1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Foreign Languages and Literature
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 語法與語句處理對於中文關係子句接應代詞之影響
The Grammar and Processing of Resumptive Pronouns in Chinese Relative Clauses
作者 甯俐馨
Ning, Li Hsin
貢獻者 林千哲<br>何萬順
Lin,Chien Jer<br>Her,One Soon
甯俐馨
Ning, Li Hsin
關鍵詞 接應代詞
關係子句
語句處理
花園路徑效果
resumptive pronouns
relative clauses
processing
garden-path effect
日期 2007
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:26:36 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文旨在從語法及語句處理的觀點探討中文關係子句中接應代詞(resumptive pronouns) 的現象。在語法上，本研究認為中文的接應代詞屬於詞基生成 (base-generated) 元素而非句法變項 (syntactic variables) 。接應代詞的出現受限於派生簡約原則 (derivational economy) 及合法度 (grammaticality) 的要求，唯有當間隙型關係子句 (gap relatives) 為非法時，接應代詞才是必要的；在其他情況下，接應代詞在中文裡為選擇性的策略之一。在語句處理上，本研究施測了三份合法度問卷並進行了兩項線上閱讀測驗。合法度的判別及線上的閱讀反應時間顯示，接應代詞之所以不被喜歡是因為接應代詞本身會引發花園路徑效果 (garden path effect) (在此為主要子句假象 (main-clause illusion) 的形成)。然而，接應代詞在間隙型關係子句為非法或引發花園路徑效果 (在此為重建困難 (difficult reconstruction) 所造成) 時卻變得較受喜愛。當間隙型關係子句涉及到複雜結構或複雜語句處理領域 (在此指的是重建複雜 (intricate reconstruction) ) 時，中文母語使用者並不會偏好使用間隙(gap)或是接應代詞來形成關係子句。這些研究結果意味著中文接應代詞不僅受限於合法度的要求，也受制於語句可處理性 (processability) 的程度，亦即有無受到花園路徑效果所影響。
This thesis examines resumptive pronouns in Chinese relative clauses from the perspectives of grammar and processing. In the grammar, it is claimed in this research that resumptives in Chinese are base-generated pronouns rather than syntactic variables. Their occurrence can be predicted via derivational economy and grammaticality. Resumptives in Chinese are obligatory only when the gap relatives are ungrammatical. Otherwise, resumptives are optional. As for processing, three grammaticality judgments and two on-line self-paced reading tasks were conducted. The grammaticality judgments and the on-line reading times show that resumptives were dispreferred because they induced a garden-path effect (the main-clause illusion). However, resumptives became preferred when the gap relatives resulted in ungrammaticality or led to a garden path, thus inducing the difficulty of reconstruction. There was no preference for gaps or resumptives when the gap relatives involved complex structures or complicated processing domains (the intricate reconstruction). These results suggest that resumptives in Chinese are related not only to the issue of grammaticality but also to that of the processability (i.e. the garden-path effect).
參考文獻 Alexopoulou, T. (2006). Resumption in relative clauses. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 24, 57-111.
Alexopoulou, T., & Keller, F. (2002). Resumption and locality: A crosslinguistic experimental study. Paper presented at the 38th Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Chicago.
Alexopoulou, T., & Keller, F. (2003). Linguistic complexity, locality and resumption. Paper presented at the WCCFL 22.
Alexopoulou, T., & Keller, F. (2007). Locality, cyclicity, and resumption: At the interface between the grammar and the human sentence processor. Language, 84(1), 110-160.
Aoun, J. (2000). Resumption and last resort. D.E.L.T.A., 16, 13-43.
Aoun, J., Choueiri, L., & Hornstein, N. (2001). Resumption, movement and derivational economy. Linguistic Inquiry, 32(3), 371-403.
Aoun, J., & Li, Y.-H. A. (2003). Essays on the representational and derivational nature of grammar: The diversity of Wh-constructions Cambridge: MIT Press.
Asudeh, A. (2004). Resumption as Resource Management. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Standford University.
Asudeh, A. (2007). Three kinds of resumption. Paper presented at the Resumptive Pronouns at the Interfaces, Paris.
Bock, K., Dell, G. S., Chang, F., & Onishi, K. H. (2007). Persistent structural priming from language comprehension to language production. Cognition, 104, 437-458.
