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題名 例外狀態：阿岡本（Giorgio Agamben）思想中的法與生命
State of Exception: Law and Life in Giorgio Agamben`s Thought
作者 薛熙平
Schive,Hsi-Ping
貢獻者 陳起行
Chen,Chi-Shing
薛熙平
Schive,Hsi-Ping
關鍵詞 阿岡本
傅柯
史密特
生命政治
例外狀態
主權
赤裸生命
Giorgio Agamben
Michel Foucault
Carl Schmitt
biopolitics
state of exception
sovereignty
bare life
日期 2005
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 14:33:57 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文的研究主題是探討當代義大利哲學家阿岡本（Giorgio Agamben）關於法律與生命之關係的思想，而其中的關鍵概念則為「例外狀態」（state of exception）。延續著由傅柯（Michel Foucault）所鋪展的生命政治（biopolitics）分析，當代政治確實面對著如下困徑（aporia）：其所欲展演人類幸福與自由之處─神聖的生命本身─同時正是政治權力所試圖全面掌控的對象。政治如此，作為其運作綱要的法律亦然。這可由大法官釋字603號關於換身份證需按指紋的爭議透露出來：為了保障「身家性命」的基本人權，國家要求介入該權利的核心領域，將每個人的生物性特徵─指紋─強制建檔以進行更全面的人口治理。

這個法與生命的弔詭關係，在阿岡本的思想中，乃是透過一個特殊的法權裝置─例外狀態─而產生。相對於一般所認為的，法與生命的關係在於以法律規範生命，或由生命創造法律，阿岡本認為法與生命的關係首先在於法與生命的區分（distinction）本身，而例外狀態便是建立這個區分的裝置。所謂的例外狀態，就是透過懸置法律（憲法），用不受法律限制的措施進行治理的狀態。例外狀態彷彿是一個無法狀態（anomie），而生命彷彿被棄置於法律之外成為赤裸的生命（bare life）。然而，根據史密特（Carl Schmitt）的名言：「主權者就是決斷例外狀態之人」，例外狀態並非與法律無關，相反地，其作用在於創造或回復一個讓法律能夠適用於生命的正常情境。因此，正是透過將生命排除於法律之外，例外狀態試圖建構一個能將生命包含進來的法秩序。這個透過排除而包含的關係，就是阿岡本所定義的例外關係，也就是法律與生命的根本關係。而阿岡本認為現代生命政治的特性，便在於例外狀態已非例外，而逐漸成為常態，也因此法與生命的關係本身也日益成為對抗爭議的焦點所在。

