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題名 詹姆士《鴿之翼》中的禮物交換
Gift Exchange in Henry James’s The Wings of the Dove
作者 黃士茵
Huang,Shih-yin
貢獻者 胡錦媛
Hu,Chin-yuan
黃士茵
Huang,Shih-yin
關鍵詞 禮物
交換
鴿之翼
禮物包裝
時間
gift
exchange
The Wings of the Dove
gift wrapping
time
日期 2005
上傳時間 17-九月-2009 16:18:54 (UTC+8)
摘要 在亨利‧詹姆士（Henry James）的小說《鴿之翼》（The Wings of the Dove, 1902）中，金錢在人際關係中的流動以及其所產生的交換方式往往為批評家們所忽略。許多批評家將小說中的角色視為兩種極端：以凱特為代表的倫敦人是剝削者；美國女孩米莉則是天真無邪的犧牲者。而注意到小說中交換議題的批評家，也多半以市場交易的模式來看待小說中的交換行為。有別於以往的研究，本論文嘗試以「禮物」的理論，為小說中的交換提供一種新的觀點。


法國人類學家牟斯（Marcel Mauss）的理論顯示，禮物贈與牽涉到社會關係的建立與經濟層面的交流。然而牟斯的理論亦顯示出禮物的矛盾：禮物並非單向的贈與，而是送／收禮物的主體之間的互惠交換行為。同樣的，《鴿之翼》中的金錢交換也是以此種送／收禮物的方式來達成。小說中的禮物交換與角色對金錢的追求呼應，形成一個禮物交換的體系。本論文首先討論小說中的交換者進行交換的方式，突顯其用以掩飾禮物矛盾的包裝策略。其次，本論文討論禮物交換的時間結構如何對送禮者與收禮者產生不同的影響，使米莉的回禮得以藉由時間的運用，產生諧擬（parody）的效果，進而展示了凱特所代表的倫敦人所遵從的交換原則有何限制。
在《鴿之翼》中，禮物不斷游移於慷慨與私利的兩端，而此種介於經濟與非經濟之間的交換方式，正是禮物有別於商品，並能夠暗渡實質利益的原因。
In The Wings of the Dove (1902), Henry James presents a flow of money in interpersonal relations from which a distinctive mode of exchange is derived. However, the issue of exchange does not arouse much discussion among the critics on James. Some critics tend to read the two heroines as representatives of moral oppositions—Kate and other Londoners as exploiters, the young American Milly as a victim. Although there are other critics who notice the exchanges in this novel, most of them choose to approach the issue with the mode of exchange in the market. Differing from these critical perspectives, in which the characters’ exchanges are taken as transforming or reflecting transactions of commodities, this thesis analyzes The Wings of the Dove in terms of gift giving and gift returning.