Bresnan, J., & Kaplan, R. M. (1984). Grammars as mental representations of language. In W. Kintsch, J. R. Miller & P. G. Polson (Eds.), Method and tactics in cognitive science (pp. 103-135). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Carnie, A. (2002). Syntax: A Generative Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chao, W., & Sells, P. (1983). On the interpretation of resumptive pronouns. Proceedings of NELS, 13, 47-61.
Chen, W.-P. (1989). Functional Uncertainty and Topicalization in Mandarin Chinese. Unpublished MA Thesis, National Tsing Hua University.
Chomsky, N. (1982). Some concepts and consequences of the theory of government and binding. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
Clark, H. H., & Malt, B. C. (1984). Psychological constraints on language: A commentary on Bresnan and Kaplan and on Givón. In W. Kintsch, J. R. Miller & P. G. Polson (Eds.), Method and tactics in cognitive science (pp. 191-214). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Clifton, C., & Frazier, L. (1989). Comprehending sentences with long-distance dependencies. In G. N. Carlson & M. K. Tanenhaus (Eds.), Linguistic structure in language processing. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Comrie, B. (1981). Language universals and linguistic typology: University of Chicago Press.
Cowart, W. (1997). Experimental Syntax: Applying Objective Methods to Sentence Judgments. California: SAGE Publications.
Dickey, M. W. (1996). Constraints on the sentence processor and the distribution of resumptive pronouns. UMOP19: Linguistics in the Laboratory.
Engdahl, E. (1985). Parasitic gaps, resumptive pronouns, and subject extractions. Linguistics, 23, 3-44.
Erteschik-Shir, N. (1992). Resumptives pronouns in islands. In H. G. a. M. Rochement (Ed.), Island Constraints. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Foder, J. D. (1983). Phrase structure parsing and the island constraints. Linguistics and Philosophy, 6, 163-223.
Foder, J. D., & Frazier, L. (1980). Is the human sentence parsing mechanism an ATN? Cognition, 8, 418-459.
Fox, B. A. (1987). The noun phrase accessibility hierarchy reinterpreted: Subject primacy or the absolutive hypothesis? Language, 63(4), 856-870.
Frazier, L. (1987a). Sentence processing: A tutorial review. In M. Coltheart (Ed.), Attention and Performance (pp. 559-586). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Frazier, L. (1987b). Syntactic processing: Evidence from Dutch. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 5, 515-559.
Frazier, L., & Clifton, C. (1989). Successive cyclicity in the grammar and the parser. Language and Cognitive Processes, 4, 93-126.
Gu, G. (2001). A study of resumptive pronouns. Unpublished Dissertation, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Haegeman, L. (1994). Introduction to Government & Binding Theory (2 ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
Haiman, J. (1983). Iconic and economic motivation. Language, 59, 781-819.
Hawkins, J. A. (1999). Processing complexity and filler-gap dependencies across grammars. Language, 75(2), 244-285.
Her, O.-S. (2006). Justifying part-of-speech assignments for Mandarin gei. Lingua, 116, 1274-1302.
Her, O.-S., & Ning, L.-H. (2008). On the (non)issue of parasitic gaps in Chinese.Unpublished manuscript.
Houng, C. C.-L. H. (1986). The relative clause construction in Chinese: Noun phrase accessibility and other issues. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas, Austin.
Hsiao, F., & Gibson, E. (2003). Processing relative clauses in Chinese. Cognition, 90, 3-27.
Huang, C.-R. (1992). Certainty in functional uncertainty. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 20(2), .247-287.
Huang, C.-T. J. (1984). On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry, 15, 531-574.
Huang, C.-T. J. (1984). Phrase structure, lexical integrity and Chinese compounds. Journal of the Chinese Teachers` Association, 19(2), 53-48.
Huang, C.-T. J. (1999). Chinese passives in comparative perspective. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 29(4), 423-510.
Huang, C.-T. J. (2007). Handout 3 (revised): Argument structure.Unpublished manuscript.
Huang, C., & Ahrens, K. (1999). The function and category of gei in Mandarin ditransitive constructions. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 27(2), 1-26.
Keenan, E. L., & Comrie, B. (1977). Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. Linguistic Inquiry, 8, 63-99.
Keenan, E. L., & Hawkins, S. (1987). The psychological validity of the accessibility hierarchy. In E. L. Keenan (Ed.), Universal grammar: Fifteen essays. London: Routledge.
