論生殖性複製與生殖自由

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題名	論生殖性複製與生殖自由
作者	許昭元
貢獻者	法治斌<br>林子儀 <br> 許昭元
關鍵詞	桃莉複製人生殖性複製無性生殖體細胞核移轉生殖權生殖自由自主權墮胎人工生殖生殖方式胚胎基本權利地位
日期	2003
上傳時間	17-Sep-2009 14:26:45 (UTC+8)
摘要	藉由生物科技中的複製技術，本文探討其與憲法保障生殖自由之關係。整個問題點，可以很簡單歸納為一句話，即「無性生殖受憲法生殖自由之保障嗎？」。所謂的「複製」，和在一九九六年七月五日誕生，而於二OO三年二月十四日死亡，可能是史上最有名的一隻羊：桃莉，有很大的關係。其之所以有名，在於其係運用「複製」技術，所誕生的第一隻哺乳類動物。而在桃莉之後，也有許多其他哺乳類動物運用此項技術誕生，故也開啟了運用於人類身上之可能性，因而產生了極大的爭議與論辯。複製技術以技術的不同而區分，可以簡單分為「胚胎分割」與「體細胞核移轉」兩者。而如果以目的的不同而區分，則可以分為「治療性複製」與「生殖性複製」。本文主要針對在二OO四年七月以前，得作為產生個體之用，且性質上屬於無性生殖的體細胞核移轉技術。生殖自由在我國與美國憲法均無明文，但是借由美國實務與理論相當多的見解，以及我國相關文獻之豐富討論，其內涵大致上可以區分為「是否生殖」、「如何 (不) 生殖」及「 (不) 生殖什麼」三者。生殖性複製得否禁止，禁止之法律是否合憲，因此乃係屬「如何生殖」中方式選擇自由之問題。不同的生殖方式之中，本文採取生物本能、基因傳遞之概念，認為獲致與自己有基因關連之子嗣的方式，位居生殖自由之核心。但在均屬核心之方式中，亦非無分軒輊地受憲法同等之保障。本文以為不同可獲致有基因關連子嗣之方式，應以「是否需要輔助」為第一區分，而以「有性或無性」為第二區分標準。在此之下，性行為可先鞏固為方式自由之核心地位。除性行為之外，其他方式又以人工生殖較無性生殖更接近核心。各種不同的生殖方式，即可依此而形成「蘋果、柳丁與橘子」之層級化區分；而在均屬安全有效的前提下，亦非個人可自由選擇。借由舉證責任倒置的「例外窮盡模式」，使真正有需要的極少數人，得以此方式自由繁衍後代。我國人工生殖法草案禁止無性生殖，但是用語稍有瑕疵，且禁止理由又係基於「人之存在價值及尊嚴」與「社會倫常秩序」，與本文之看法不盡相同。生物科技礙於其專業鴻溝與發展快速，欲以法律精確定義，顯然有所困難。故在管制手段上，實應考量採取立法大幅授權，與行政個案判斷之模式。此外，司法審查介入此種個案，亦庶幾符合其權力角色與功能分配，而可發揮定紛止爭之功能。
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SUNSTEIN著，商千儀、高忠義譯，《司法極簡主義：一次一案的精神與民主政治》，商周 (2001)。＃ NICHOLAS WADE編著，趙沛林譯，《複製人完全手冊》，胡桃木 (2004)。＃ IAN WILMUT, KEITH CAMPBELL & COLIN TUDGE著，陳紹寬、朱佩雯譯，《我創造了桃莉！－從複製羊談生命再造與基因工程》，究竟 (2000)。＃ LEWIS WOLPERT著，周業仁譯，《胚胎大勝利》，天下 (1998)。＃ MARLENE ZUK著，劉泗翰譯，《物競性擇》，書林 (2004)。＊期刊文獻 ◎ 中文原著＃方流芳，〈羅伊判例：關於司法和政治分界的爭辯─墮胎和美國憲法第十四修正案的司法解釋〉，載於《比較法研究》第12卷第1期 (1998/3)。＃王道還，〈從「科學怪人」到「美麗新世界」：「複製羊」桃莉引起的爭議〉，載於《當代》第119期 (1997/7)。＃王富仙，〈受精卵法律地位之探索〉，載於《法學叢刊》第183期 (2001/7)。＃王澤鑑，〈特殊侵權行為 (一) －特殊侵權行為的類型構成及規範體系－〉，載於《台灣本土法學雜誌》第58期 (2004/5)。＃朱世霓，〈澳洲胚胎幹細胞研究最新立法趨勢簡析〉，載於《科技法律透析》第14卷第11期 (2002/11)。＃朱世霓，〈英國有關複製人立法及胚胎幹細胞研究爭議發展始末及評析〉，載於《科技法律透析》第14卷第3期 (2002/3)。＃李素華，〈歐盟人類胚胎複製研究之法律規範爭議〉，載於《科技法律透析》第12卷第12期 (2000/12)。＃李素華，〈德國將有限度開放人類胚胎幹細胞進口〉，載於《科技法律透析》第14卷第3期 (2002/3)。＃李素華，〈德國胚胎幹細胞法 (草案) 介紹與淺析〉，載於《科技法律透析》第14卷第7期 (2002/7)。＃李悌愷，〈論屍體 (骨) 之法律性質〉，載於《台灣本土法學雜誌》第56期(2004/3)。＃李國光，〈挑戰生殖倫理的新科技〉，載於《科學人》第17期 (2003/7)。＃李惠宗，〈論宗教信仰自由及國家保護義務─評司法院大法官釋字第四九O號解釋─〉，載於《台灣本土法學雜誌》第5期 (1999/12)。＃李震山，〈從憲法保障生命權及人性尊嚴之觀點論人工生殖〉，載於《月旦法學雜誌》第2期 (1995/6)。＃李震山，〈論個人資料保護－以人體基因資訊為例〉，載於《月旦法學雜誌》第75期 (2001/8)。＃李震山，〈「複製人」科技發展對既有法律思維與制度之衝擊－以基本權利保障為例〉，載於《月旦法學雜誌》第79期 (2001/12)。＃李震山，〈胚胎基因工程之法律涵意－以生命權保障為例〉，載於《台大法學論叢》第31卷第3期 (2002/5)。＃李鎡堯，〈國內人工生殖科技之現況〉，載於《月旦法學雜誌》第2期 (1995/6)。＃吳庚，〈違憲審查制度之起源功能及發展〉，載於《法官協會雜誌》第3卷第2期 (2001/12)。＃何建志，〈法務部「複製人相關問題之研討」會議評論〉，載於《生物科技與法律研究通訊》第1期 (1999/1)。＃何建志，〈冰島的浮士德契約？全國基因資料庫的建立與省思〉，載於《生物科技與法律研究通訊》第1期 (1999/1)。＃何建志，〈世界各國基因科技相關法令摘要〉，載於《生物科技與法律研究通訊》第1期 (1999/1)。＃何建志，〈反反胚胎商品化的一些法律論證〉，載於《律師雜誌》第285期(2003/6)。＃林子儀，〈普通法院各級法官及行政法院評事應否具有違憲審查權〉，載於《憲政時代》第18卷第3期 (1993/1)。＃林子儀，〈憲政體制與機關爭議之釋憲方法之應用－美國聯邦最高法院審理權力分立案件之解釋方法〉，載於《憲政時代》第27卷第4期 (2002/4)。＃林明定、翁濬一，〈胚胎幹細胞公然挑戰人類生命倫理！？〉，載於《生技時代》第12期 (2002/10)。＃林美雯，〈複製人網站大集合〉，載於《牛頓雜誌》第215期 (2001/7)。＃林雅惠，〈資訊隱私權之重塑－以行動商務為例〉，載於《科技法學評論》第1卷第1期 (2004/4)。＃周成功，〈複製羊的科學觀〉，載於《當代》第119期 (1997/7)。＃周志宏，〈複製人與生物科技之法律規範〉，載於《月旦法學雜誌》第35期(1998/4)。＃苑舉正，〈複製科技的潘朵拉盒子：桃莉震撼下的倫理反省〉，載於《當代》第119期 (1997/7)。＃侯英泠，〈「計畫外生育」與非財產上損害賠償－評最高法院九O年度台上字第四六八號民事判決－〉，載於《台灣本土法學雜誌》第47期 (2003/6)。＃張志明，〈由美國聯邦最高法院與德國聯邦憲法法院墮胎判決論國家義務之不同觀點－憲法權利之消極性與積極性〉，載於《憲政時代》第28卷第1期 (2002/7)。＃陳文吟，〈由胚胎幹細胞研究探討美國專利法上「道德」實用性因應生物科技的必要性〉，載於《台北大學法學論叢》第49期 (2001/12)。＃陳英淙，〈由德國聯邦憲法法院之判決 (BverfGE 88, 203) 探討墮胎合法化問題〉，載於《憲政時代》第28卷第1期 (2002/7)。＃陳英鈐，〈人類幹細胞研究的法議題〉，載於《政大法學評論》第67期 (2001/9)。＃陳英鈐，〈胚胎植入前基因檢測的憲法問題〉，載於《生物科技與法律研究通訊》第14期 (2002/4)。＃陳英鈐，〈人類胚胎幹細胞研究的法問題－胚胎的基本權利地位〉，載於《律師雜誌》第285期 (2003/6)。＃陳美華，〈物化或解放－女性主義者關於代理孕母的爭論〉，載於《月旦法學雜誌》第52期 (1999/9)。＃陳堂麒，〈「桃莉之死」敲響複製技術警鐘？！〉，載於《生技時代》第17期 (2003/3)。＃陳啟行，〈資訊隱私權法理探討─以美國法為中心〉，載於《政大法學評論》第64期 (2000/12)。＃陳愛娥，〈憲法對未出生胎兒的保護─作為基本權保護義務的一例來觀察〉，載於《政大法學評論》第58期 (1997/12)。＃張宇樞，〈複製人之衝擊及相關法律問題初探〉，載於《法令月刊》第53卷第5期 (2002/5)。＃曾志朗，〈Goodbye, Dolly！－我們應該哀悼你的英年早逝，還是追思你的壽終正寢？〉，載於《科學人》第13期 (2003/3)。＃曾志朗，〈社會生活基因A、T、G、C〉，載於《科學人》第23期 (2004/1)。＃湯德宗，〈立法裁量之司法審查的憲法依據－違憲審查正當性理論初探－〉，載於《憲政時代》第26卷第2期 (2000/10)。＃黃昭元，〈立法裁量與司法審查－以審查標準為中心〉，載於《憲政時代》第26卷第2期 (2000/10)。＃黃昭元，〈憲法權利限制的司法審查標準：美國類型化多元標準模式的比較分析〉，載於《台大法學論叢》第33卷第3期 (2004/5)。＃程明修，〈胎兒與生命權保障主體性間之憲法論證難題〉，載於《東吳大學法律學報》第13卷第2期 (2002/2)。