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題名 GATS同類服務與服務供給者問題之研究
The Analyses for Issues Related to Like Services and Service Suppliers
作者 林伊君
Lin, Yi Chun
貢獻者 張新平
Chung, Chin Ping
林伊君
Lin, Yi Chun
關鍵詞 不歧視原則
同類服務與服務供給者
同類產品
同類情形
同類性之適用範圍
統一服務分類項目
供給模式
電子化服務
W/120
CPC
non-discrimination
like services and service suppliers
like products
like sircumstances
the coverage of `likeness`
united standard of classification of services industries
supply modes
electronic services
W/120
CPC
日期 2007
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 14:28:36 (UTC+8)
摘要 觀察目前服務貿易總協定(General Agreement on Trade in Services, GATS)案件，涉及GATS第2條最惠國待遇與第17條國民待遇之數量佔有極高比例。適用第2條與第17條規定時，須先認定案件之服務或服務供給者符合「同類服務與服務供給者」，唯有確定會員系爭措施規範對象與其他會員之服務或服務供給者，抑或是國內服務或服務供給者為同類服務或同類服務供給者，方能檢驗會員系爭措施有無對同類服務與服務供給者為差別待遇，因此，「同類服務與服務供給者」乃第2條與第17條之先決要件，具有極關鍵性地位。
由於服務具有不可識別性與不可儲存性，欲判斷服務或服務供給者間是否為同類服務或服務供給者有相當困難度，加上GATS原文對「同類服務與服務供給者」之服務與服務供給者係以「和」為連接詞，引發學者與會員就如何解釋「同類服務」與「同類服務供給者」適用關係之爭議；甚而，GATS第1條第1項將規範之服務貿易區分為四種不同供給模式，以不同供給模式提供之服務或服務供給者是否會因供給模式而被認定為不同類服務或不同類服務供給者，亦是「同類服務與服務供給者」與GATS規範架構之適用爭議；此外，GATS第2條與第17條「同類服務與服務供給者」之適用範圍，應如何與其規範目的為相呼應之解釋，亦是極具挑戰性之課題。由此可見，「同類服務與服務供給者」存在諸多適用上爭議，尤其在爭端解決小組與上訴機構尚未就「同類服務與服務供給者」適用爭議提出說明之情形，研究「同類服務與服務供給者」乃刻不容緩之事。
鑑於世界貿易組織(World Trade Organization, WTO)之爭端解決小組與上訴機構對關稅與貨品貿易總協定(The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade, GATT)與WTO「同類產品」已大致建立認定方法，並對「同類產品」之適用爭議提出見解，GATS於談判過程中曾有會員建議以「同類情形」作為適用最惠國待遇與國民待遇之規範要件，本文除論述GATS涉及「同類服務與服務供給者」案件之爭端解決小組與上訴機構見解，亦分析GATT/WTO「同類產品」案件與北美區域自由貿易協定(North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA)牽涉「同類情形」案件之判決經驗，為認定GATS「同類服務與服務供給者」與相關適用爭議找尋可能之解決方案。
Observing recent GATS(The General Agreement on Trade in Services)cases, there are almost quart cases relevant to non-discrimination regulations of GATS, Article 2 and 17.As applying to non-discrimination regulations of GATS, before examining whether Members’domestic measures have discriminated effects to block the international services market, applicants, the Panel or Appellate Body need to determine whether the services and services suppliers concerned are ‘like services’or ‘like service supplier’.
For‘like services and service suppliers’being a crucial requirement of non-discrimination regulations in GATS, researching how this requirement is applied to dispute settlement cases is an important mission to GATS.
Actually, the vital issues of ‘like services and service suppliers’include: how to determine the ‘like services’and ‘like service suppliers’, how to decide whether the services and service suppliers through different supply modes are like services and like service suppliers, and how to interpret the application between ‘like services’ and ‘like service suppliers’. Moreover, interpreting the coverage of ‘like services and service suppliers’ under GATS is also a tough issue.
Notwithstanding the requirement of non-discrimination principles -‘like services and service suppliers’rises many applied issues, there are no regulations of GATS to define the meaning of ‘like services’ and ‘like service suppliers`, and no regulations or explanatory footnotes to clarify the applied problems of ‘like services and service suppliers’. The only way for Members or scholars to realize how to apply to this requirement or to determine ‘like services and like service suppliers’ is to analyze relevant judgments of dispute settlement cases relevant. However, WTO dispute settlement panel or appellate body did not analyze the relevant applied issues of‘like services and services suppliers’, and not resolve those applied issues completely.
For resolving those issues of ‘like services and service suppliers’, this article make relevant material divided into four parts. First of all is to discuss what issues‘like services and service suppliers’arises, and what the factors cause ‘like services and services suppliers’ is hard to be practiced. The second part is referring to the judgments of dispute settlement panel and appellate body in GATT(The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade)/WTO cases regarding the applications of ‘like products’. Then, referring to the judgments of NAFTA(The North American Free Trade Agreement) dispute settlement organization in NAFTA cases considering ‘like circumstances’. Finally, this article not only advances the resolutions to resolve those issues of ‘like services and service suppliers’, in order to improve the practice of this requirement, but also recommends several suggestions about modifying the content of this requirement.
參考文獻 一、中文資料(含簡體文獻)
(一)書籍
1、石靜霞、陳衛東，WTO國際服務成案研究(1996-2005)，北京大學出版社，2005年10月1版。
2、石靜霞，WTO服務貿易法專論，法律出版社，2006年4月初版。
3、張新平，世界貿易組織下之服務貿易，月旦出版公司出版，1996年3月1版。
4、彭心儀，WTO服務貿易與通訊科技法律，元照出版，2005年9月初版。
5、羅昌發，國際貿易法，元照出版社出版，2004年9月初版。
(二)期刊、研討會文章
1、楊光華，電子商務時代的服務貿易，收錄於商事法暨財經法論文集─王仁宏教授六十歲生日祝賀論文集，元照出版，1999年初版。
2、楊光華，服務貿易緊急防衛措施之發展及我國應有立場之芻議，貿易調查專刊，第7期，2002年7月。
3、楊光華，服務補貼規範發展必要性之初探，第四屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集，楊光華主編，2004年8月初版。
(三)學位論文
1、洪佳琳，由安地瓜控告美國禁止線上博奕案─探討服務貿易之部門分類標準，國立政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文，民國93年7月。
二、英文資料
(一)書籍
1、Amerasinghe C. F., PRINCIPLE OF THE INSTITUTIONAL LAW OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS(Cambridge Press, 2005).