因此，本文的工作便在於探討阿岡本的思想中，法與生命間如何透過例外狀態而建立關係，其形式、力道、所構作之生命形象與可能的出路。本文的作法主要在於理論的耙梳與思辨；然而，例外狀態並非僅是一個抽象概念。放在台灣的歷史脈絡中，伴隨著現代化的殖民統治、戒嚴統治，甚至直到今天的「事實上國家」，無一不是例外狀態的常態體現。911之後由美國所主導的全球化反恐活動亦是此結構的更新部署。甚而，在日常實踐上，例外的潛在揭示著每一個「依法行政」、「依法裁判」背後所無可避免的決斷，以及賦予此決斷以法的效力（force of law）的國家暴力。阿岡本《例外狀態》一書的第一句話因此問道：「你們法律人為何對那與你切身相關之事保持沈默？」
參考文獻 阿岡本主要著作：
CC The Coming Community, tr. Michael Hardt, Minnesota: University of Minnesota,1993.
HS Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, tr. Daniel Heller-Roazen, Stanford: Stanford University, 1998.
ME Means without end: notes on politics, tr. Vincenzo Ginetti & Cesare Casarino, Minnesota: University of Minnesota, 2000.
O The Open: Man and Animal, tr. Kevin Attell, Stanford: Stanford University 2004.
P Potentiality, ed. and tr. Daniel Heller-Roazen, Stanford: Stanford University 1999.
RA Remnants of Auschwitz: the witness and the archive, New York: Zoon Books 1999.
SE State of Exception, tr. Kevin Attell, Chicago: University of Chicago 2005.
TR The Time that Remains: A Commentary on the Letter to the Romans, tr. Patricia Dailey, Stanford: Stanford University Press 2005.
簡體中文文獻：
格罗索，朱塞佩（Grosso, Giuseppe）
1998（1994） 《罗马法史》，黄风译，北京：中国政法大学出版社。
福柯，米歇尔（Foucault, Michel）
1999 《必须保卫社会》，钱瀚译，上海：上海人民出版社。
2002 《性经验史》，畲碧平译，上海：上海人民出版社。
施米特，卡尔（Schmitt, Carl）
2003 《政治的概念》，刘宗坤等编译，上海：上海人民出版社。
黄风（编着）
2002 《罗马法辞典》，北京：法律出版社。
繁體中文文獻：
朱元鴻
2005 〈評介Giorgio Agamben, The State of Exception〉，《文化研究》，創刊號，2005年9月，197-219頁。
李建良
2005 〈「戶籍法第八條捺指紋規定」釋憲案鑑定意見書〉，《台灣本土法學雜誌》，73期，2005年8月，38-56頁。
李維，普利摩（Levi, Primo）
2001 《滅頂與生還》，李淑珺譯，台北：時報文化。
林聰賢
2004 〈黑色禮拜五─對自我、他者及法律之觀察〉，《中原財經法學》，12期，2004年6月，121-159頁。
柯朝欣
2005 〈生命政治與主權決斷─「治理性」與「例外狀態」的比較〉，《當代》，212期，2005年4月，36-55頁
徐正戎
2005 〈「戶籍法第八條捺指紋規定」釋憲案鑑定意見書〉，《台灣本土法學雜誌》，75期，2005年10月。
格霍，費德希克（Gros, Frédéric）
2006 《傅柯考》，何乏筆、楊凱麟、龔卓軍譯，台北：麥田。
張旺山
2003 〈史密特的決斷論〉，《人文及社會科學集刊》，15卷2期，2003年6月，185-219頁。
施密特，卡爾（Schmitt, Carl）
2004 《憲法學說》，劉鋒譯，台北：聯經。
2005 《憲法的守護者》，李君韜、蘇蕙婕譯，台北：左岸文化。
傅柯，米歇爾（Foucault, Michel）
2003 《外邊思維》，洪維信譯，台北：行人。
鄂蘭，漢娜（Arendt, Hannah）
1999 《極權主義的起源》，林驤華譯，台北：時報。
廖元豪
2005 〈大陸人民按指紋，也違憲〉，中國時報，10月8日。
顏厥安
1998 《法與實踐理性》，台北：允晨文化。
2005 「釋字第六０三號（全民指紋鍵檔案）評釋」座談會發言，《台灣本土法學雜誌》，75期，2005年10月，114-117頁。
2006 〈戶籍法第八條與全民指紋建檔合憲性問題之鑑定意見〉，《台灣本土法學雜誌》，79期。2006年2月，145-177頁。
外文文獻：
Agamben, Giorgio,
2002 What is a Paradigm?, lecture recorded by European Graduate School.
2004a “Non au Tatouage Biopolitique,” in Le Monde, 10 Jan.
2004b “An Interview with Giorgio Agamben,” interviewer Ulrich Raulff, tr. Morag Goodwin, in German Law Journal, 5(5).
2005a Movement, seminar at Nomad University, Jan 2004, tr. Arianna Bove.
2005b “State of Exception,” in Politics, Metaphysics, and Death: Essays on Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer, ed. Andrew Norris, Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Arendt, Hannah,
1968 The Origin of Totalitarianism, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
1990 On Revolution, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Benjamin, Andrew,
2005 “Spacing as the Shared: Heraclitus, Pindar, Agamben,” in Politics, Metaphysics, and Death: Essays on Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer, ed. Andrew Norris, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 145-172.
Benjamin, Walter,
1979 “Critique of Violence,” in One-way Street, and Other Writings, tr. Edmund Jephcott and Kingsley Shorter, London: Verso.
1994 The Correspondence of Walter Benjamin, 1910-1940, ed. Gershom Scholem and Theodor W. Adorno, tr. Manfred R. Jacobson and Evelyn M. Jacobson, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
1998 The Origin of German Tragic Drama, tr. John Osborne, London: Verso.
2003 “On the Concept of History,” in Selected Writings, Vol. 4, ed. Howerd Eiland and Michael V. Jennings, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bredekamp, Horst,
1999 “From Walter Benjamin to Carl Schmitt, via Thomas Hobbes,” tr. Melissa Thorson Hause and Jackson Bond, in Critical Inquiry, 25, Winter, p247-266.
Brown, Wendy & Halley, Janet,
2002 “Introduction,” in Left Legalism/Left Critique, ed. Wendy Brown & Janet Halley, Durham & London: Duke University Press.
Butler, Judith,
2004 “Indefinite Detention”, in Precarious Life: The Power of Mourning and Violence, New York: Verso.
Cheah, Pheng/ Faser, David/ Grbich, Judith,
1996 “Introduction: the body of the law” in Thinking through the Body of the Law, ed. Pheng Cheah, David Faser, and Judith Grbich, New York: New York University Press.
Derrida, Jacques,
1992 “Force of Law: The ‘Mystical Foundation of Authority’,” in Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice, ed. Drucilla Cornell et al, New York: Routledge.
Dyzenhaus, David,
1998 “Introduction,” in Law as Politics: Carl Schmitt’s Critique of Liberalism, ed. David Dyzenhaus, Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Fitzpatrick, Peter,
2005 “Bare Sovereignty: Homo Sacer and the Insistence of Law,” in Politics, Metaphysics, and Death: Essays on Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer, ed. Andrew Norris, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 49-73.
Fitzpatrick, Peter, and Hunt, Alan,
1987 “Critical Legal Studies: Introduction” in Critical Legal Studies, ed. Peter Fitzpatrick and Alan Hunt, New York: Basil Blackwell Inc, 1-4.
Foucault, Michel,
1982 “The Subject and Power,” in Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf, p208-226.
1990 The History of Sexuality Volume 1, London: Penguin Books.