＃程樹德，〈不可能的成功：從演化生物學看複製科技〉，載於《當代》第119期 (1997/7)。＃雷文玫，〈兩對父母親的拔河－從父母子女關係之認定看近來代理孕母合法化爭議〉，載於《月旦法學雜誌》第52期 (1999/9)。＃楊君萍，〈從科學的角度看「複製羊」及「轉殖羊」〉，載於《月旦法學雜誌》第35期 (1998/4)。＃楊秀儀，〈病人，家屬，社會：論基因年代病患自主權可能之發展〉，載於《台大法學論叢》第31卷第5期 (2002/9)。＃楊雅雯，〈複製人類的倫理爭辯與法律管制模式研究〉，載於《生物科技與法律研究通訊》第7期 (2000/7)。＃廖元豪，〈論我國憲法上之「行政保留」－以行政、立法兩權關係為中心〉，載於《東吳法律學報》第12卷第1期 (2000/2)。＃齊隆壬，〈電影•複製•科技人：從「大都會」到「銀翼殺手」和「魔鬼終結者II」〉，載於《當代》第119期 (1997/7)。＃潘震澤譯，〈發現DNA雙螺旋結構50週年慶－專訪華生〉，載於《科學人》第14期 (2003/4)。＃劉承慶、劉承愚，〈人體組織應用於生物科技之管制法令與財產權〉，載於《月旦法學雜誌》第93期 (2003/2)。＃蔡甫昌，〈為什麼不能訂製一個小孩！？〉，載於《生技時代》第17期 (2003/3)。＃蔡宗珍，〈「基因科技安全管制法」草案總說明〉，載於《生物科技與法律研究通訊》第11期 (2001/7)。＃蔡淑華，〈日本公布人類複製技術規範法〉，載於《科技法律透析》第13卷第3期 (2001/3)。＃蔡維音，〈德國基本法第一條「人性尊嚴」規定之探討〉，載於《憲政時代》第18卷第1期 (1992/7)。＃蔡維音，〈「擬似權利主體」之法律意涵－重新建構人類基因之法律地位〉，載於《成大法學》第2期 (2001/12)。＃鄧曉芳，〈日本公布「ES細胞 (胚胎幹細胞) 培植暨使用指針」〉，載於《科技法律透析》第13卷第12期 (2001/12)。＃鄧曉芳，〈日本政府公布「特定胚胎處理指針」〉，載於《科技法律透析》第14卷第2期 (2002/2)。＃鄧曉芳，〈簡介日本生技法制倫理規範趨勢-兼評析我國相關生技法規概況 (上) 〉，載於《科技法律透析》第14卷第8期 (2002/8)。＃鄧曉芳，〈簡介日本生技法制倫理規範趨勢-兼評析我國相關生技法規概況 (下) 〉，載於《科技法律透析》第14卷第9期 (2002/9)。＃鍾芳樺，〈美國生物倫理諮詢委員會複製人報告之摘要〉，載於《生物科技與法律研究通訊》第1期 (1999/1)。＃薛瑞元，〈「代理孕母」的管制原則與措施〉，載於《月旦法學雜誌》第52期 (1999/9)。＃魏汎娟，〈複製技術與基因改造動物之發展現況〉，載於《生物科技與法律研究通訊》第12期 (2001/10)。＃顏厥安，〈鼠肝與蟲臂的管制：談生命科技與法律〉，載於《當代》第119期 (1997/7)。＃顏厥安，〈財產、人格，還是資訊？論人體基因的法律地位〉，載於《臺大法學論叢》第31卷第1期 (2002/1)。＃龐中培，〈你需要保存臍帶血嗎？〉，載於《科學人》第29期 (2004/7)。＃羅麗珠、王惠珍，〈複製人類在歐美之法制規範〉，載於《資訊法務透析》第10卷第9期 (1998/9)。＃蘇永欽，〈職權命令的合憲性問題－地方自治是否創造了特別的合憲存在基礎－〉，載於《台灣本土法學雜誌》第11期 (2000/6)。＃蘇永欽，〈法律作為一種學問〉，載於《月旦法學雜誌》第98期 (2003/7)。＃蘇永欽，〈二OO四年總統大選後我國憲政改革的展望〉，載於《月旦法學雜誌》第111期 (2004/8)。＃蘇麗華，〈《魔鬼二世》袋鼠男人不稀奇！〉，載於《生技時代》第10期 (2002/8)。＃蘇麗華，〈《複製殺人魔》終結罪惡元兇〉，載於《生技時代》第12期 (2002/10)。 ◎ 翻譯著作＃ George J. Annas, Leonard H. Glantz, Patricia A. Roche著，何建志譯，〈基因隱私法範本〉，載於《生物科技與法律研究通訊》第7期 (2002/7)。＃ Charles Choi著，張雨青譯，〈複製人大不易〉，載於《科學人》第17期 (2003/7)。＃ Jose B. Cibelli等著，黃榮棋譯，〈第一個複製人胚胎〉，載於《科學人》第1期 (2002/3)。＃ Steve Ditlea著，黃榮棋譯，〈人工心臟前景可期？〉，載於《科學人》第7期(2002/9)。＃ Carol Ezzell著，張孟媛譯，〈成體幹細胞功效受質疑〉，載於《科學人》第5期 (2002/7)。＃ W. Wayt Gibbs著，潘震澤譯，〈看不見的基因組〉，載於《科學人》第23期(2004/1)。＃ W. Wayt Gibbs著，李千毅譯，〈組裝生命〉，載於《科學人》第28期 (2004/6)。＃ Robin Marantz Hennig著，潘震澤譯，〈潘朵拉的嬰兒〉，載於《科學人》第17期 (2003/7)。＃ Robert Lanza & Nadia Rosenthal著，涂可欣譯，〈幹細胞的挑戰〉，載於《科學人》第29期 (2004/7)。＃ Sally Lehrman著，黃榮祺譯，〈複製的字眼之爭〉，載於《科學人》第18期(2003/8)。＃ Sergio Pistoi著，黃榮棋譯，，〈他是複製人狂徒？〉，載於《科學人》第3期(2002/5)。＃ Christian Starck著，李建良譯，〈基本權利之保護義務〉，載於《政大法學評論》第58期 (1997/12)。＃ Christian Starck著，陳英鈐譯，〈生物學與生殖醫學的憲法界限〉，載於《台大法學論叢》第33卷第3期 (2004/5)。＃ Benjamin Stix著，張孟媛譯，〈幹細胞替代品？〉，載於《科學人》第6期 (2002/8)。＃ Gary Stix著，潘震澤譯，〈到底複製了什麼？〉，載於《科學人》第1期 (2002/3)。＊學位論文＃王素珍，《人體組織之保障與管制－財產權與人格權結合的另類思考》，輔大法研所碩士論文 (2003)。＃王偉鴻，《治療性複製法律與倫理論證思維之研究－兼論禁止生殖性複製之法規範正當性》，台師大三研所碩士論文 (2003)。＃李文琦，《基因可專利性之研究：以美國專利制度為中心》，東吳法研所碩士論文 (2001)。＃李梵嶢，《人類胚胎幹細胞 (Human Embryonic Stem Cells, hESCs) 研究及醫療應用之法律建制》，台北大學法研所碩士論文 (2002)。＃林俊言，《論非列舉權利之憲法保障－以憲法第二十二條的功能與操作為核心》，政大法研所碩士論文 (2002)。＃林紋玲，《商品化的身體：從買賣市場的實際存在探討有關人體器官取得之管制政策》，台大法研所碩士論文 (2002)。＃林建中，《隱私權概念之再思考─關於概念範圍、定義權利形成方法》，台大法研所碩士論文 (1999)。＃翁大鈞，《「複製人」之立法研究》，台大三研所碩士論文 (2000)。＃高培□，《生物醫學人體試驗之國際法規範》，東吳法研所專業碩士班碩士論文 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(2001/8/9)。＃〈國內首頭複製牛誕生〉，中國時報，焦點新聞；〈接生複製牛李善男等了30年〉，聯合晚報，本日焦點 (2001/9/3)。＃〈活不到六天複製牛「畜寶」死了〉，中國時報，社會新聞；〈前夜心肺衰竭死亡複製牛畜寶死了〉，聯合報，綜合要聞 (2001/9/8)。＃〈複製人作半套醫界有共識〉，中國時報，焦點新聞；〈人類胚胎複製成功再爆複製人爭議〉，聯合報，國際新聞 (2001/11/27)。＃〈德國修憲保障動物權〉，中國時報，國際新聞 (2002/5/19)。＃〈供核源為成羊耳細胞台灣複製羊姊妹花世界首例〉，自由時報，綜合新聞 (2002/10/9)。＃〈全球首位複製人「夏娃」誕生將做DNA鑑定〉、〈下一步複製成人、思想和記憶〉，中國時報，國際新聞 (2002/12/28)。＃〈代理孕母合法化曙光再現〉，中國時報，焦點新聞 (2003/2/11)。＃〈活了六歲桃莉羊安樂死〉，中國時報，社會新聞 (2003/2/16)。＃〈50年前破解DNA雙螺旋結構〉，中國時報，國際新聞 (2003/3/1)。＃〈複製羊寶吉、寶祥慶週歲〉，中國時報，社會新聞 (2003/7/24)。＃〈改採耳朵組織新複製牛「如意」存活五月後亮相〉、〈如意健康良好沈志朋笑逐顏開〉、〈人工生殖法草案排除代理孕母〉，中國時報，社會新聞 (2003/8/13)。＃〈「母子保健法」修正結紮不需配偶同意〉，中時晚報，政治新聞；〈墮胎免配偶同意撤案〉，聯合晚報，綜合 (2003/8/27)。＃〈晚婚卵子可先冰存〉，中國時報，社會新聞 (2003/10/2)。＃〈製造複製人專家「偷跑」植胚胎〉，聯合報，國際萬象 (2004/1/18)。＃〈南韓造出卅枚成人胞細複製胚胎〉，中國時報，國際新聞 (2004/2/14)。＃〈生殖科技基因診斷避免試管嬰兒缺陷〉，中國時報，醫藥新聞 (2004/4/2)。＃〈《殘蝕的理性》墮胎片遭痛批暫時停用〉中國時報，社會新聞 (2004/4/17)。＃〈捍衛婦女墮胎權華府百萬人示威〉，中國時報，國際新聞 (2004/4/27)。＃〈歐盟東擴增納十國影響非常深遠〉，工商時報，論壇；〈歐盟憲法中央集權化〉，中國時報，國際新聞 (2004/4/29)。＃〈首開國際先例衛署擬修法限制孕婦吸菸〉、〈專家：有侵害人權之虞〉，中國時報，焦點新聞 (2004/5/3)。＃〈孕婦吸菸不上課就罰錢〉，中國時報，社會新聞 (2004/5/4)。