2、Andenas Mads. & Roth Wulf-Henning. eds., SERVICES AND FREE MOVEMENT IN EU LAW (Oxford Press, 2002).
3、Bhala Raj. MODERN GATT LAW-A TREATIES ON THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE(Sweet & Maxwell, 2005).
4、Choi Won-Mog. ‘LIKE PRODUCTS’ IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW-TOWARDS A CONSISTENT GATT/WTO JURISPRUDENCE(Oxford Press, 2003).
5、Cottier Thomas & Mavroidis Petros C. eds., REGULATORY BARRIERS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN WORLD TRADE LAW(Michigan Press, 2002).
6、Cottier Thomas & Mavroidis Petros C. eds., THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE REGULATION-EXPERINCE AND LESSONS FOR THE WTO(Michigan Press, 2003).
7、Croome John. RESHAPING THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM-A HISTORY OF THE URUGUAY ROUND(Kluwer Law International, 1999).
8、Hartley T. C. THE FOUNDATIONS OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW(Oxford Press, 1994).
9、Hoda, Anwarul. TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS AND RENEGOTIATIONS UNDER THE GATT AND THE WTO: PROCEDURES AND PRACTICES(Cambridge Press, 2001).
10、Hoekman Bernard M. & Kostecki Michel M. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM-THE WTO AND BEYOND(Oxford Press, 2002).
11、Jackson John H. WORLD TRADE AND THE LAW OF GATT (Bobbs-Merrill, 1969).
12、Jackson John H. THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM-LAW AND POLICY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS(Cambridge Press, 1998).
13、Matsushita Mitsuo., Schoenbaum Thomas J. & Mavroidis Petros C. THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION-LAW, PRACTICE, AND POLICY(Oxford Press, 2006).
14、Oliver Peter. FREE MOVEMETN OF GOODS IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (Sweet & Maxwell, 1996).
15、Osterwalder Nathalie Bernasconi, Magraw Daniel., Oliva Maria Julia., Orellana Marcos. & Tuerk Elisabeth. ENVIRMENT AND TRADE-A GUIDE TO WTO JURISPRUDENCE (Earthscan, 2006).
16、Sauvé Pierre & Stern Robert M. eds.,GATS 2000: NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION(Brookings Instutition Press, 2000).
17、Vincent Sacha Wunsch. THE WTO, THE INTERNET AND TRADE IN DIGITAL PRODUCTS: EC-US PERSPECTIVCES(Hart Publishing, 2006).
18、WTO Secretariat, GUIDE TO THE GATS-A OVERVIEW OF ISSUSES FOR FURTHER LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN SERVICES (WTO Secretariat Publication, 2001).
19、WTO Secretariat, A HANDBOOK ON THE GATS AGREEMENT(WTO Secretariat Publication, 2005).
(二)專論與期刊文章
1、Abu-Akeel Aly K. Definition of Trade in Services under the GATS: Legal Implications, 32 George Washingdom Journal of International Law and Economic 189-201(1999).
2、Adlung Rudolf. Services Trade Liberalization from Developed and Developing Country Perspectives, in GATS 2000 NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERIVCES TRADE LIBERALIZATION 112-131(Sauvé Pierre & Stern, R.M. eds., 2000).
3、Adlung Rudolf & Roy Martin. Turning Hills into Mountains? Current Comments under the GATS and Prospect for Changes, WTO Staff Working Papers, ERSD-2005-01(March 2005).
4、Aly K. Abu-Akeel, The MFN as it Applies to Service Trade ? New Problems for an Old Concept, 33(4) Journal of World Trade 103-129(1999).
5、Bronckers Marco & McNelis Natalie. Rethinking the “Like Product” Definition in GATT 1994: Anti-Dumping and Environment Protection, in REGULATORY BARRIERS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN WORLD TRADE LAW345-385(Cottier Thomas & Mavroidis Petros C. eds., 2002).
6、Cossy Mireille. Determining “Likeness” under the GATS: Squaring the Circle? WTO Economic Research & Statistics Division-Staff Working Paper(September, 2006).
7、Davey William J. & Pauwelyn Joost. MFN Unconditionality: A Legal Analysis of the Concept in View of its Evolution in the GATT/WTO Jurisprudence with Particular Reference to the Issue of “Like Product”, in REGULATORY BARRIERS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN WORLD TRADE LAW 13-50(Cottier Thomas & Mavroidis Petros C. eds., 2002).
8、Dougherty Kara. Comment-Methanex v. United States: the Realignment of NAFTA Chapter 11 with Environment Regulation, 27 Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 735 (2007).
9、Drake William J. & Nicolaidïs Kalypso. Global Electronic Commerce and GATS: The Millennium Round and Beyond, in GATS 2000: NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION 399-437(Sauvé Pierre & Stern Robert M. eds., 2000).
10、Echandi Roberto. A New Generation of International Investment Agreements in the Americans: Impact of Investor-State Dispute Settlement over Investment Rule-making, Forth Annual Conference of the Euro-Latin Study Network on Integration and Trade (2007).
11、Feketekity Geza. Assessing and Improving the Architecture of GATS, in GATS 2000: NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION 85-111(Sauvé Pierre & Stern Robert M. eds. 2000).
12、Gao Henry, The Mighty Pen, the Almighty Dollar, and the Holy Hammer and Sickle: An Examination of the Conflict between Trade Liberalization and Domestic Culture Policy with Special Regard to the Recent Dispute between the United States and China on Restrictions on Certain Cultural Products, 2 Asian Journal of WTO and International Health Law and Policy 313-343 (2007).
12、Gauthier Gilies eds. Déjà Vu, or New Beginning for Safeguards and Subsidies Rules in Services Trade ? in GATS 2000 NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERIVCES TRADE LIBERALIZATION 165-183(Sauvé Pierre & Stern Robert M. eds. 2000).
