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題名 天使學家的反抗：東尼庫許纳《美國天使》劇中的進步、救贖與重建
The Angelologist`s Resistance: Progress, Redemption, and Restructuring in Tony Kushner`s Angels in America
作者 李一帆
Li, Yi-fan
貢獻者 姜翠芬
Jiang, Tsui-fen
李一帆
Li, Yi-fan
關鍵詞 東尼•庫許纳
美國天使
華特•班雅明
救贖
進步
Kushner, Tony
Angels in America
Benjamin, Walter
Redemption
Progress
日期 2003
上傳時間 17-九月-2009 16:15:26 (UTC+8)
摘要 東尼•庫許納的劇本《美國天使》曾經被批評為「宣揚啟蒙主義式的進步觀，即使這種觀點造成的災難正在二十世紀末顯現」。儘管明顯受到華特•班雅明 (Walter Benjamin) 的歷史觀點影響，批評者仍認為庫許納在《美國天使》劇中刻意忽視班雅明對進步的歷史觀發出的警告。然而，事實上庫許納在《美國天使》劇中，藉由劇中角色所刻畫的，即是班雅明對於歷史中進步 (progress) 的觀點，而非啟蒙主義式的進步史觀。造成這種批評觀點上的差異的原因，乃在於《美國天使》的批評者未能真正了解班雅明對於進步的概念，以及此概念在庫許納劇中的重要性。本文欲以班雅明進步的概念為出發，來檢視《美國天使》劇中對於進步與救贖 (redemption)的應用，並在其中闡明庫許納以班雅明的進步與救贖概念為基礎，試圖在劇中發現自我救贖 (self redemption) 之可能的企圖。
《美國天使》分《千禧年近了》和《重建》上下兩部，是庫許納分別在一九九一及九二年完成的劇作。劇中主要描述主角普萊爾華特 (Prior Walter) ，一位男同志愛滋病患，在遭遇愛人的拋棄，以及美國天使 (American Angel) 的啟示之後，努力尋找在千禧年的各種災難與異象的威脅下，人類生存的希望的過程。在劇中，庫許納以美國紐約多元的種族、文化、信仰為背景，探討世紀末的各種問題與困境，並且尋找對於未來的展望。
　　　本文的第一章為總論，將介紹庫許納的生平、《美國天使》的故事情節、批評家與劇評對於該劇的分析、以及班雅明的理論對此劇的影響。根據班雅明的看法，在人類的歷史中真正的進步並非在空洞的時間 (homogeneous, empty time) 之中前進，而是察覺到人類歷史真正的組成分子─辯證影像(dialectical images)，其型態為不斷反覆出現的歷史影像。當人類認知到此種影像的存在時，此認知將使人類從現有的歷史框架中解放，進而認識到徹底改變現有狀態的可能性。這種革命性的 (revolutionary) 認知即是班雅明所謂的進步，這也是第二章的討論範圍。在第三章中，則是以班雅明的救贖理論 (theory of redemption) 解釋庫許納劇中角色的「彌賽亞式的救贖力」(messianic power) 的覺醒 (awakening)。根據班雅明在歷史哲學綱要 (Thesis on the Philosophy of History) 的說法，人類擁有彌賽亞式的救贖力，並且憑藉之發現以「彌賽亞式的視界」(messianic vision) 的形式出現的辯證影像。此即為班雅明定義下的救贖。第四章則以解釋庫許納對於班雅明理論的修正—重建 (restructuring)—為出發點，探討《美國天使》劇中救贖的完成。第五章為結論，以劇中角色的得到救贖為《美國天使》一劇的結尾，同時也是另一個偉大的工作 (The Great Work)—人類在新千禧年的救贖—的展開。
Tony Kushner’s Angels in America has been accused of its proposing the Enlightenment progress when its disastrous consequence is seen at the end of the 20th century. In spite of the obvious color of Walter Benjamin’s philosophy of history in the play, critics still consider that Kushner ignores Benjamin’s warning of the idea of progress for human history in Angels. Nevertheless, what Kushner describes in the play, through the struggles of the characters, is actually a Benjaminian progress instead of an Enlightenment one. The reason for such a difference of critical viewpoints is: the critics of Angels fail to fully understand Benjamin’s concept of progress and its real significance in the play. Starting from Benjamin’s concept of progress, this thesis aims at examining the application of Benjamin’s concept of progress and redemption in Angels and discovering Kushner’s intention to propose a self-redemption.
Angels is comprised of part I: Millennium Approaches (premier in 1991) and part II: Perestroika (1992). It is Kushner’s most celebrated play. The play begins when a gay man, Prior Walter, has found his infection with AIDS. Facing his destined death and deserted by his lover, one day, Prior is visited by an American Angel, who calls him the “prophet” and gives him a gospel of anti-migration to spread. Since then, his life becomes a journey searching for self-awareness and hope in the future. In Angels, Kushner discusses the questions in the United States at the end of the 20th century against the multi-cultural background of New York and America. The prospect of the human race’s future becomes his ultimate concern in the play.
This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter, “Introduction,” provides the background information of Angels, including the plot summary, critical history, and my concerns on the critiques of play. In Chapter Two, Benjamin’s theory of progress will be used to analyze the idea of progress in Angels, which means discovering the dialectical images of history that are suppressed in historical time. This concept of progress is “revolutionary” because it will change mankind’s recognition of history and their conception of themselves. Chapter Three begins with Benjamin’s definition of “redemption” of human history, which means the awakening of the “weak messianic power,” the power that a whole generation of human beings is endowed with. This power gives human beings a “messianic vision,” a glimpse of the redemptive world. In Chapter Four, Kushner’s supplement to Benjamin’s theory of redemption, the idea of “restructuring,” will be applied as the key word for the completion of redemption for the characters in Angels. Chapter Five concludes this thesis with the self-redemption of the characters in the play and the beginning of the “Great Work”: the redemption of the entire humanity in the coming Millennium.