＃〈幹細胞會長牙未來免裝假牙〉，自由時報，國際新聞 (2004/5/5)。＃〈高齡婆婆媽媽將難圓生育夢〉，中國時報，焦點新聞 (2004/5/9)。＃〈2代複製牛「小三郎」活跳跳〉、〈技術突破複製動物不再早夭〉、〈哞！台灣複製牛隻隻「如意」〉，中時晚報，醫藥新聞；〈1頭牛複製4頭台灣成功了〉，聯合晚報，國內要聞 (2004/5/24)。＃〈民國一一一年台灣人口零成長〉，中國時報，社會新聞；〈法律空窗期「黑牌」人工生殖中心多〉，民生報，醫藥新聞 (2004/5/25)。＃〈國際視窗人工受孕＋顯微注射愛滋父母可以生下健康寶寶〉，中國時報，醫藥新聞 (2004/6/10)。＃〈經合組織排名我生育率倒數第一〉、〈獎勵生育提供幼兒照顧最實際〉，中國時報，焦點新聞 (2004/6/13)。＃〈多管齊下再禿也能還你青絲〉，中國時報，國際新聞 (2004/6/17)。＃〈假性一胎化？男女嬰空前失衡〉、〈【2假性一胎化】小皇帝娶某要靠進口的〉、〈訂做男娃多醫生無奈〉，中時晚報，焦點新聞 (2004/6/26)。＃〈生殖科技不孕求子科技現「生」機〉，中國時報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/5)。＃〈墮胎擬取消24周上限衛署將邀專家再討論〉，聯合報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/9)。＃〈臍帶血移植成功貧血病童重生〉、〈院方爭取專案開放造福更多罕病患者〉，中國時報，焦點新聞 (2004/7/10)。＃〈人為何會變老？各家理論說分明〉，中國時報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/12)。＃〈柏楊：憲改不可暴虎馮河〉，中國時報，政治新聞 (2004/7/15)。＃〈政院瘦身縮為13部4會5機關〉，中國時報，政治新聞 (2004/7/17)。＃〈代理孕母爭議尋求公民會議解套〉，中國時報，社會新聞 (2004/7/22)。＃〈愈年輕愈容易受孕〉，中國時報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/22)。＃〈匪夷所思？千萬年後男性不存在〉，聯合報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/30)。＃〈DNA雙螺旋發現人克里克88歲癌逝〉，聯合晚報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/30)。＃〈三總調查不孕症好焦慮好憂鬱〉，聯合報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/30)。＃潘震澤，〈粒線體改造基因言過其實〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2001/5/7)。＃顏厥安，〈「基因改造」科技應立法規範〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2001/5/7)。＃宋克義，〈如果孔夫子捐精〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2003/2/16)。＃許文德，〈墮胎、蘋果酒館，血淚斑斑的墮胎拉鋸戰〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2003/8/1)。＃蘇芊玲，〈性教育何去何從？---一場墮胎影片記者會的後續思考〉，自由時報，自由廣場 (2004/4/18)。＃官曉薇，〈限制孕婦吸菸，妨害自主〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2004/5/4)。＃陳耀昌，〈志業城市 (Career and The City) 〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2004/6/29)。＃李美賢，〈在志業與繁殖之間〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2004/7/10)。＃邱淑媞，〈消失中的臺灣女兒〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2004/7/13)。＃隋杜卿，〈何種憲政體制才合身合用？〉，聯合報，民意論壇 (2004/7/20)。＃何春蕤，〈權利不能訴諸多數決〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2004/7/23)。＃林國民，〈為什麼要開公民會議〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2004/7/25)。＊網路資源 (依引述順序) ＃中國大陸在人體器官複製技術上之情形，http://news.sina.com.tw/sinaNews/ttimes/strait/2001/0109/2565111.html (2004/4/27造訪)。＃中國大陸衛生部反對複製人之態度，http://auto.fcu.edu.tw/~bulletin/high/bio/news/11/2001-1130-1552.htm (2004/4/27造訪)。＃中國大陸衛生部之「人類輔助生殖技術管理辦法」規定，http://www.moh.gov.cn/was40/detail?record=8&channelid=8085&searchword=%C8%CB%C0%E0%B8%A8%D6%FA%C9%FA%D6%B3%BC%BC%CA%F5%B9%E6%B7%B6 (2004/5/1造訪)。＃中國大陸衛生部之「人類輔助生殖技術規範」規定，http://www.moh.gov.cn/was40/detail?record=1&channelid=7565&searchword=%BF%CB%C2%A1 (2004/5/1造訪)。＃中國大陸科技部與衛生部之「人類胚胎幹細胞研究倫理指導原則」規定，http://www.most.gov.cn/dtyyw/t20040115_11229.htm (2004/5/1造訪)。＃我國之「以基因轉殖動物生產之人用藥品的研發生產及測試要點」草案，http://www.doh.gov.tw/ufile/Doc/測試要點草案.doc (2004/5/3造訪)。＃我國之「基因重組實驗守則」與「基因重組實驗申請同意書」，http://www.nsc.gov.tw/bio/news/acgenerule1.doc、http://www.nsc.gov.tw/bio/news/acgenerule2.doc (2004/5/3造訪)。＃全國法規資料庫，http://law.moj.gov.tw/fl.asp (2004/5/10造訪)。＃司法院法學資料「判解函釋」檢索系統，http://nwjirs.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/index.htm (2004/6/2造訪)。＃內政部2002年〈世界各大州人口變動及結構估計〉統計資料，http://www.moi.gov.tw/W3/stat/home.asp (2004/5/29造訪)。＃司法院網站之司法統計資料，http://www.judicial.gov.tw/hq/juds/Sf-6.htm、http://www.judicial.gov.tw/hq/juds/Se-6.htm、http://www.judicial.gov.tw/hq/juds/Sb-6.htm (2004/6/21造訪)。＃我國之「人工生殖技術倫理指導綱領」，http://www.doh.gov.tw/NewVersion/content.asp?class_no=115&now_Fod_list_no=1875&array_Fod_list_no=115,&level_no=1&doc_no=7517 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描述	碩士國立政治大學法律學研究所 89651020 92
資料來源	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089651020
資料類型	thesis

dc.contributor.advisor	法治斌<br>林子儀	zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor	<br>	en_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors)	許昭元	zh_TW
dc.creator (作者)	許昭元	zh_TW
dc.date (日期)	2003	en_US
dc.date.accessioned	17-Sep-2009 14:26:45 (UTC+8)	-
dc.date.available	17-Sep-2009 14:26:45 (UTC+8)	-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間)	17-Sep-2009 14:26:45 (UTC+8)	-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers)	G0089651020	en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI)	https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32784	-