13、Howse Robert & Tuerk Elisabeth. The WTO Negotiations on Services: The Regulatory State up for Grabs, Canada Watch, Vol. 9 No. 1-2.
14、Hudec Robert E. GATT/WTO Constrains on National Regulation Requiem for An “Aim and Effect” Test, 32(3) The International Lawyer (1998).
15、Hudec Robert E. “Like Product”: The Different in Meaning in GATT Article I and III, in REGULATORY BARRIERS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN WORLD TRADE LAW 101-123(Cottier, Thomas & Mavroidis, Petros C. eds., 2002).
16、Low Patrick & Mattoo Aadiyta. Is There a Better Way? Alternative Approaches to Liberalization under GATS, in GATS 2000: NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION 449-472(Sauvé Pierre & Stern Robert M. eds., 2000).
17、Marconini Mario. Emergency Safeguard Measures in the GATS: Beyond Feasible and Desirable, UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2005/4 (March 9, 2005).
18、Mattoo, Aaditya. National Treatment in the GATS─Corner-Stone or Pandora’s Box? 31(4) Journal of World Trade 107-135(1997).
19、Mattoo Aaditya. MFN and the GATS, in REGULATORY BARRIERS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN WORLD TRADE LAW 52-99(Cottier Thomas & Mavroidis Petros C. eds., 2000).
20、Nicolaїdis Kalypso & Trachtman Joel P. From Policed Regulation To Managed Recognition in the GATS, in GATS 2000 NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERIVCES TRADE LIBERALIZATION 214-282(Sauvé Pierre & Stern Robert M. eds. 2000).
21、Ortino Federico. Treaty Interpretation and the WTO Appellate Body Report in U.S.-Gambling: A Critique, 9 Journal of International Economic Law 117-148(2006).
22、Pann Chin. The Dormant Commerce Clause and State Regulation of the Internet: Are Laws Protecting Minors from Sexual Predators Constitutionally Different Than Those Protecting Minors from Sexually Explicit Materials? Duke Law & Technology Review no. 8 (2005).
23、Porvaldsson Bjorn. Keck and Mithouard, Master of European Affairs programme, Lund University (2002).
24、Roessler, Frieder. Beyond the Ostensible-A Tribute to Professor Robert Hudec’s Insights on the Determination of the Likeness of Products Under the National Treatment Provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 37(4) Journal of World Trade 771-781(2003).
25、Sauvé Pierre. Completing the GATS Framework: Addressing Uruguay Round Leftovers, Aussenwirtschaft, 57 Jahrgang 301-341(2002).
26、Smith Fiona & Woods Lorna. A Distinction Without A Difference: Exploring the Boundary between Goods and Services in the World Trade Organization and the European Union, 12(1) Columbia Journal of European Law (2005/2006).
27、Tinawi Emad & Berkey Judson O. E-Services and the WTO: The Adequacy of the GATS Classification Framework, OECD Forum on E-Services (October 1999).
28、Vincent Sacha Wunsch. The Internet, Cross-Border Trade in Services, and the GATS: Lesson from US-Gambling, 5(3) World Trade Law 319-355(2006).
29、Wang Yi. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment under the General Agreement on Trade in Services-And Its Application in Financial Services, 30(1) Journal of World Trade 91-124(1996).
30、Ya Qin Julia. Defining Nondiscrimination under the Law of the World Trade Organization, 23 Boston University International Law Journal 215 (2005).
31、Zdouc Werner. WTO Dispute Settlement Practice Relating to the GATS, 2 Journal of International Economic Law 295-317(1999).
(三)WTO文件(含GATT時代)
正式文件
1、Special Distribution, Communication from United States-Agreement on Trade in Services, MTN.GNS/W/75 (October 7, 1989).
2、Trade Negotiation Committee, Draft Final Act embodying the Result of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiation, MTN.TNC/W/FA (December 20, 1991).
3、Special Distribution, Services Sectoral Classification List- Note by Secretariat, MTN.GNS/W/120 (July 10, 1991).
4、Special Distribution, Schedules of Initial Commitments in Trade in Services: Explanatory Note 1, MTN.GNS/W/164 (September 3, 1993).
5、CSC, Developments in International Services Classification Systems and Implications for Negotiation under the General Agreement on Trade in Services-Note by the Secretariat, SW/CS/W/2 (1996).
6、CSC, Developments in International Services Classification Systems and Implications for Negotiations under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, S/CSC/W/6 (June 4, 1997).
7、CTFS, The Distinction between Mode 1 and 2-Informal Note by the Secretariat, S/L/92 (June 24, 1997).
8、CTS, The Work Programme of Electronic Commerce-Note by the Secretariat, S/C/W/68 (November 16, 1998).
9、CTS, Background Note by the Secretariat, Structure of Commitments for Modes1, 2, and 3, S/C/W/99 (March 3, 1999).
10、CTS, Work Programme on Electronic Commerce -Communication from Japan, S/C/W/104(March 25, 1999).
11、COMTD, Work Programme on Electronic Commerce-Communication from the U.S-, WT/COMTD/17(February 12, 1999).
12、CTS, Interim Report to the General Council, Programme on Electronic Commerce-Interim Report to the General Council, S/C/8 (March 31, 1999).
13、CTS, Working Programme on Electronic Commerce-Communication from Australia, S/C/W/108(May 18, 1999).
14、CSC, Commitments from the European Communities and their Member States, S/CSC/W/25 (September 28, 1999).
15、CSS, Communication from the European Communities and their Member States-GATS 2000: Environmental Services, S/CSS/W/38 (December 22, 2000).
16、Trade in Services, Guidelines for the Scheduling of Specific Commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), S/L/92 (March 28, 2001).
17、CTS, GATS 2000: Financial Services -Communication from Switzerland, S/CSS/W/71(May 4, 2001).
18、CSC, Communication form the Members of the Andean Community Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela-Definition of Criteria for Classification of Services, S/CSC/W/89 (May 14, 2001).
19、CSS, Communication from New Zealand-Negotiating Proposal for Consulting Service, S/CSS/W/116 (November 6, 2001).
20、WPGR, Note form the Chairman, Negotiation on Subsidies (Article XV of the GATS)- Checklist on Subsidies, WTO Doc. JOB(03)/57 (March 17, 2003).