參考文獻 “About the Author.” Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National themes Part two: Perestroika. New York: Theatre Communication Group, 1994.
Bechtel, Roger. “‘A Kind of Painful Progress’: The Benjaminian Dialectics of Angels in America.” Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism (JDTC). 16.1 (2001): 99-121.
Benjamin, Andrew. “Time and Task: Benjamin and Heidegger Showing the Present.” Walter Benjamin’s Philosophy: Destruction and Experience. Andrew Benjamin and Peter Osborne ed. New York: Routledge, 1994. 216-50.
Benjamin, Walter. “Thesis on the Philosophy of History.” Illuminations. Hannah Arendt ed. Trans by Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken Books, 1969. 253-264.
---, “N. [re the theory of knowledge, theory of progress]” Benjamin: Philosophy, History, Aesthetics. Ed. Gary Smith. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1989. 43-83.
---. “The Image of Proust.” Illuminations. Hannah Arendt ed. Trans by Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken Books, 1969. 201-15.
Borreca, Art. “‘Dramaturging’ the Dialectic: Brecht, Benjamin, and Declan Donnellan’s Production of Angels in America.” Approaching the Millennium: Essays on Angels in America. Ed. Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger. Ann Arbor, Michigan: U of Michigan Press, 1997. 245-60.
Buck-Morss, Susan. The Dialectics of Seeing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT press, 1991.
Bull, Malcolm. Seeing Things Hidden. New York: Verso, 1999.
Caygill, Howard. “Benjamin, Heiddegger and the Destruction of Tradition.” Walter Benjamin’s Philosophy. Ed. Andrew Benjamin and Peter Osborne. New York: Routledge, 1994. 1-31.
De Laurentiis, Allegra. “A Prophet Turned Backwards: Materialism and Mysticism in Walter Benjamin’s Notion of History.” Rethinking Marxism. 7.4 (1994): 28-43.
Garner, Stanton B, Jr. “Angels in America: The Millennium and Postmodern Memory.” Approaching the Millennium: Essays on Angels in America. Ed. Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger. Ann Arbor, Michigan: U of Michigan Press, 1997. 173-84.
Geis, Deborah R. and Steven F. Kruger. “Introduction.” Approaching the Millennium: Essays on Angels in America. Ed. Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger. Ann Arbor, Michigan: U of Michigan Press, 1997. 1-10.
---. “‘The Delicate Ecology of Your Delusions’: Insanity, Theatricality, and the Threshold of Revelation in Kushner’s Angels in America.” Approaching the Millennium: Essays on Angels in America. Ed. Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger. Ann Arbor, Michigan: U of Michigan Press, 1997. 199-209.
Harris, Martin. “Flying the Angel of History.” Approaching the Millennium: Essays on Angels in America. Ed. Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger. Ann Arbor, Michigan: U of Michigan Press, 1997. 185-98.
“Historical materialism.” Encyclopedia of Marxism. Ver. 1.2, Nov. 2002, June 13, 2003. <http://www.marxists.org/glossary/index.htm>.
Hornby, Richard. “Angels in America, part I: Millennium approaches (play review).” The Hudson Review v 46 Spring 1993. 189-91.
Kant, Immanuel. “An Old Question Raised Again: Is The Human Race Constantly Progressing?” On History. Ed. Lewis W. Beck. Trans. Lewis W. Beck and Robert E. Anchor. New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1963. 137-54.
---. “What is Enlightenment?” On History. Ed. Lewis W. Beck. Trans. Lewis W. Beck and Robert E. Anchor. New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1963. 3-10.
Kruger, Steven F. “Identity and Conversion in Angels in America.” Approaching the Millennium: Essays on Angels in America. Ed. Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger. Ann Arbor, Michigan: U of Michigan Press, 1997. 151-69.
Kushner, Tony. “Afterword.” Ed. Robert Vorlicky. Tony Kushner in Conversation. Ann Arbor, MI: U of Michigan P, 1998. 267-76.
---. Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes Part One: Millennium Approaches. New York: Theatre Communication Group, 1993.
---. Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes Part Two: Perestroika. New York: Theatre Communication Group, 1994.
---. “Playwright’s notes.” Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes Part two: Perestroika. New York: Theatre Communication Group, 1994. 7-10.