dc.description (描述)	碩士	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	國立政治大學	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	法律學研究所	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	89651020	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	92	zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)	藉由生物科技中的複製技術，本文探討其與憲法保障生殖自由之關係。整個問題點，可以很簡單歸納為一句話，即「無性生殖受憲法生殖自由之保障嗎？」。所謂的「複製」，和在一九九六年七月五日誕生，而於二OO三年二月十四日死亡，可能是史上最有名的一隻羊：桃莉，有很大的關係。其之所以有名，在於其係運用「複製」技術，所誕生的第一隻哺乳類動物。而在桃莉之後，也有許多其他哺乳類動物運用此項技術誕生，故也開啟了運用於人類身上之可能性，因而產生了極大的爭議與論辯。複製技術以技術的不同而區分，可以簡單分為「胚胎分割」與「體細胞核移轉」兩者。而如果以目的的不同而區分，則可以分為「治療性複製」與「生殖性複製」。本文主要針對在二OO四年七月以前，得作為產生個體之用，且性質上屬於無性生殖的體細胞核移轉技術。生殖自由在我國與美國憲法均無明文，但是借由美國實務與理論相當多的見解，以及我國相關文獻之豐富討論，其內涵大致上可以區分為「是否生殖」、「如何 (不) 生殖」及「 (不) 生殖什麼」三者。生殖性複製得否禁止，禁止之法律是否合憲，因此乃係屬「如何生殖」中方式選擇自由之問題。不同的生殖方式之中，本文採取生物本能、基因傳遞之概念，認為獲致與自己有基因關連之子嗣的方式，位居生殖自由之核心。但在均屬核心之方式中，亦非無分軒輊地受憲法同等之保障。本文以為不同可獲致有基因關連子嗣之方式，應以「是否需要輔助」為第一區分，而以「有性或無性」為第二區分標準。在此之下，性行為可先鞏固為方式自由之核心地位。除性行為之外，其他方式又以人工生殖較無性生殖更接近核心。各種不同的生殖方式，即可依此而形成「蘋果、柳丁與橘子」之層級化區分；而在均屬安全有效的前提下，亦非個人可自由選擇。借由舉證責任倒置的「例外窮盡模式」，使真正有需要的極少數人，得以此方式自由繁衍後代。我國人工生殖法草案禁止無性生殖，但是用語稍有瑕疵，且禁止理由又係基於「人之存在價值及尊嚴」與「社會倫常秩序」，與本文之看法不盡相同。生物科技礙於其專業鴻溝與發展快速，欲以法律精確定義，顯然有所困難。故在管制手段上，實應考量採取立法大幅授權，與行政個案判斷之模式。此外，司法審查介入此種個案，亦庶幾符合其權力角色與功能分配，而可發揮定紛止爭之功能。	zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents	1. 緒論--------------------------------------------------------1 1.1 生物學與法律學的發展---------------------------------------1 1.1.1 生物學：DNA的雙螺旋結構發現五十周年----------------------1 1.1.2 法律學：Marbury v. Madison判決兩百周年-------------------4 1.2 法律學與生物學的交會---------------------------------------9 1.2.1 一九九O年Moore案----------------------------------------10 1.2.2 二OO三年HGP完成-----------------------------------------15 1.3 閃亮的彗星－桃莉------------------------------------------23 1.3.1 複製人之情節－研究緣起與討論動機------------------------25 1.3.2 本論文之橋段－問題提出與論文架構------------------------30 2. 複製之生物技術---------------------------------------------39 2.1 複製技術之界定--------------------------------------------39 2.1.1 三個層次之複製－範圍問題--------------------------------39 2.1.2 三個面向之複製－用語問題--------------------------------43 2.2 動物複製技術之分類----------------------------------------46 2.2.1 以技術而區分－胚胎分割與體細胞核移轉--------------------47 2.2.1.1 胚胎分割----------------------------------------------47 2.2.1.2 體細胞核移轉------------------------------------------50 2.2.2 以目的而區分－治療性複製與生殖性複製--------------------53 2.2.2.1 治療性複製--------------------------------------------53 2.2.2.2 生殖性複製--------------------------------------------55 2.3 動物複製技術之發展與現況----------------------------------59 2.3.1 複製技術之發展－動物時代--------------------------------60 2.3.2 複製技術之現況－人類時代？------------------------------64 3. 生殖性複製之法律意義---------------------------------------73 3.1生殖性無性複製之支持與反對---------------------------------73 3.1.1 支持理由 (pro-cloning)----------------------------------73 3.1.2 反對理由 (con-cloning)----------------------------------77 3.2 世界各國對於複製技術之態度--------------------------------84 3.2.1 美洲－以秘魯與加拿大為例--------------------------------85 3.2.2 歐洲－以德國與英國為主----------------------------------86 3.2.3 大洋洲－以澳洲與紐西蘭為例------------------------------91 3.2.4 亞洲－以日本與中國大陸為主------------------------------93 3.3 法律意義與基本權利界定------------------------------------96 3.3.1 第一組進程－實驗試驗與醫療應用--------------------------97 3.3.2 第二組進程－基本權利與管制手段-------------------------100 3.3.3 第三組進程－細胞胚胎與母體出生-------------------------102 3.3.4 三組進程之啟示－小結-----------------------------------106 4. 生殖自由--------------------------------------------------109 4.1 生殖權或生殖自由概述-------------------------------------109 4.1.1 名詞辨異-----------------------------------------------110 4.1.2 憲法保障生殖自由---------------------------------------112 4.2 生殖自由之憲法基礎---------------------------------------113 4.2.1 我國憲法上之生殖自由-----------------------------------114 4.2.1.1 與「婚姻家庭」有關之解釋-----------------------------115 4.2.1.2 與「隱私權」有關之解釋-------------------------------117 4.2.1.3 以憲法第二十二條為依據-------------------------------120 4.2.2 美國憲法上之生殖自由-----------------------------------124 4.2.2.1 「與不生殖有關者」-----------------------------------124 4.2.2.2 「與要生殖有關者」-----------------------------------132 4.3 生殖自由之類型-------------------------------------------140 4.3.1. 