21、CSC, Communication from Indonesia-Proposal on Classification of Energy Services, S/CSC/W/42 (November 27, 2003).
22、WPGR, Communication from Chile; Hong Kong, China; Mexico; Peru and Switzerland-Proposal for a Provisional Definition of Subsidies in Services, WTO Doc. JOB(05)/96 (Jane 9, 2005).
23、Ministerial Conference Sixth Session-Doha Work Programme, WT/MIN(05)/W/3/Rev.2 (December 18, 2005).
24、WTO, China-Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products: Request for Consultations by the United States, WT/DS363/1, G/L/820, S/L/287(April 16, 2007).
25、WTO, China-Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products: Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the United States, WT/DS363/5(October 11, 2007).
非正式文件
1、ASEAN, Draft Agreement on Emergency Safeguard Measures for Trade in Services, WTO Doc. JOB 6830 (October 31, 2000).
2、Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, The Philippines and Thailand, Further Thoughts on Emergency Safeguard Mechanism, WTO Doc. JOB(04)/4 (February 24, 2004).
3、Council for Trade in Services Special Session, Communication from Australia, Chile, Hong Kong China, India , Mexico and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu-Joint Statement on the Cross-Border Symposium held by WTO in April, 2005, JOB(05)/90.
4、CSS, Communication from the European Communities, Hong Kong China, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United States-Guidelines for Scheduling Commitments Concerning Postal and Courier Services, including Express Delivery, JOB(05)/13 (February 11, 2005).
5、WTO Secretariat, Synthesis of Views Expressed on the Definition of Subsidy, WTO Doc. JOB(05)/4 (January 26, 2005).
(四)GATT/WTO爭端解決報告
GATT時代爭端案件
1、Working Party Report, The Australian Subsidy on Ammonium Sulfate, BISD II/188(adopted April 3, 1950).
2、Working Party Report, Treatment by Germany of Imports of Sardines, BISD 1S/53(adopted October 31, 1952).
3、Working Party Report, Border Tax Adjustments, BISD L/346(adopted December 2, 1970).
4、Working Party Report, EEC-Measures on Animal Feed Proteins, BISD 25S/49(adopted March 14, 1978).
5、Working Party Report, Spain-Tariff Treatment of Unroasted Coffee, BISD 28S/102(adopted June 11, 1981).
6、Working Party Report, New Zealand-Imports of Electrical Transformers from Finland, BISD 32S/55(adopted July 18, 1985).
7、Working Party Report, United States-Taxes on Petroleum and Certain Substances, BISD 34S/136(adopted June 17, 1987).
8、Working Party Report, Japan- Customs Duties, Taxes and Labeling on Imported Wines and Alcoholic Beverages, BISD 34S/83(adopted November 10, 1987).
9、Working Party Report, Japa- Tariff on Imports of Spruce, Pine, Fir (SPF) Dimension Lumber, BISD 36S/167(adopted July 19, 1989).
10、Working Party Report, United States-Denial of Most-Faoured-Nation Treatment as to Non-Rubber Footwear from Brazil, BISD 39S/128(adopted June 19, 1992).
11、Working Party Report, U.S.-Definition of Industry Concerning Wine and Grapes Products, BISD 39S/436(adopted April 28, 1992).
12、Working Party Report, United States-Measures Affecting Alcoholic and Malt Beverages, BISD 39S/276(adopted June 19, 1992).
2、WTO案件
爭端解決小組報告
1、Panel Report, Japan-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS8/R(July 11, 1996).
2、Panel Report, European Communities-Regime for the Importation Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WT/DS27/R(May 22, 1997).
3、Panel Report, Canada-Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals, WT/DS31/R(March 14, 1997).
4、Panel Report, Indonesia-Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry, WT/DS54/R, WT/DS55/R, WT/DS59/R, WT/DS64/R(July 2, 1998).
5、Panel Report, Korea-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS75/R, WT/DS84/R(September 17, 1998).
6、Panel Report, European Communities-Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos Containing Products, WT/DS135/R(September 18, 2001).
7、Panel Report, Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/R, WT/DS142/R(February 11, 2000).
8、Panel Report, Argentina-Measures Affecting the Export of Bovine Hides and Import of Finished Leather, WT/DS155/R(February 16, 2001).
9、Panel Report, United States-Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/R(November 10, 2004).
上訴機構報告
1、Appellate Body Report, Japan-Tax on Alcoholic Beverage, WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/AB/R(October 4, 1996).
2、Appellate Body Report, European Communities-Regime for the Importation Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WT/DS27/AB/R(September 9, 1997).
3、Appellate Body Report, Canada-Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals, WT/DS31/AB/R(June 30, 1997).
4、Appellate Body Report, European Commitments-Customs Classification of Certain Computer Equipment, WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R(June 5, 1998).
5、Appellate Body Report, Korea-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS75/AB/R(January 18, 1999).
6、Appellate Body Report, Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/AB/R, WT/DS142/AB/R(May 31, 2000).
7、Appellate Body Report, European Communities-Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, WT/DS135/AB/R(March 12, 2001).
8、Appellate Body Report, United States-Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat form New Zealand and Australia, WT/DS177/AB/R, WT/DS178/AB/R(May 1, 2001).
9、Appellate Body Report, United States-Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/AB/R(April 7, 2005).
(五)NAFTA案件
1、S.D. Myers, Inc. v. Canada, Partial Award Partial Award (NAFTA Ch.11 Arb. Trib. 2000).
2、Pope & Talbot, Inc. v. Canada, Award and Merits (NAFTA Ch. 11 Arb. Trib. June 26, 2000).
3、In the Matter of Cross-Border Trucking Services, Final Report of the Panel (February 6, 2001).
4、Marvin Feldman v. Mexico, International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes-Award (2002).
5、Methanex Corp. v. United States, Final Award of the Tribunal on Jurisdiction and Merits( NAFTA Ch.11 Arb. Trib. 2005).
(六)聯合國文件
1、The Provisional Central Product Classification(1989).
2、Central Product Classification CPC Revision 1.1, Draft ESA/STATA/SER.M/77/Ver.1.1(updated on February 21 2002).