Marx, Karl. The German Ideology. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972.
McNulty, Charles. “Angels in America: Tony Kushner’s Thesis on the Philosophy of History.” Modern Drama. 39.1 (1996): 84-96.
Norden, Barbara, “Angels in the age of AIDS.” Rev. of Angels in America: Perestroika. The Times Literary Supplement 3 Dec. 1993: 19
Nutting, Elizabeth Lofgren. “Remembering the Disremembered: Toni Morisson as Benjamin’s Storyteller.” Schuylkill: A Creative and Critical Review From Temple University. 1.1 (Spring 1997). 3 August 2003. <http://www.temple.edu/ gradmag/fall97/nutting.htm>
Osborne, Peter. The Politics of Time: Modernity and Avant-Garde. New York: Verso, 1995.
The Oxford English Dictionary. Second Edition. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.
The Oxford English Dictionary Online. Version 2.0. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004.
Parker, John. “The Dialectics of Allegoresis: Historical Materialism in Benjamin’s Illuminations.” Other Voices: The (e)Journal of Cultural Criticism. 1.1 (1997). <http://www.othervoices.org/parkerj/benj.html>.
Reinelt, Janelle. “Notes on Angels in America as American Epic Theater.” Approaching the Millennium: Essays on Angels in America. Ed. Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger. Ann Arbor, Michigan: U of Michigan Press, 1997. 227-33.
Roudan&eacute;, Matthew. “Plays and Playwright Since 1970.” The Cambridge History of American Theatre. Ed. Don B. Wilmeth and Christopher Bigsby. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998-2000.
Savran, David. “Ambivalence, Utopia, and a Queer Sort of Materialism: How Angels in America Reconstructs the Nation.” Theatre Journal 47 (May 1995): 207-27.
---. Interview with Tony Kushner. Speaking on Stage: Interview with Contemporary American Playwrights. Ed. Philip C. Kolin and Colby H. Kullman. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1996. 291-313.
---. “The haunted house of modernity.” Modern Drama. 43 (2000): 583-95. 29 August 2003. EBSCO Host Research Database.
Smith, Joseph. “Joseph Smith-History.” chapter 1. Pearl of Great Price. Feb 6, 2004. <http://scriptures.lds.org/pgp/contents>.
Smith, Joseph. “Thirteen Articles of Faith.” The Pearl of Great Price by Joseph Smith; The Official internet site of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Nov. 29, 2003. <http://scriptures.lds.org/a_of_f/1>
Solomon, Alisa. “Wrestling with Angels: A Jewish Fantasia.” Approaching the Millennium: Essays on Angels in America. Ed. Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger. Ann Arbor, Michigan: U of Michigan Press, 1997. 118-33.
Szentgyorgyi, Tom. “Look Back—and Forward—in Anger.” Ed. Robert Vorlicky. Tony Kushner in Conversation. Ann Arbor, MI: U of Michigan P, 1998. 11-17.
“Tony Kushner.” Moonstruck Drama Bookstore. 2002/08/15. (no version no. or date of construction) <http://www.imagi-nation.com/ moonstruck/ lsc51.html>.
Tucker, Scott. “Out Queer World: A Storm Blowing from Paradise.” Humanist 53 (Nov-Dec. 1993): 32-35.
Vorlicky, Robert. “Introduction.” Tony Kushner in Conversation. Ann Arbor, MI: U of Michigan P, 1998.
Wohlfarth, Irving. “Smashing the Kaleidoscope: Walter Benjamin’s Critique of Cultural History.” Walter Benjamin and the Demands of History. Ed. Michael P. Steinberg. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996. 190-205.
Wolin, Richard. Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic of Redemption. New York: Columbia University P, 1982.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學研究所
89551011
92
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089551011
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 姜翠芬zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Jiang, Tsui-fenen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 李一帆zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Li, Yi-fanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李一帆zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Li, Yi-fanen_US