As the work of the French anthropologist Marcel Mauss shows, gift giving is not only a way to construct social relations but also a part of an economic circulation. But a paradox of the gift can also be observed from Mauss’s theory of the gift—the paradox that gift giving appears as a liberal offer but initiates an exchange of gifts by obligating the gift receiver to return.
What this thesis aims to explore with the theories of the gift is whether it is effective for the characters in The Wings of the Dove to exchange money for social resources, and vice versa. The exchanges in this novel, working alongside the Londoners’ quest for money, constitute a system of gift exchange that brings about Kate’s scheme to reap money from Milly. To look into the problems created from this mode of exchange, the thesis will further be committed to the discussions on the characters’ strategies which help them conceal the paradox of the gift, as well as their actions and limitations in the temporal structure of the gift exchange. Ultimately, this thesis attempts to show the capriciousness of the gift revealed in the exchanges in The Wings of the Dove. In constant fluctuations, the gift never ceases to oscillate between the dichotomies of the economic and the noneconomic, which not only shows its elasticity but also offers a space for discussions of its logic from various critical angles.
參考文獻 Anderson, Charles Roberts. Person, Place, and Thing in Henry James`s Novels. Durham: Duke University Press, 1977.
Auchard, John. Silence in Henry James: The Heritage of Symbolism and Decadence. University Park and London: The Pennsylvania Sate University Press, 1986.
Austin-Smith, Brenda. “The Reification of Milly Theale: Rhetorical Narration in The Wings of the Dove.” Journal of Narrative Theory 30.2 (2000): 187-205.
Bataille, Georges. The Accursed Share: An Essay on General Economy Vol. 1: Consumption. New York: Zone, 1988.
---. “The Notion of Expenditure.” Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927-1939. Ed. Allan Stoekl. Trans. Allan Stoekl et al. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985. 116-129.
Baudillard, Jean. “When Bataille Attacked the Metaphysical Principle of Economy.” Bataille: A Critical Reader. Eds. Fred Botting and Scott Wilson. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. 191-195.
Bell, Millicent. Meaning in Henry James. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 1991.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. 1984. Trans. Richard Nice. London: Routledge, 1989.
---. In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology. Trans. Matthew Adamson. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
---. The Logic of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge: Polity, 1992.
---. “Marginalia—Some Additional Notes on the Gift.” The Logic of the Gift: Toward an Ethic of Generosity. Ed. Alan D. Schrift. New York: Routlege, 1997. 231-241.
---. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Bradbury, Nicola. “‘Nothing That Is not There and the Nothing That Is’: The Celebration of Absence in The Wings of the Dove.” Henry James: Fiction as History. Ed. Ian F. A. Bell. London: Vision, 1984. 82-97.
Brooks, Peter. Introduction. The Wings of the Dove. By Henry James. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. vii-xxiii.
---. Notes. The Wings of the Dove. By Henry James. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. 518-526.
Brown, Bill. “A Thing about Things: The Art of Decoration in the Work of Henry James.” The Henry James Review 23.3 (2002): 222-232.
Brown, Chris. “Milly Theale’s London.” The Henry James Review 14.2 (1993): 215-222.
Buelens, Gert. “Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Constitution of Identity in The Wings of the Dove.” Canadian Review of American Studies 31.1 (2001): 409-428.
Bulter, Judith. “Critical Exchanges: The Symbolic and Questions of Gender.” Questioning Foundations: Truth/Subjectivity/Culture. Ed. Hugh J. Silverman. New York: Routledge, 1993. 134-149.
Caputo, John D. Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida. New York: Fordham University Press, 1997.
Cixous, Hélène. “Sorties: Out and Out: Attacks/Ways Out/Forays.” The Logic of the Gift: Toward an Ethic of Generosity. Ed. Alan D. Schrift. New York: Routlege, 1997. 148-173.
Coulson, Victoria. “Sticky Realism: Armchair Hermeneutics in Late James.” The Henry James Review 25.2 (2004): 115-126.
Derrida, Jacques. Given Time: I. Counterfeit Money. Trans. Peggy Kamuf. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Derrida, Jacques, and Jean-Luc Marion. “On the Gift.” God, the Gift, and Postmodernism. Eds. John D. Caputo and Michael J. Scanlon. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. 54-78.
Dietrichson, Jan W. The Image of Money in the American Novel of the Gilded Age. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget; New York: Humanities, 1969.
Fogel, Daniel Mark. Henry James and the Structure of the Romantic Imagination. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1981.
Frow, John. Time and Commodity Culture: Essays in Cultural Theory and Postmodernity. Oxford: Clarendon, 1997.
Godbout, Jacques T. and Alain Caillé. The World of the Gift. Montreal and Kinston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1998.
Graham, Kenneth. Henry James: The Drama of Fulfillment. Oxford: Clarendon, 1975.
Gregory, C. A. Gifts and Commodities. London: Academic, 1982.
Hadley, Tessa. Henry James and the Imagination of Pleasure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Hénaff, Marcel. Claude Lévi-Strauss and Making of Structural Anthropology. Trans. Mary Baker. Minneapolis, England: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