3、Investor-State Disputes Arising from Investment Treaties: A Review, UNCTAD Series on International Investment Policies for Development (2005).
三、網站資料
(一)中文
1、中華經濟研究院─台灣WTO研究中心：https://www.wtocenter.org.tw/SmartKMS/do/www/listStaticHome
2、經濟部國貿局: http://www.trade.gov.tw
3、新華網: http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com
(二)英文
1、UN: http://unstats.un.org
2、WTO: http://www.wto.org
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學研究所
94651023
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094651023
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張新平zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chung, Chin Pingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林伊君zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Yi Chunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林伊君zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Yi Chunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 14:28:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 14:28:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 14:28:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094651023en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32800-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94651023zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 觀察目前服務貿易總協定(General Agreement on Trade in Services, GATS)案件，涉及GATS第2條最惠國待遇與第17條國民待遇之數量佔有極高比例。適用第2條與第17條規定時，須先認定案件之服務或服務供給者符合「同類服務與服務供給者」，唯有確定會員系爭措施規範對象與其他會員之服務或服務供給者，抑或是國內服務或服務供給者為同類服務或同類服務供給者，方能檢驗會員系爭措施有無對同類服務與服務供給者為差別待遇，因此，「同類服務與服務供給者」乃第2條與第17條之先決要件，具有極關鍵性地位。
由於服務具有不可識別性與不可儲存性，欲判斷服務或服務供給者間是否為同類服務或服務供給者有相當困難度，加上GATS原文對「同類服務與服務供給者」之服務與服務供給者係以「和」為連接詞，引發學者與會員就如何解釋「同類服務」與「同類服務供給者」適用關係之爭議；甚而，GATS第1條第1項將規範之服務貿易區分為四種不同供給模式，以不同供給模式提供之服務或服務供給者是否會因供給模式而被認定為不同類服務或不同類服務供給者，亦是「同類服務與服務供給者」與GATS規範架構之適用爭議；此外，GATS第2條與第17條「同類服務與服務供給者」之適用範圍，應如何與其規範目的為相呼應之解釋，亦是極具挑戰性之課題。由此可見，「同類服務與服務供給者」存在諸多適用上爭議，尤其在爭端解決小組與上訴機構尚未就「同類服務與服務供給者」適用爭議提出說明之情形，研究「同類服務與服務供給者」乃刻不容緩之事。
鑑於世界貿易組織(World Trade Organization, WTO)之爭端解決小組與上訴機構對關稅與貨品貿易總協定(The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade, GATT)與WTO「同類產品」已大致建立認定方法，並對「同類產品」之適用爭議提出見解，GATS於談判過程中曾有會員建議以「同類情形」作為適用最惠國待遇與國民待遇之規範要件，本文除論述GATS涉及「同類服務與服務供給者」案件之爭端解決小組與上訴機構見解，亦分析GATT/WTO「同類產品」案件與北美區域自由貿易協定(North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA)牽涉「同類情形」案件之判決經驗，為認定GATS「同類服務與服務供給者」與相關適用爭議找尋可能之解決方案。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Observing recent GATS(The General Agreement on Trade in Services)cases, there are almost quart cases relevant to non-discrimination regulations of GATS, Article 2 and 17.As applying to non-discrimination regulations of GATS, before examining whether Members’domestic measures have discriminated effects to block the international services market, applicants, the Panel or Appellate Body need to determine whether the services and services suppliers concerned are ‘like services’or ‘like service supplier’.
For‘like services and service suppliers’being a crucial requirement of non-discrimination regulations in GATS, researching how this requirement is applied to dispute settlement cases is an important mission to GATS.
Actually, the vital issues of ‘like services and service suppliers’include: how to determine the ‘like services’and ‘like service suppliers’, how to decide whether the services and service suppliers through different supply modes are like services and like service suppliers, and how to interpret the application between ‘like services’ and ‘like service suppliers’. Moreover, interpreting the coverage of ‘like services and service suppliers’ under GATS is also a tough issue.
Notwithstanding the requirement of non-discrimination principles -‘like services and service suppliers’rises many applied issues, there are no regulations of GATS to define the meaning of ‘like services’ and ‘like service suppliers`, and no regulations or explanatory footnotes to clarify the applied problems of ‘like services and service suppliers’. The only way for Members or scholars to realize how to apply to this requirement or to determine ‘like services and like service suppliers’ is to analyze relevant judgments of dispute settlement cases relevant. However, WTO dispute settlement panel or appellate body did not analyze the relevant applied issues of‘like services and services suppliers’, and not resolve those applied issues completely.