「是否生殖」------------------------------------------140 4.3.2. 「如何 (不) 生殖」------------------------------------142 4.3.3 「 (不) 生殖什麼」-------------------------------------150 4.4 憲法保障與法律及司法實務---------------------------------158 4.4.1. 與不生殖有關者----------------------------------------159 4.4.2. 與要生殖有關者----------------------------------------163 5. 生殖性複製之管制------------------------------------------169 5.1 行政管制模式---------------------------------------------169 5.1.1 依既有法規管制－以食品藥物管理局為例-------------------169 5.1.2 依諮詢建議模式A－國家生物倫理諮詢委員會----------------174 5.1.3 依諮詢建議模式B－總統之生物倫理會議--------------------177 5.2 立法管制模式---------------------------------------------181 5.2.1 美國聯邦之立法-----------------------------------------182 5.2.2 美國各州之立法-----------------------------------------188 5.3 生殖性複製與生殖自由-------------------------------------194 5.3.1 蘋果、柳丁與橘子---------------------------------------195 5.3.2 我國人工生殖法草案-------------------------------------204 6. 結論------------------------------------------------------215 參考文獻-----------------------------------------------------231 後記---------------------------------------------------------263	zh_TW
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dc.language.iso	en_US	-
dc.source.uri (資料來源)	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089651020	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	桃莉	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	複製人	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	生殖性複製	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	無性生殖	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	體細胞核移轉	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	生殖權	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	生殖自由	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	自主權	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	墮胎	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	人工生殖	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	生殖方式	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	胚胎	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	基本權利地位	zh_TW
dc.title (題名)	論生殖性複製與生殖自由	zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型)	thesis	en
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	※ 中文部分	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＊書籍	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	◎ 中文原著	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃王澤鑑，《侵權行為法第一冊：基本理論，一般侵權行為》，作者自刊 (1999年修正版)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃朱瑞祥，《美國聯邦最高法院判例史程》，黎明 (1987年再版)。	zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈供核源為成羊耳細胞台灣複製羊姊妹花世界首例〉，自由時報，綜合新聞 (2002/10/9)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈全球首位複製人「夏娃」誕生將做DNA鑑定〉、〈下一步複製成人、思想和記憶〉，中國時報，國際新聞 (2002/12/28)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈代理孕母合法化曙光再現〉，中國時報，焦點新聞 (2003/2/11)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈活了六歲桃莉羊安樂死〉，中國時報，社會新聞 (2003/2/16)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈50年前破解DNA雙螺旋結構〉，中國時報，國際新聞 (2003/3/1)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈複製羊寶吉、寶祥慶週歲〉，中國時報，社會新聞 (2003/7/24)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈改採耳朵組織新複製牛「如意」存活五月後亮相〉、〈如意健康良好沈志朋笑逐顏開〉、〈人工生殖法草案排除代理孕母〉，中國時報，社會新聞 (2003/8/13)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈「母子保健法」修正結紮不需配偶同意〉，中時晚報，政治新聞；〈墮胎免配偶同意撤案〉，聯合晚報，綜合 (2003/8/27)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈晚婚卵子可先冰存〉，中國時報，社會新聞 (2003/10/2)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈製造複製人專家「偷跑」植胚胎〉，聯合報，國際萬象 (2004/1/18)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈南韓造出卅枚成人胞細複製胚胎〉，中國時報，國際新聞 (2004/2/14)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈生殖科技基因診斷避免試管嬰兒缺陷〉，中國時報，醫藥新聞 (2004/4/2)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈《殘蝕的理性》墮胎片遭痛批暫時停用〉中國時報，社會新聞 (2004/4/17)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈捍衛婦女墮胎權華府百萬人示威〉，中國時報，國際新聞 (2004/4/27)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈歐盟東擴增納十國影響非常深遠〉，工商時報，論壇；〈歐盟憲法中央集權化〉，中國時報，國際新聞 (2004/4/29)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈首開國際先例衛署擬修法限制孕婦吸菸〉、〈專家：有侵害人權之虞〉，中國時報，焦點新聞 (2004/5/3)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈孕婦吸菸不上課就罰錢〉，中國時報，社會新聞 (2004/5/4)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈幹細胞會長牙未來免裝假牙〉，自由時報，國際新聞 (2004/5/5)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈高齡婆婆媽媽將難圓生育夢〉，中國時報，焦點新聞 (2004/5/9)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈2代複製牛「小三郎」活跳跳〉、〈技術突破複製動物不再早夭〉、〈哞！