Heyns, Michiel. “‘The Language of the House’ in The Wings of the Dove.” Essays in Criticism 39 (1989): 116-136.
Hollier, Denis. “The Use-Value of the Impossible.” Bataille: Writing the Sacred. Ed. Carolyn Bailey Gill. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. 133-153.
Hutchinson, Stuart. Henry James: An American as Modernist. London: Vision; Totowa: Barnes and Noble, 1982.
Ian, Marcia. “The Elaboration of Privacy in The Wings of the Dove.” ELH 51.1 (1984): 107-136.
Irigaray, Luce. “Women on the Market.” The Logic of the Gift: Toward an Ethic of Generosity. Ed. Alan D. Schrift. New York: Routlege, 1997. 174-189.
Jackson, Timothy P. “Waiting in The Wings of the Dove: Patience as a Jamesian Virtue.” Renascence 44.4 (1992): 227-252.
James, Henry. The Complete Notebooks of Henry James. Eds. Leon Edel and Lyall H. Powers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
---. Preface. The Wings of the Dove. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. xxxi-xlviii.
---. The Wings of the Dove. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Jenkins, Richard. Pierre Bourdieu. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
Koch, Stephen. “Transcendence in The Wings of the Dove.” Modern Fiction Studies 12 (1966): 93-102.
Komar, Kathleen L. “Languages and Character Delineation in The Wings of the Dove.” Twentieth Century Literature 29.4 (1983): 471-487.
Larson, Doran. “Milly’s Bargain: The Homosocial Economy in The Wings of the Dove.” Arizona Quarterly 51.1 (1995): 81-110.
Lee, Martyn J. Consumer Culture Reborn: The Cultural Politics of Consumption. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Introduction of the Work of Marcel Mauss. Trans. Felicity Baker. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987.
---. The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Boston: Beacon, 1969.
Marx, Karl. Capital. 2nd ed. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannia, 1990.
Mauss, Marcel. The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies. Trans. Iann Cunnison. London: Cohen and West, 1970. Trans. of Essai sur le don. 1925.
---. The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. Trans. W. D. Walls. London: Routledge, 1990. Trans. of Essai sur le don. 1925.
McCormack, Peggy. The Rule of Money: Gender, Class, and Exchange Economics in the Fiction of Henry James. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1990.
McWhirter, David Bruce. Desire and Love in Henry James: A Study of The Late Novels. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Mirowski, Philip. “Refusing the Gift.” Postmodernism, Economics and Knowledge. Eds. Stephen Cullenberg, Jack Amariglio, and David F. Ruccio. London: Routledge, 2001. 431-458.
Osteen, Mark. Introduction. The Question of the Gift. Ed. Mark Osteen. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. 1-41.
Paschall, Douglas. “Complicit Manoeuvres: The Form of The Wings of the Dove.” Modern American Fiction: Form and Function. Ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989. 13-27.
Richardson, Michael. Georges Bataille. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
Richman, Michele H. Reading Georges Bataille: Beyond the Gift. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.
Rowe, John Carlos. “The Symbolization of Milly Theale: Henry James’s The Wings of the Dove.” ELH 40.1 (1973): 131-164.
Rubin, Gayle. “The Traffic in Women: Notes on the ‘Political Economy’ of Sex.” Toward an Anthropology of Women. Ed. Rayna R. Reiter. New York: Monthly Review, 1975. 157-210.
Schiller, Emily. “Melodrama Redeemed; or, The Death of Innocence: Milly and Morality in The Wings of the Dove.” Studies in American Fiction 24.2 (1996): 193-214.
Smart, Alan. “Gifts, Bribes, and Guanxi: A Reconsideration of Bourdieu’s Social Capital.” Cultural Anthropology 8.3 (1993): 388-408.
Swartz, David. Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Trask, Michael. “The Romance of Choice and The Wings of the Dove.” Novel: A Forum on Fiction 32.3 (1999): 355-384.
Wakana, Maya Higashi. “Society in Self, Self in Society: Survival in The Wings of the Dove.” Texas Studies in Literature and Language 47.1 (2005): 31-60.
Warren, Jonathan. “Ricordo, Gift, Golden Bowl.” The Henry James Review 25.3 (2004): 267-275.
Williams, Merle A. Henry James and the Philosophical Novel: Being and Seeing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Veblen, Thorstein. The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Penguin, 1994.
Vernon, John. Money and Fiction: Literary Realism in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學研究所
89551001
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0895510014
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 胡錦媛zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hu,Chin-yuanen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 黃士茵zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Huang,Shih-yinen_US
dc.creator (作者) 黃士茵zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Huang,Shih-yinen_US
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-九月-2009 16:18:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-九月-2009 16:18:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-九月-2009 16:18:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0895510014en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33338-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89551001zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在亨利‧詹姆士（Henry James）的小說《鴿之翼》（The Wings of the Dove, 1902）中，金錢在人際關係中的流動以及其所產生的交換方式往往為批評家們所忽略。許多批評家將小說中的角色視為兩種極端：以凱特為代表的倫敦人是剝削者；美國女孩米莉則是天真無邪的犧牲者。而注意到小說中交換議題的批評家，也多半以市場交易的模式來看待小說中的交換行為。有別於以往的研究，本論文嘗試以「禮物」的理論，為小說中的交換提供一種新的觀點。