For resolving those issues of ‘like services and service suppliers’, this article make relevant material divided into four parts. First of all is to discuss what issues‘like services and service suppliers’arises, and what the factors cause ‘like services and services suppliers’ is hard to be practiced. The second part is referring to the judgments of dispute settlement panel and appellate body in GATT(The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade)/WTO cases regarding the applications of ‘like products’. Then, referring to the judgments of NAFTA(The North American Free Trade Agreement) dispute settlement organization in NAFTA cases considering ‘like circumstances’. Finally, this article not only advances the resolutions to resolve those issues of ‘like services and service suppliers’, in order to improve the practice of this requirement, but also recommends several suggestions about modifying the content of this requirement.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論
第一節 研究題目之說明
第二節 研究動機及研究目的
一、研究動機
二、研究目的
第三節 研究方法
第四節 研究資料之限制
第五節 研究架構
第二章 GATS與NAFTA不歧視原則之探討
第一節 不歧視原則概說
第二節 GATS不歧視原則
一、 歷史背景
二、會員建議、談判草案與現行條文
三、「同類服務與服務供給者」之演變
第三節 NAFTA不歧視原則
ㄧ、 歷史背景
二、NAFTA第11章與第12章之不歧視原則內容
三、與GATS不歧視原則之比較
四、小結
第四節 GATS「同類服務與服務供給者」適用困難之因素
ㄧ、服務貿易與貨品貿易之區分不易
二、不同供給模式可否認定為「不同類」之爭議
三、承諾表填寫方式不一
四、缺乏統一服務貿易分類標準
五、是否須同時符合「同類服務」和「同類服務供給者」之疑義
六、服務貿易統計資料難以蒐集
七、電子商務加深「同類服務與服務供給者」認定之複雜度
第五節 結論
第三章GATS涉及「同類服務與服務供給者」案件之研析
第一節 涉及「同類服務與服務供給者」之案件
ㄧ、歐盟香蕉案III
二、加拿大汽車工業案
三、美國線上賭博案
第二節 分析爭端解決小組與上訴機構之見解
ㄧ、以W/120或CPC為解讀特定承諾範圍之依據
二、僅以CPC認定同類服務與同類服務供給者
第三節 爭端解決小組與上訴機構見解之不足
ㄧ、過度依賴W/120或CPC解讀特定承諾範圍
二、服務與服務供給者同類性之認定方法過於簡陋
三、「同類服務與服務供給者」之適用範圍不明確
第四節 中國與美國視聽服務之法律上爭議
ㄧ、案件事實
二、涉及爭議之措施
三、美國主張
四、小結
第四章 GATT/WTO涉及「同類產品」案件之剖析
第一節 「同類產品」之認定方法
一、產品之物理特性
二、產品之最終用途
三、消費者之喜好與習慣
四、產品關稅分類項目
五、認定要素之適用無分先後順序
第二節 不同條文之「同類產品」適用範圍
ㄧ、「同類產品」之內涵具流動性
二、依條文之規範目的解釋「同類產品」之適用範圍
三、「同類產品」不包含「具直接競爭或替代關係產品」
第三節 目的效果方法
一、爭端解決組織拒絕適用「目的效果方法」判斷同類產品
二、「目的效果方法」之優點
三、「目的效果方法」宜限縮適用於法定例外規定之情形
第五章 NAFTA涉及「同類情形」案件之分析
第一節 NAFTA涉及「同類情形」之案件
一、第11章投資者與投資活動之「同類情形」案件
二、第12章跨境服務之「同類情形」案件
第二節 結論
ㄧ、「同類情形」之認定方法不一
二、未說明「同一經濟上或商業上產業項目」之標準
三、「同類情形」之適用範圍排除「具直接競爭或替代關係產品」
四、不排除考量會員措施之規範目的
五、NAFTA之判決見解似乎不宜適用於WTO爭端案件
第六章 結論與建議
第一節 結論
一、認定「同類服務」與「同類服務供給者」之考量要素
二、認定「同類性」宜打破服務供給模式之界限
三、電子化服務之同類性認定
四、GATS不歧視原則下「同類服務與服務供給者」之適用範圍
五、「同類服務」與「同類服務供給者」之適用關係
第二節 建議
ㄧ、「同類服務與服務供給者」宜改為僅規範「同類服務供給者」
二、建議於GATS規範中定義「同類」之適用範圍
三、宜釐清模式二之意義
四、訂定統一服務分類項目
參考文獻		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094651023en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 不歧視原則zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同類服務與服務供給者zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同類產品zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同類情形zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同類性之適用範圍zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 統一服務分類項目zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 供給模式zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 電子化服務zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) W/120zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) CPCzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) non-discriminationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) like services and service suppliersen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) like productsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) like sircumstancesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) the coverage of `likeness`en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) united standard of classification of services industriesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) supply modesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) electronic servicesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) W/120en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) CPCen_US
dc.title (題名) GATS同類服務與服務供給者問題之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Analyses for Issues Related to Like Services and Service Suppliersen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文資料(含簡體文獻)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (一)書籍zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、石靜霞、陳衛東，WTO國際服務成案研究(1996-2005)，北京大學出版社，2005年10月1版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、石靜霞，WTO服務貿易法專論，法律出版社，2006年4月初版。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (二)期刊、研討會文章zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、楊光華，電子商務時代的服務貿易，收錄於商事法暨財經法論文集─王仁宏教授六十歲生日祝賀論文集，元照出版，1999年初版。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (三)學位論文zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、英文資料zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (一)書籍zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5、Bronckers Marco & McNelis Natalie. Rethinking the “Like Product” Definition in GATT 1994: Anti-Dumping and Environment Protection, in REGULATORY BARRIERS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN WORLD TRADE LAW345-385(Cottier Thomas & Mavroidis Petros C. eds., 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6、Cossy Mireille. Determining “Likeness” under the GATS: Squaring the Circle? WTO Economic Research & Statistics Division-Staff Working Paper(September, 2006).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7、Davey William J. & Pauwelyn Joost. MFN Unconditionality: A Legal Analysis of the Concept in View of its Evolution in the GATT/WTO Jurisprudence with Particular Reference to the Issue of “Like Product”, in REGULATORY BARRIERS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN WORLD TRADE LAW 13-50(Cottier Thomas & Mavroidis Petros C. eds., 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8、Dougherty Kara. Comment-Methanex v. United States: the Realignment of NAFTA Chapter 11 with Environment Regulation, 27 Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 735 (2007).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9、Drake William J. & Nicolaidïs Kalypso. Global Electronic Commerce and GATS: The Millennium Round and Beyond, in GATS 2000: NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION 399-437(Sauvé Pierre & Stern Robert M. eds., 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10、Echandi Roberto. A New Generation of International Investment Agreements in the Americans: Impact of Investor-State Dispute Settlement over Investment Rule-making, Forth Annual Conference of the Euro-Latin Study Network on Integration and Trade (2007).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11、Feketekity Geza. Assessing and Improving the Architecture of GATS, in GATS 2000: NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION 85-111(Sauvé Pierre & Stern Robert M. eds. 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12、Gao Henry, The Mighty Pen, the Almighty Dollar, and the Holy Hammer and Sickle: An Examination of the Conflict between Trade Liberalization and Domestic Culture Policy with Special Regard to the Recent Dispute between the United States and China on Restrictions on Certain Cultural Products, 2 Asian Journal of WTO and International Health Law and Policy 313-343 (2007).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12、Gauthier Gilies eds. Déjà Vu, or New Beginning for Safeguards and Subsidies Rules in Services Trade ? in GATS 2000 NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERIVCES TRADE LIBERALIZATION 165-183(Sauvé Pierre & Stern Robert M. eds. 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13、Howse Robert & Tuerk Elisabeth. The WTO Negotiations on Services: The Regulatory State up for Grabs, Canada Watch, Vol. 9 No. 1-2.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14、Hudec Robert E. GATT/WTO Constrains on National Regulation Requiem for An “Aim and Effect” Test, 32(3) The International Lawyer (1998).