1991 “Governmentality,” in The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmental Rationality, ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1994 The Archaeology of Knowledge, tr. A. M. Sheridan Smith, London: Routledge.
1997 Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, ed. Paul Rabinow, tr. Robert Hurley and others, New York: The New Press.
2003 Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the College de France 1975-1976, ed. Mauro Bertani and Alessandro Fontana, tr. David Macey, New York: Picador.
Gagarin, Michael & Woodruff, Paul, (ed.)
1995 Early Greek Political Thoughts from Homer to the Sophists, London: Cambridge University Press
Hyde, Alan,
1997 Bodies of Law, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hollis, Catherine,
2005 Beyond the Law: The Example of the Sovereign and the Police in the Work of Carl Schmitt and Walter Benjamin, paper for the Political Studies Association 55th Annual Conference in Leeds.
Kalyvas, Andreas,
2005 “The Sovereign Weaver: Beyond the Camp,” in Politics, Metaphysics, and Death: Essays on Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer, ed. Andrew Norris, Durham and London: Duke University Press, p107-134.
Levi, Primo,
1989 The Drowned and the Saved, New York: Vintage International.
McCormick, John P.,
1998 “The Dilemmas of Dictatorship: Carl Schmitt and Constitutional Emergency Powers,” in Law as Politics: Carl Schmitt’s Critique of Liberalism, ed. David Dyzenhaus, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 217-251.
Mills, Catherine,
2005 “Linguistic Survival and Ethicality: Biopolitics, Subjectivation, and Testimony in Remnants of Auschwitz,” in Politics, Metaphysics, and Death: Essays on Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer, ed. Andrew Norris, Durham and London: Duke University Press, p198-221.
Norris, Andrew,
2005 “The Exemplary Exception: Philosophical and Political Decisions in Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer,” in Politics, Metaphysics, and Death: Essays on Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer, ed. Andrew Norris, Durham and London: Duke University Press, p262-283.
Oestreich, Gerhard,
1982 Neostoicism and the Early Modern State, tr. H. G. Koenigsberger and Brigitta Oestreich, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rasch, Williams,
2004 Sovereignty and its Discontents: on the Primacy of Conflicts and the Structure of the Political, London: Birkbeck Law Press.
Scheuerman, William E.
1994 Between the Norm and the Exception: the Frankfurt School and the Rule of Law, Cambridge: MIT Express
Schmitt, Carl,
1985 Political Theology, tr. George Schwab, Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1996 Concept of the Political, tr. George Schwab, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1999 Four Articles, ed. and tr. Simona Draghici, Washington: Plutarch Press
2003 The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum, tr. G. L. Ulmen, New York: Telos Press.
Schwab, George,
1989 The Challenge of the Exception: an Introduction to the Political Ideas of Carl Schmitt between 1921 and 1936, New York: Greenwood Press.
Soloman, Jon D.,（蘇哲安）
2004 “Taiwan Incorporated: A Survey of Biopolitics in the Sovereign Police’s Pacific Theater of Operations”, in Traces: A Multiligual Series of Culture Theory and Translation, Vol. 3, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, p229-254.
Smith, William,
1875 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: John Murray.
Thurschwell, Adam,
2003 “Potential Futures for the Concept of the Political in Agamben and Derrida,” in Cardozo Law Review, V. 24, March.
2005 “Cutting the Branches for Akiba: Agamben’s Critique of Derrida,” in Politics, Metaphysics, and Death: Essays on Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer, ed. Andrew Norris, Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Virno, Paolo,
2005 “General Intellect, Exodus, Multitude,” in ARTicles, http://www.16beavergroup.org/mtarchive/archives/001475.php.
Weber, Samuel,
1992 “Taking Exception to Decision: Walter Benjamin and Carl Schmitt,” in diacritics 22.3-4, p. 5-18.
Yen, Chueh-an（顏厥安）
2005 “Paradox laid bare: Some Critical Reflections on the Idea of SBHR and its Actualization”, conference paper in International Conference: Constitutional Reengineering in New Democracies: Taiwan & the World, Taipei, Oct. 28-29, 2005.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學研究所
91651038
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0916510381
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳起行zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chen,Chi-Shingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 薛熙平zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Schive,Hsi-Pingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 薛熙平zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Schive,Hsi-Pingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 14:33:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 14:33:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 14:33:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0916510381en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32842-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91651038zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文的研究主題是探討當代義大利哲學家阿岡本（Giorgio Agamben）關於法律與生命之關係的思想，而其中的關鍵概念則為「例外狀態」（state of exception）。延續著由傅柯（Michel Foucault）所鋪展的生命政治（biopolitics）分析，當代政治確實面對著如下困徑（aporia）：其所欲展演人類幸福與自由之處─神聖的生命本身─同時正是政治權力所試圖全面掌控的對象。政治如此，作為其運作綱要的法律亦然。這可由大法官釋字603號關於換身份證需按指紋的爭議透露出來：為了保障「身家性命」的基本人權，國家要求介入該權利的核心領域，將每個人的生物性特徵─指紋─強制建檔以進行更全面的人口治理。