法國人類學家牟斯（Marcel Mauss）的理論顯示，禮物贈與牽涉到社會關係的建立與經濟層面的交流。然而牟斯的理論亦顯示出禮物的矛盾：禮物並非單向的贈與，而是送／收禮物的主體之間的互惠交換行為。同樣的，《鴿之翼》中的金錢交換也是以此種送／收禮物的方式來達成。小說中的禮物交換與角色對金錢的追求呼應，形成一個禮物交換的體系。本論文首先討論小說中的交換者進行交換的方式，突顯其用以掩飾禮物矛盾的包裝策略。其次，本論文討論禮物交換的時間結構如何對送禮者與收禮者產生不同的影響，使米莉的回禮得以藉由時間的運用，產生諧擬（parody）的效果，進而展示了凱特所代表的倫敦人所遵從的交換原則有何限制。
在《鴿之翼》中，禮物不斷游移於慷慨與私利的兩端，而此種介於經濟與非經濟之間的交換方式，正是禮物有別於商品，並能夠暗渡實質利益的原因。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In The Wings of the Dove (1902), Henry James presents a flow of money in interpersonal relations from which a distinctive mode of exchange is derived. However, the issue of exchange does not arouse much discussion among the critics on James. Some critics tend to read the two heroines as representatives of moral oppositions—Kate and other Londoners as exploiters, the young American Milly as a victim. Although there are other critics who notice the exchanges in this novel, most of them choose to approach the issue with the mode of exchange in the market. Differing from these critical perspectives, in which the characters’ exchanges are taken as transforming or reflecting transactions of commodities, this thesis analyzes The Wings of the Dove in terms of gift giving and gift returning.