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15、Hudec Robert E. “Like Product”: The Different in Meaning in GATT Article I and III, in REGULATORY BARRIERS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN WORLD TRADE LAW 101-123(Cottier, Thomas & Mavroidis, Petros C. eds., 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 16、Low Patrick & Mattoo Aadiyta. Is There a Better Way? Alternative Approaches to Liberalization under GATS, in GATS 2000: NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION 449-472(Sauvé Pierre & Stern Robert M. eds., 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 17、Marconini Mario. Emergency Safeguard Measures in the GATS: Beyond Feasible and Desirable, UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2005/4 (March 9, 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 18、Mattoo, Aaditya. National Treatment in the GATS─Corner-Stone or Pandora’s Box? 31(4) Journal of World Trade 107-135(1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 19、Mattoo Aaditya. MFN and the GATS, in REGULATORY BARRIERS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN WORLD TRADE LAW 52-99(Cottier Thomas & Mavroidis Petros C. eds., 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 20、Nicolaїdis Kalypso & Trachtman Joel P. From Policed Regulation To Managed Recognition in the GATS, in GATS 2000 NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERIVCES TRADE LIBERALIZATION 214-282(Sauvé Pierre & Stern Robert M. eds. 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 21、Ortino Federico. Treaty Interpretation and the WTO Appellate Body Report in U.S.-Gambling: A Critique, 9 Journal of International Economic Law 117-148(2006).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 22、Pann Chin. The Dormant Commerce Clause and State Regulation of the Internet: Are Laws Protecting Minors from Sexual Predators Constitutionally Different Than Those Protecting Minors from Sexually Explicit Materials? Duke Law & Technology Review no. 8 (2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 23、Porvaldsson Bjorn. Keck and Mithouard, Master of European Affairs programme, Lund University (2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 24、Roessler, Frieder. Beyond the Ostensible-A Tribute to Professor Robert Hudec’s Insights on the Determination of the Likeness of Products Under the National Treatment Provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 37(4) Journal of World Trade 771-781(2003).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 25、Sauvé Pierre. Completing the GATS Framework: Addressing Uruguay Round Leftovers, Aussenwirtschaft, 57 Jahrgang 301-341(2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 26、Smith Fiona & Woods Lorna. A Distinction Without A Difference: Exploring the Boundary between Goods and Services in the World Trade Organization and the European Union, 12(1) Columbia Journal of European Law (2005/2006).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 27、Tinawi Emad & Berkey Judson O. E-Services and the WTO: The Adequacy of the GATS Classification Framework, OECD Forum on E-Services (October 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 28、Vincent Sacha Wunsch. The Internet, Cross-Border Trade in Services, and the GATS: Lesson from US-Gambling, 5(3) World Trade Law 319-355(2006).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 29、Wang Yi. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment under the General Agreement on Trade in Services-And Its Application in Financial Services, 30(1) Journal of World Trade 91-124(1996).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 30、Ya Qin Julia. Defining Nondiscrimination under the Law of the World Trade Organization, 23 Boston University International Law Journal 215 (2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 31、Zdouc Werner. WTO Dispute Settlement Practice Relating to the GATS, 2 Journal of International Economic Law 295-317(1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (三)WTO文件(含GATT時代)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 正式文件zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、Special Distribution, Communication from United States-Agreement on Trade in Services, MTN.GNS/W/75 (October 7, 1989).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、Trade Negotiation Committee, Draft Final Act embodying the Result of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiation, MTN.TNC/W/FA (December 20, 1991).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、Special Distribution, Services Sectoral Classification List- Note by Secretariat, MTN.GNS/W/120 (July 10, 1991).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4、Special Distribution, Schedules of Initial Commitments in Trade in Services: Explanatory Note 1, MTN.GNS/W/164 (September 3, 1993).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5、CSC, Developments in International Services Classification Systems and Implications for Negotiation under the General Agreement on Trade in Services-Note by the Secretariat, SW/CS/W/2 (1996).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6、CSC, Developments in International Services Classification Systems and Implications for Negotiations under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, S/CSC/W/6 (June 4, 1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7、CTFS, The Distinction between Mode 1 and 2-Informal Note by the Secretariat, S/L/92 (June 24, 1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8、CTS, The Work Programme of Electronic Commerce-Note by the Secretariat, S/C/W/68 (November 16, 1998).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9、CTS, Background Note by the Secretariat, Structure of Commitments for Modes1, 2, and 3, S/C/W/99 (March 3, 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10、CTS, Work Programme on Electronic Commerce -Communication from Japan, S/C/W/104(March 25, 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11、COMTD, Work Programme on Electronic Commerce-Communication from the U.S-, WT/COMTD/17(February 12, 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12、CTS, Interim Report to the General Council, Programme on Electronic Commerce-Interim Report to the General Council, S/C/8 (March 31, 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13、CTS, Working Programme on Electronic Commerce-Communication from Australia, S/C/W/108(May 18, 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14、CSC, Commitments from the European Communities and their Member States, S/CSC/W/25 (September 28, 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15、CSS, Communication from the European Communities and their Member States-GATS 2000: Environmental Services, S/CSS/W/38 (December 22, 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 16、Trade in Services, Guidelines for the Scheduling of Specific Commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), S/L/92 (March 28, 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 17、CTS, GATS 2000: Financial Services -Communication from Switzerland, S/CSS/W/71(May 4, 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 18、CSC, Communication form the Members of the Andean Community Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela-Definition of Criteria for Classification of Services, S/CSC/W/89 (May 14, 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 19、CSS, Communication from New Zealand-Negotiating Proposal for Consulting Service, S/CSS/W/116 (November 6, 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 20、WPGR, Note form the Chairman, Negotiation on Subsidies (Article XV of the GATS)- Checklist on Subsidies, WTO Doc. JOB(03)/57 (March 17, 2003).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 21、CSC, Communication from Indonesia-Proposal on Classification of Energy Services, S/CSC/W/42 (November 27, 2003).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 22、WPGR, Communication from Chile; Hong Kong, China; Mexico; Peru and Switzerland-Proposal for a Provisional Definition of Subsidies in Services, WTO Doc. JOB(05)/96 (Jane 9, 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 23、Ministerial Conference Sixth Session-Doha Work Programme, WT/MIN(05)/W/3/Rev.2 (December 18, 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 24、WTO, China-Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products: Request for Consultations by the United States, WT/DS363/1, G/L/820, S/L/287(April 16, 2007).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 25、WTO, China-Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products: Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the United States, WT/DS363/5(October 11, 2007).