台灣複製牛隻隻「如意」〉，中時晚報，醫藥新聞；〈1頭牛複製4頭台灣成功了〉，聯合晚報，國內要聞 (2004/5/24)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈民國一一一年台灣人口零成長〉，中國時報，社會新聞；〈法律空窗期「黑牌」人工生殖中心多〉，民生報，醫藥新聞 (2004/5/25)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈國際視窗人工受孕＋顯微注射愛滋父母可以生下健康寶寶〉，中國時報，醫藥新聞 (2004/6/10)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈經合組織排名我生育率倒數第一〉、〈獎勵生育提供幼兒照顧最實際〉，中國時報，焦點新聞 (2004/6/13)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈多管齊下再禿也能還你青絲〉，中國時報，國際新聞 (2004/6/17)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈假性一胎化？男女嬰空前失衡〉、〈【2假性一胎化】小皇帝娶某要靠進口的〉、〈訂做男娃多醫生無奈〉，中時晚報，焦點新聞 (2004/6/26)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈生殖科技不孕求子科技現「生」機〉，中國時報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/5)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈墮胎擬取消24周上限衛署將邀專家再討論〉，聯合報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/9)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈臍帶血移植成功貧血病童重生〉、〈院方爭取專案開放造福更多罕病患者〉，中國時報，焦點新聞 (2004/7/10)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈人為何會變老？各家理論說分明〉，中國時報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/12)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈柏楊：憲改不可暴虎馮河〉，中國時報，政治新聞 (2004/7/15)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈政院瘦身縮為13部4會5機關〉，中國時報，政治新聞 (2004/7/17)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈代理孕母爭議尋求公民會議解套〉，中國時報，社會新聞 (2004/7/22)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈愈年輕愈容易受孕〉，中國時報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/22)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈匪夷所思？千萬年後男性不存在〉，聯合報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/30)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈DNA雙螺旋發現人克里克88歲癌逝〉，聯合晚報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/30)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃〈三總調查不孕症好焦慮好憂鬱〉，聯合報，醫藥新聞 (2004/7/30)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃潘震澤，〈粒線體改造基因言過其實〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2001/5/7)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃顏厥安，〈「基因改造」科技應立法規範〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2001/5/7)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃宋克義，〈如果孔夫子捐精〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2003/2/16)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃許文德，〈墮胎、蘋果酒館，血淚斑斑的墮胎拉鋸戰〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2003/8/1)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃蘇芊玲，〈性教育何去何從？---一場墮胎影片記者會的後續思考〉，自由時報，自由廣場 (2004/4/18)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃官曉薇，〈限制孕婦吸菸，妨害自主〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2004/5/4)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃陳耀昌，〈志業城市 (Career and The City) 〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2004/6/29)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃李美賢，〈在志業與繁殖之間〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2004/7/10)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃邱淑媞，〈消失中的臺灣女兒〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2004/7/13)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃隋杜卿，〈何種憲政體制才合身合用？〉