As the work of the French anthropologist Marcel Mauss shows, gift giving is not only a way to construct social relations but also a part of an economic circulation. But a paradox of the gift can also be observed from Mauss’s theory of the gift—the paradox that gift giving appears as a liberal offer but initiates an exchange of gifts by obligating the gift receiver to return.
What this thesis aims to explore with the theories of the gift is whether it is effective for the characters in The Wings of the Dove to exchange money for social resources, and vice versa. The exchanges in this novel, working alongside the Londoners’ quest for money, constitute a system of gift exchange that brings about Kate’s scheme to reap money from Milly. To look into the problems created from this mode of exchange, the thesis will further be committed to the discussions on the characters’ strategies which help them conceal the paradox of the gift, as well as their actions and limitations in the temporal structure of the gift exchange. Ultimately, this thesis attempts to show the capriciousness of the gift revealed in the exchanges in The Wings of the Dove. In constant fluctuations, the gift never ceases to oscillate between the dichotomies of the economic and the noneconomic, which not only shows its elasticity but also offers a space for discussions of its logic from various critical angles.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements.........................................iii

Chinese Abstract..................................................v

English Abstract..................................................vi

Chapter One Introduction..............................1

Chapter Two Exchangers and the System of Gift Exchange..................................................14

Chapter Three Paradox of the Gift and Strategies of Gift-Wrapping................................................. 35

Chapter Four Effects of Time in the Gift Exchange..................................................56

Chapter Five Conclusion................................87

Works Cited...............................................93		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0895510014en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 禮物zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 交換zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 鴿之翼zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 禮物包裝zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 時間zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) giften_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) exchangeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) The Wings of the Doveen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) gift wrappingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) timeen_US
dc.title (題名) 詹姆士《鴿之翼》中的禮物交換zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Gift Exchange in Henry James’s The Wings of the Doveen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, Charles Roberts. Person, Place, and Thing in Henry James`s Novels. Durham: Duke University Press, 1977.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Auchard, John. Silence in Henry James: The Heritage of Symbolism and Decadence. University Park and London: The Pennsylvania Sate University Press, 1986.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Austin-Smith, Brenda. “The Reification of Milly Theale: Rhetorical Narration in The Wings of the Dove.” Journal of Narrative Theory 30.2 (2000): 187-205.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bataille, Georges. The Accursed Share: An Essay on General Economy Vol. 1: Consumption. New York: Zone, 1988.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. “The Notion of Expenditure.” Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927-1939. Ed. Allan Stoekl. Trans. Allan Stoekl et al. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985. 116-129.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baudillard, Jean. “When Bataille Attacked the Metaphysical Principle of Economy.” Bataille: A Critical Reader. Eds. Fred Botting and Scott Wilson. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. 191-195.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bell, Millicent. Meaning in Henry James. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 1991.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. 1984. Trans. Richard Nice. London: Routledge, 1989.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology. Trans. Matthew Adamson. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. The Logic of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge: Polity, 1992.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. “Marginalia—Some Additional Notes on the Gift.” The Logic of the Gift: Toward an Ethic of Generosity. Ed. Alan D. Schrift. New York: Routlege, 1997. 231-241.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bradbury, Nicola. “‘Nothing That Is not There and the Nothing That Is’: The Celebration of Absence in The Wings of the Dove.” Henry James: Fiction as History. Ed. Ian F. A. Bell. London: Vision, 1984. 82-97.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brooks, Peter. Introduction. The Wings of the Dove. By Henry James. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. vii-xxiii.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. Notes. The Wings of the Dove. By Henry James. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. 518-526.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, Bill. “A Thing about Things: The Art of Decoration in the Work of Henry James.” The Henry James Review 23.3 (2002): 222-232.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, Chris. “Milly Theale’s London.” The Henry James Review 14.2 (1993): 215-222.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Buelens, Gert. “Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Constitution of Identity in The Wings of the Dove.” Canadian Review of American Studies 31.1 (2001): 409-428.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bulter, Judith. “Critical Exchanges: The Symbolic and Questions of Gender.” Questioning Foundations: Truth/Subjectivity/Culture. Ed. Hugh J. Silverman. New York: Routledge, 1993. 134-149.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Caputo, John D. Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida. New York: Fordham University Press, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cixous, Hélène. “Sorties: Out and Out: Attacks/Ways Out/Forays.” The Logic of the Gift: Toward an Ethic of Generosity. Ed. Alan D. Schrift. New York: Routlege, 1997. 148-173.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coulson, Victoria. “Sticky Realism: Armchair Hermeneutics in Late James.” The Henry James Review 25.2 (2004): 115-126.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Derrida, Jacques. Given Time: I. Counterfeit Money. Trans. Peggy Kamuf. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Derrida, Jacques, and Jean-Luc Marion. “On the Gift.” God, the Gift, and Postmodernism. Eds. John D. Caputo and Michael J. Scanlon. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. 54-78.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dietrichson, Jan W. The Image of Money in the American Novel of the Gilded Age. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget; New York: Humanities, 1969.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fogel, Daniel Mark. Henry James and the Structure of the Romantic Imagination. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1981.zh_TW
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