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 非正式文件zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、ASEAN, Draft Agreement on Emergency Safeguard Measures for Trade in Services, WTO Doc. JOB 6830 (October 31, 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, The Philippines and Thailand, Further Thoughts on Emergency Safeguard Mechanism, WTO Doc. JOB(04)/4 (February 24, 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、Council for Trade in Services Special Session, Communication from Australia, Chile, Hong Kong China, India , Mexico and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu-Joint Statement on the Cross-Border Symposium held by WTO in April, 2005, JOB(05)/90.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4、CSS, Communication from the European Communities, Hong Kong China, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United States-Guidelines for Scheduling Commitments Concerning Postal and Courier Services, including Express Delivery, JOB(05)/13 (February 11, 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5、WTO Secretariat, Synthesis of Views Expressed on the Definition of Subsidy, WTO Doc. JOB(05)/4 (January 26, 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (四)GATT/WTO爭端解決報告zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) GATT時代爭端案件zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、Working Party Report, The Australian Subsidy on Ammonium Sulfate, BISD II/188(adopted April 3, 1950).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、Working Party Report, Treatment by Germany of Imports of Sardines, BISD 1S/53(adopted October 31, 1952).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、Working Party Report, Border Tax Adjustments, BISD L/346(adopted December 2, 1970).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4、Working Party Report, EEC-Measures on Animal Feed Proteins, BISD 25S/49(adopted March 14, 1978).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5、Working Party Report, Spain-Tariff Treatment of Unroasted Coffee, BISD 28S/102(adopted June 11, 1981).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6、Working Party Report, New Zealand-Imports of Electrical Transformers from Finland, BISD 32S/55(adopted July 18, 1985).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7、Working Party Report, United States-Taxes on Petroleum and Certain Substances, BISD 34S/136(adopted June 17, 1987).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8、Working Party Report, Japan- Customs Duties, Taxes and Labeling on Imported Wines and Alcoholic Beverages, BISD 34S/83(adopted November 10, 1987).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9、Working Party Report, Japa- Tariff on Imports of Spruce, Pine, Fir (SPF) Dimension Lumber, BISD 36S/167(adopted July 19, 1989).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10、Working Party Report, United States-Denial of Most-Faoured-Nation Treatment as to Non-Rubber Footwear from Brazil, BISD 39S/128(adopted June 19, 1992).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11、Working Party Report, U.S.-Definition of Industry Concerning Wine and Grapes Products, BISD 39S/436(adopted April 28, 1992).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12、Working Party Report, United States-Measures Affecting Alcoholic and Malt Beverages, BISD 39S/276(adopted June 19, 1992).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、WTO案件zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 爭端解決小組報告zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、Panel Report, Japan-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS8/R(July 11, 1996).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、Panel Report, European Communities-Regime for the Importation Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WT/DS27/R(May 22, 1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、Panel Report, Canada-Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals, WT/DS31/R(March 14, 1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4、Panel Report, Indonesia-Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry, WT/DS54/R, WT/DS55/R, WT/DS59/R, WT/DS64/R(July 2, 1998).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5、Panel Report, Korea-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS75/R, WT/DS84/R(September 17, 1998).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6、Panel Report, European Communities-Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos Containing Products, WT/DS135/R(September 18, 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7、Panel Report, Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/R, WT/DS142/R(February 11, 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8、Panel Report, Argentina-Measures Affecting the Export of Bovine Hides and Import of Finished Leather, WT/DS155/R(February 16, 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9、Panel Report, United States-Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/R(November 10, 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 上訴機構報告zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、Appellate Body Report, Japan-Tax on Alcoholic Beverage, WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/AB/R(October 4, 1996).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、Appellate Body Report, European Communities-Regime for the Importation Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WT/DS27/AB/R(September 9, 1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、Appellate Body Report, Canada-Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals, WT/DS31/AB/R(June 30, 1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4、Appellate Body Report, European Commitments-Customs Classification of Certain Computer Equipment, WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R(June 5, 1998).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5、Appellate Body Report, Korea-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS75/AB/R(January 18, 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6、Appellate Body Report, Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/AB/R, WT/DS142/AB/R(May 31, 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7、Appellate Body Report, European Communities-Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, WT/DS135/AB/R(March 12, 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8、Appellate Body Report, United States-Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat form New Zealand and Australia, WT/DS177/AB/R, WT/DS178/AB/R(May 1, 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9、Appellate Body Report, United States-Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/AB/R(April 7, 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (五)NAFTA案件zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、S.D. Myers, Inc. v. Canada, Partial Award Partial Award (NAFTA Ch.11 Arb. Trib. 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、Pope & Talbot, Inc. v. Canada, Award and Merits (NAFTA Ch. 11 Arb. Trib. June 26, 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、In the Matter of Cross-Border Trucking Services, Final Report of the Panel (February 6, 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4、Marvin Feldman v. Mexico, International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes-Award (2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5、Methanex Corp. v. United States, Final Award of the Tribunal on Jurisdiction and Merits( NAFTA Ch.11 Arb. Trib. 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (六)聯合國文件zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、The Provisional Central Product Classification(1989).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、Central Product Classification CPC Revision 1.1, Draft ESA/STATA/SER.M/77/Ver.1.1(updated on February 21 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、Investor-State Disputes Arising from Investment Treaties: A Review, UNCTAD Series on International Investment Policies for Development (2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 三、網站資料zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (一)中文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、中華經濟研究院─台灣WTO研究中心：https://www.wtocenter.org.tw/SmartKMS/do/www/listStaticHomezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、經濟部國貿局: http://www.trade.gov.twzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3、新華網: http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.comzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (二)英文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1、UN: http://unstats.un.orgzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2、WTO: http://www.wto.orgzh_TW