delaware Court’s Struggle with Control Premiums”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 152: 845-880.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chandler, Willaim B. Ⅲ, Strine, Leo E. Jr (2003), “The New Federalism of the American Corporate Governance Ssytem: Preliminary reflections of Two Residents of One Small State”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 152: 953-1005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheung, Steven N.S (1983),“The Contractual Nature of the Firm”, Journal of Law and Economics 26: 1-21.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Comment (1984),“The Appraisal Remedy in Corporate Freeze-Out: Questions of Valuation and Exclusivity”, Southwestern University Law Journal 38: 775-798 (authored by Joseph M. Coleman).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Comment (1985),“Valuation in the Context of Share Appraisal”, Emory Law Journal 34: 117-155 (authored by David Cohen).zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Comment (1986),“Regulation of Leveraged Buyouts to Protect The Public Shareholder and Enhance the Corporate Image”, Catholic University Law Review 35: 489-544 (authored by Gregory J. Schwartz).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Comment (1987),“Formulating a Theory for Preliminary Injunctions: American Hospital Supply Corp. v. Hospital Products Ltd.”, Iowa Law Review 72: 1157-1170 (authored by Ann E. Heiny).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Comment (1989), Cede & Co. v. Technicolor, Inc.: A Whole New Ball Game for Dissenting Shareholders, Delaware Journal of Corporation Law 14: 999-1023 (authored by Helen M. Richards).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Comment (1991),“The Exclusivity of the Appraisal Remedy under the New North Carolina Business Corporation Act: Deciding the Standard of Review for Cash-out Mergers”, North Carolina Law Review 69: 501-550 (authored by Julie Gwyn Hudson).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Commentary (1995),“Recent Developments in Delaware Corporate Law: Kahn v. Lynch Communication Systems, Inc.: A Major Step Toward Clarifying the Role of Independent Committees”, Delaware Journal of Corporation Law 20: 564-587 (authored by Jeffrey J. Clark).zh_TW
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