dc.date (日期) 2003en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-九月-2009 16:15:26 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-九月-2009 16:15:26 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-九月-2009 16:15:26 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0089551011en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33323-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89551011zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 東尼•庫許納的劇本《美國天使》曾經被批評為「宣揚啟蒙主義式的進步觀，即使這種觀點造成的災難正在二十世紀末顯現」。儘管明顯受到華特•班雅明 (Walter Benjamin) 的歷史觀點影響，批評者仍認為庫許納在《美國天使》劇中刻意忽視班雅明對進步的歷史觀發出的警告。然而，事實上庫許納在《美國天使》劇中，藉由劇中角色所刻畫的，即是班雅明對於歷史中進步 (progress) 的觀點，而非啟蒙主義式的進步史觀。造成這種批評觀點上的差異的原因，乃在於《美國天使》的批評者未能真正了解班雅明對於進步的概念，以及此概念在庫許納劇中的重要性。本文欲以班雅明進步的概念為出發，來檢視《美國天使》劇中對於進步與救贖 (redemption)的應用，並在其中闡明庫許納以班雅明的進步與救贖概念為基礎，試圖在劇中發現自我救贖 (self redemption) 之可能的企圖。
《美國天使》分《千禧年近了》和《重建》上下兩部，是庫許納分別在一九九一及九二年完成的劇作。劇中主要描述主角普萊爾華特 (Prior Walter) ，一位男同志愛滋病患，在遭遇愛人的拋棄，以及美國天使 (American Angel) 的啟示之後，努力尋找在千禧年的各種災難與異象的威脅下，人類生存的希望的過程。在劇中，庫許納以美國紐約多元的種族、文化、信仰為背景，探討世紀末的各種問題與困境，並且尋找對於未來的展望。
　　　本文的第一章為總論，將介紹庫許納的生平、《美國天使》的故事情節、批評家與劇評對於該劇的分析、以及班雅明的理論對此劇的影響。根據班雅明的看法，在人類的歷史中真正的進步並非在空洞的時間 (homogeneous, empty time) 之中前進，而是察覺到人類歷史真正的組成分子─辯證影像(dialectical images)，其型態為不斷反覆出現的歷史影像。當人類認知到此種影像的存在時，此認知將使人類從現有的歷史框架中解放，進而認識到徹底改變現有狀態的可能性。這種革命性的 (revolutionary) 認知即是班雅明所謂的進步，這也是第二章的討論範圍。在第三章中，則是以班雅明的救贖理論 (theory of redemption) 解釋庫許納劇中角色的「彌賽亞式的救贖力」(messianic power) 的覺醒 (awakening)。根據班雅明在歷史哲學綱要 (Thesis on the Philosophy of History) 的說法，人類擁有彌賽亞式的救贖力，並且憑藉之發現以「彌賽亞式的視界」(messianic vision) 的形式出現的辯證影像。此即為班雅明定義下的救贖。第四章則以解釋庫許納對於班雅明理論的修正—重建 (restructuring)—為出發點，探討《美國天使》劇中救贖的完成。第五章為結論，以劇中角色的得到救贖為《美國天使》一劇的結尾，同時也是另一個偉大的工作 (The Great Work)—人類在新千禧年的救贖—的展開。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Tony Kushner’s Angels in America has been accused of its proposing the Enlightenment progress when its disastrous consequence is seen at the end of the 20th century. In spite of the obvious color of Walter Benjamin’s philosophy of history in the play, critics still consider that Kushner ignores Benjamin’s warning of the idea of progress for human history in Angels. Nevertheless, what Kushner describes in the play, through the struggles of the characters, is actually a Benjaminian progress instead of an Enlightenment one. The reason for such a difference of critical viewpoints is: the critics of Angels fail to fully understand Benjamin’s concept of progress and its real significance in the play. Starting from Benjamin’s concept of progress, this thesis aims at examining the application of Benjamin’s concept of progress and redemption in Angels and discovering Kushner’s intention to propose a self-redemption.
Angels is comprised of part I: Millennium Approaches (premier in 1991) and part II: Perestroika (1992). It is Kushner’s most celebrated play. The play begins when a gay man, Prior Walter, has found his infection with AIDS. Facing his destined death and deserted by his lover, one day, Prior is visited by an American Angel, who calls him the “prophet” and gives him a gospel of anti-migration to spread. Since then, his life becomes a journey searching for self-awareness and hope in the future. In Angels, Kushner discusses the questions in the United States at the end of the 20th century against the multi-cultural background of New York and America. The prospect of the human race’s future becomes his ultimate concern in the play.
This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter, “Introduction,” provides the background information of Angels, including the plot summary, critical history, and my concerns on the critiques of play. In Chapter Two, Benjamin’s theory of progress will be used to analyze the idea of progress in Angels, which means discovering the dialectical images of history that are suppressed in historical time. This concept of progress is “revolutionary” because it will change mankind’s recognition of history and their conception of themselves. Chapter Three begins with Benjamin’s definition of “redemption” of human history, which means the awakening of the “weak messianic power,” the power that a whole generation of human beings is endowed with. This power gives human beings a “messianic vision,” a glimpse of the redemptive world. In Chapter Four, Kushner’s supplement to Benjamin’s theory of redemption, the idea of “restructuring,” will be applied as the key word for the completion of redemption for the characters in Angels. Chapter Five concludes this thesis with the self-redemption of the characters in the play and the beginning of the “Great Work”: the redemption of the entire humanity in the coming Millennium.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgment……………………..………………............iii