這個法與生命的弔詭關係，在阿岡本的思想中，乃是透過一個特殊的法權裝置─例外狀態─而產生。相對於一般所認為的，法與生命的關係在於以法律規範生命，或由生命創造法律，阿岡本認為法與生命的關係首先在於法與生命的區分（distinction）本身，而例外狀態便是建立這個區分的裝置。所謂的例外狀態，就是透過懸置法律（憲法），用不受法律限制的措施進行治理的狀態。例外狀態彷彿是一個無法狀態（anomie），而生命彷彿被棄置於法律之外成為赤裸的生命（bare life）。然而，根據史密特（Carl Schmitt）的名言：「主權者就是決斷例外狀態之人」，例外狀態並非與法律無關，相反地，其作用在於創造或回復一個讓法律能夠適用於生命的正常情境。因此，正是透過將生命排除於法律之外，例外狀態試圖建構一個能將生命包含進來的法秩序。這個透過排除而包含的關係，就是阿岡本所定義的例外關係，也就是法律與生命的根本關係。而阿岡本認為現代生命政治的特性，便在於例外狀態已非例外，而逐漸成為常態，也因此法與生命的關係本身也日益成為對抗爭議的焦點所在。

因此，本文的工作便在於探討阿岡本的思想中，法與生命間如何透過例外狀態而建立關係，其形式、力道、所構作之生命形象與可能的出路。本文的作法主要在於理論的耙梳與思辨；然而，例外狀態並非僅是一個抽象概念。放在台灣的歷史脈絡中，伴隨著現代化的殖民統治、戒嚴統治，甚至直到今天的「事實上國家」，無一不是例外狀態的常態體現。911之後由美國所主導的全球化反恐活動亦是此結構的更新部署。甚而，在日常實踐上，例外的潛在揭示著每一個「依法行政」、「依法裁判」背後所無可避免的決斷，以及賦予此決斷以法的效力（force of law）的國家暴力。阿岡本《例外狀態》一書的第一句話因此問道：「你們法律人為何對那與你切身相關之事保持沈默？」		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 前言 1
第一節 問題意識 1
第二節 研究方法 8
第三節 論文架構 9