，聯合報，民意論壇 (2004/7/20)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃何春蕤，〈權利不能訴諸多數決〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2004/7/23)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃林國民，〈為什麼要開公民會議〉，中國時報，論壇新聞 (2004/7/25)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＊網路資源 (依引述順序)	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃中國大陸在人體器官複製技術上之情形，http://news.sina.com.tw/sinaNews/ttimes/strait/2001/0109/2565111.html (2004/4/27造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃中國大陸衛生部反對複製人之態度，http://auto.fcu.edu.tw/~bulletin/high/bio/news/11/2001-1130-1552.htm (2004/4/27造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃中國大陸衛生部之「人類輔助生殖技術管理辦法」規定，http://www.moh.gov.cn/was40/detail?record=8&channelid=8085&searchword=%C8%CB%C0%E0%B8%A8%D6%FA%C9%FA%D6%B3%BC%BC%CA%F5%B9%E6%B7%B6 (2004/5/1造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃中國大陸衛生部之「人類輔助生殖技術規範」規定，http://www.moh.gov.cn/was40/detail?record=1&channelid=7565&searchword=%BF%CB%C2%A1 (2004/5/1造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃中國大陸科技部與衛生部之「人類胚胎幹細胞研究倫理指導原則」規定，http://www.most.gov.cn/dtyyw/t20040115_11229.htm (2004/5/1造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃我國之「以基因轉殖動物生產之人用藥品的研發生產及測試要點」草案，http://www.doh.gov.tw/ufile/Doc/測試要點草案.doc (2004/5/3造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃我國之「基因重組實驗守則」與「基因重組實驗申請同意書」，http://www.nsc.gov.tw/bio/news/acgenerule1.doc、http://www.nsc.gov.tw/bio/news/acgenerule2.doc (2004/5/3造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃全國法規資料庫，http://law.moj.gov.tw/fl.asp (2004/5/10造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃司法院法學資料「判解函釋」檢索系統，http://nwjirs.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/index.htm (2004/6/2造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃內政部2002年〈世界各大州人口變動及結構估計〉統計資料，http://www.moi.gov.tw/W3/stat/home.asp (2004/5/29造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃司法院網站之司法統計資料，http://www.judicial.gov.tw/hq/juds/Sf-6.htm、http://www.judicial.gov.tw/hq/juds/Se-6.htm、http://www.judicial.gov.tw/hq/juds/Sb-6.htm (2004/6/21造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃我國之「人工生殖技術倫理指導綱領」，http://www.doh.gov.tw/NewVersion/content.asp?class_no=115&now_Fod_list_no=1875&array_Fod_list_no=115,&level_no=1&doc_no=7517 (2004/6/26造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃我國之「人工協助生殖技術管理辦法」，http://www.doh.gov.tw/NewVersion/content.asp?class_no=45&now_Fod_list_no=5&array_Fod_list_no=45,&level_no=1&doc_no=5050 (2004/6/26造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃我國之「胚胎幹細胞研究的倫理規範」，http://www.doh.gov.tw/NewVersion/content.asp?class_no=45&now_fod_list_no=673&array_fod_list_no=45,1,201&level_no=4&doc_no=1285&show=show (2004/6/27造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃我國之「體細胞治療人體試驗申請與操作規範」，http://www.doh.gov.tw/ufile/doc/體細胞規範-921104公告版.doc (2004/6/27造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃我國之「人工生殖法」草案總說明，http://www.doh.gov.tw/NewVersion/content.asp?class_no=45&now_Fod_list_no=1348&array_Fod_list_no=45,5&level_no=2&doc_no=5035 (2004/6/27造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃我國「人工生殖法」草案立院委員會審查情形， http://tw.news.yahoo.com/040609/4/pnb4.html (2004/6/27造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃我國之「人工生殖法」草案，http://www.doh.gov.tw/NewVersion/content.asp?class_no=45&now_Fod_list_no=1348&array_Fod_list_no=45,5&level_no=2&doc_no=5036 (2003/12/19造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃我國之「臍帶血收集及處理作業規範」，http://www.doh.gov.tw/ufile/Doc/臍帶血收集及處理作業規範-公告版2-定案.doc (2004/6/27造訪)。	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	※ 英文部分	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＊書籍	zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ ANDREA L. BONNICKSEN, CRAFTING A CLONING POLICY: FROM DOLLY TO STEM CELLS, Georgetown University Press (2002).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ JAMES BOYLE, SHAMANS, SOFTWARE, AND SPLEENS: LAW AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY, Harvard University Press (1996).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ Michael C. Brannigan ed., ETHICAL ISSUES IN HUMAN CLONING, Chatham House Publishers (2001).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ TERENCE A. BROWN, GENOMES, Wiley-Liss (2nd ed. 2002).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ ALLEN BUCHANAN, DAN W. BROCK, NORMAN DANIELS, & DANIEL WIKLER, FROM CHANCE TO CHOICE: GENETICS & JUSTICE, Cambridge University Press (2000).