Table of Contents…………………………………………………..iv

Chinese Abstract…………………………………….………………vi

English Abstract……………………………………………………vii

Chapter One Introduction………………………………………..1

Chapter Two Progress as an Inner Revolution…………...22

Chapter Three Benjaminian Redemption…………………………54

Chapter Four Perestroika as “Restructuring”………....84

Chapter Five Conclusion……………………………………...104

Works Cite……………………………………………………………109		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089551011en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 東尼•庫許&#32435;zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國天使zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 華特•班雅明zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 救贖zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 進步zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Kushner, Tonyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Angels in Americaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Benjamin, Walteren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Redemptionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Progressen_US
dc.title (題名) 天使學家的反抗：東尼庫許&#32435;《美國天使》劇中的進步、救贖與重建zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Angelologist`s Resistance: Progress, Redemption, and Restructuring in Tony Kushner`s Angels in Americaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “About the Author.” Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National themes Part two: Perestroika. New York: Theatre Communication Group, 1994.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Geis, Deborah R. and Steven F. Kruger. “Introduction.” Approaching the Millennium: Essays on Angels in America. Ed. Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger. Ann Arbor, Michigan: U of Michigan Press, 1997. 1-10.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. “‘The Delicate Ecology of Your Delusions’: Insanity, Theatricality, and the Threshold of Revelation in Kushner’s Angels in America.” Approaching the Millennium: Essays on Angels in America. Ed. Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger. Ann Arbor, Michigan: U of Michigan Press, 1997. 199-209.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Harris, Martin. “Flying the Angel of History.” Approaching the Millennium: Essays on Angels in America. Ed. Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger. Ann Arbor, Michigan: U of Michigan Press, 1997. 185-98.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. “What is Enlightenment?” On History. Ed. Lewis W. Beck. Trans. Lewis W. Beck and Robert E. Anchor. New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1963. 3-10.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kruger, Steven F. “Identity and Conversion in Angels in America.” Approaching the Millennium: Essays on Angels in America. Ed. Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger. Ann Arbor, Michigan: U of Michigan Press, 1997. 151-69.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kushner, Tony. “Afterword.” Ed. Robert Vorlicky. Tony Kushner in Conversation. Ann Arbor, MI: U of Michigan P, 1998. 267-76.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. “Playwright’s notes.” Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes Part two: Perestroika. New York: Theatre Communication Group, 1994. 7-10.zh_TW
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