第二章 法的形式：例外 11
第一節 生命、政治、法律 11
第二節 例外狀態 16
1. 例外狀態 16
2. 獨裁 19
3. Iustitium Ⅰ（中止一般執法活動） 22
第三節 法的界限 25
1. 內與外 25
2. 必然性 26
第四節 懸置與適用 30
1. 命名 30
2. ban（棄置） 32
3. 文法 33

第三章 法的力量：主權 37
第一節 Nomos Basileus（主權之法） 37
第二節 Force of Law（法的效力） 41
第三節 法的潛力 44
第四節 法的暴力 47
1. 制法暴力與護法暴力 47
2. 決斷與無可決斷 49
3. 主權與主權的實踐 52

第四章 法底生命：裸命 59
第一節 裸命 59
1. Homo Sacer（神聖之人） 59
2. Vitae Necisque Potestas（生殺大權） 62
第二節 主權者 64
1. Auctoritas（權威） 64
2. Nomos Empsukhos（活的法律） 66
3. Iustitium Ⅱ（主權者的喪禮） 69
4. 權威的生命與神聖的生命 70
第三節 人權與人民主權 74
1. 人與公民權利宣言 75
2. 人民/民族主權 76
3. 人民的雙重性 78
4. 難民 83
第四節 現代生命之法 87
1. 民主─極權 87
2. 國家種族主義 93
3. 營 102
4. der Muselmann（穆斯林） 106

第五章 將來的法與生命：彌賽亞的門檻 111
第一節 例外成為常規 111
1. 虛構的與真實的例外狀態 111
2. 純粹暴力 113
3. anomie（無法）115
第二節 證言 118
1. 證人 119
2. 證言 121
3. 殘存 125
第三節 彌賽亞 128
1. 彌賽亞與法律 129
2. 逾越與研讀 130
3. nomos（法） 133
4. 信仰的話語 135

第六章 結論 140
參考文獻 144		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0916510381en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 阿岡本zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 傅柯zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 史密特zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 生命政治zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 例外狀態zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 主權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 赤裸生命zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Giorgio Agambenen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Michel Foucaulten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Carl Schmitten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) biopoliticsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) state of exceptionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) sovereigntyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) bare lifeen_US
dc.title (題名) 例外狀態：阿岡本（Giorgio Agamben）思想中的法與生命zh_TW
dc.title (題名) State of Exception: Law and Life in Giorgio Agamben`s Thoughten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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