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ NEIL A. CAMPBELL, & JANE B. REECE, BIOLOGY, Benjamin Cummings (6th ed. 2002).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ DANIEL COHEN, CLONING, Twenty-First Century Books (2nd ed. 2002).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ RONALD DWORKIN, LIFE’S DOMINION: AN ARGUMENT ABOUT ABORTION, EUTHANASIA, AND INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM, Vintage Books (1993).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ JOHN HART ELY, DEMOCRACY AND DISTRUST: A THEORY OF JUDICIAL REVIEW, Harvard University Press (1980).	zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ Robert P. George ed., GREAT CASES IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, Princeton University Press (2000).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ SCOTT F. GILBERT, DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, Sinauer Associates (7th ed., 2003).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ E. RICHARD GOLD, BODY PARTS: PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE OWNERSHIP OF HUMAN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS, Georgetown University Press (1996).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ DAVID GOODNOUGH, THE DEBATE OVER HUMAN CLONING: A PRO/CON ISSUE, Enslow Publishers (2003).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ GERALD GUNTHER, INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, Foundation Press (4th ed. 1986).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ GERALD GUNTHER & KATHLEEN M. SULLIVAN, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, Foundation Press (13th ed. 1997).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ Suzanne Holland, Karen Lebacqz & Laurie Zoloth ed., THE HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELL DEBATE: SCIENCE, ETHICS, AND PUBLIC POLICY, The MIT Press (2001).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ Houghton Mifflin Company ed., THE AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY, Houghton Mifflin Company (2d ed. 1985).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ GARETH JONES, CLONES: THE CLOWNS OF TECHNOLOGY?, Paternoster Press (2001).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ LEON R. KASS, LIFE, LIBERTY AND THE DEFENSE OF DIGNITY: THE CHALLENGE FOR BIOETHICS, Encounter Books (2002).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ RACHEL KRANZ, REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS AND TECHNOLOGY, Facts on File (2002).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ JOHN CHARLES KUNICH, THE NAKED CLONE: HOW CLONING BANS THREATEN OUR PERSONAL RIGHTS, Praeger (2003).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ HWA A. LIM, SEX IS GOOD, WHY CLONE?, Enlighten Noah Publishing (2004).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ Barbara MacKinnon ed., HUMAN CLONING: SCIENCE, ETHICS, AND PUBLIC POLICY, University of Illinois Press (2000).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ Gerard Magill ed., GENETICS AND ETHICS: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY, Saint Louis University Press (2004).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ JAMES D. MAUSETH, BOTANY: AN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT BIOLOGY, Saunders College Publishing (1991).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ GLENN MCGEE, THE PERFECT BABY: PARENTHOOD IN THE NEW WORLD OF CLONING AND GENETICS, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (2nd ed. 2000).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ Glenn McGee ed., THE HUMAN CLONING DEBATE, Berkeley Hills Books (3rd ed. 2002).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ JOHN STUART MILL, ON LIBERTY AND OTHER ESSAYS, Oxford University Press (John Gray ed., 1998).	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	＃ NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING, National Academy Press (2002).	zh_TW
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