King, J., & Just, M. A. (1991). Individual differences in syntactic processing: The role of working memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 580-602.
Kwon, N. (2004). Processing of relative clause sentences in Korean. Paper presented at the 10th Annual Conference on Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing (AMLaP 2004).
Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Li, Y.-H. A. (1989). Constituents constraints in Mandarin Chinese. Paper presented at the 3rd Ohio Conference on Chinese Linguistics.
Li, Y.-H. A. (2007). Syntax of overt and covert pronouns.Unpublished manuscript.
Liao, H.-C. (1999-2000). The noun phrase accessibility hierarchy revisited: a view from ergative languages. Working Papers in Linguistics, 31, 121-142.
Lin, C.-J. (2007a). Processing (in)alienable possessions at the syntax-semantics interface. Paper presented at the Workshop on Linguistic Interfaces (OnLI), University of Ulster, Northern Ireland.
Lin, C.-J. (2007b). The psychological reality of head-final relative clauses. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Relative Clauses, Academic Sinica,Taipei.
Lin, C.-J. (2008a). Distinguishing linguistic and processing explanations of grammar. In J. Myers (Ed.), Search of Grammar: Empirical Methods in the Study of Linguistic Knowledge (tentative book title).
Lin, C.-J. (2008b). Garden path and the comprehension of head-final relative clauses.Unpublished manuscript.
Lin, C.-J., & Bever, T. G. (2006). Subject preference in the processing of relative clauses in Chinese. Proceedings of the 25th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, 254-260.
Lin, C.-J., & Bever, T. G. (2007). Processing head-final relative clauses without garden paths. Paper presented at the International Conference on Processing Head-final Structures.
Lin, J. (2005). Does wh-in-situ license parasitic gaps? Linguistic Inquiry, 36, 298-302.
McCawley, J. D. (1992). Justifying part-of-speech assignments in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 20(2), 211-245.
McCloskey, J. (1990). Resumptive pronouns, A`-binding and levels of representation in Irish. In R. Hendrick (Ed.), Syntax and Semantics 23: The Syntax and Semantics of Modern Celtic Languages. San Diego, California: Academic Press.
McCloskey, J. (2006). Resumption. In M. Everaert & H. v. Riemsdijk (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Syntax (pp. 94-117). Oxford: Blackwell.
McDaniel, D., & Cowart, W. (1999). Experimental evidence for a Minimalist account of English resumptive pronouns. Cognition, 70, B15-B24.
McKee, C., & McDaniel, D. (2001). Resumptive pronouns in English relative clauses. Language Acquisition, 9(2), 113-156.
Meral, H.-M. (2004). Resumptive pronouns in Turkish. Unpublished MA Thesis, Bogazoci University.
Miyamoto, E., & Nakamura, M. (2003). Subject/Object asymmetries in the processing of relative clauses in Japanese. Paper presented at the WCCFL 22.
Postal, P. (1971). Cross-over Phenomena. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Rizzi, L. (1986). Null subjects in Italian and the theory of pro. Linguistic Inquiry, 17, 501-558.
Sells, P. (1984). Syntax and semantics of resumptive pronouns. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
Shlonsky, U. (1992). Resumptive pronouns as a last resort. Linguistic Inquiry, 23, 443-468.
Stowe, L. A. (1986). Parsing Wh-constructions: Evidence for on-line gap location. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1, 227-245.
Suñer, M. (1998). Resumptive restrictive relatives: A crosslinguistic perspective. Language, 74(2), 335-364.
Su, Y. C. (2004). Relatives of Mandarin children. Paper presented at the GALANA, Hawaii.
Ting, J. (1998). Deriving the bei-construction in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 7, 1-34.
TIng, J., & Chang, M. (2004). The category of gei in Mandarin Chinese and grammaticalization. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics, 2(2), 45-74.
Ting, J., & Huang, Y.-C. (2008). Some remarks on parasitic gaps in Chinese. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 34(1), 27-52.
Tsai, W.-T. D. (1997). On the absence of island effects. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, New series 27, 125-149.
Tsao, F.-f. (1988). The Function of Mandarin Gei and Taiwanese Hou in the Double Object and the Passive Constructions. In R. L. Cheng & S. F. Huang (Eds.), The Structure of Taiwanese: A Modern Synthesis (pp. 165-208). Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.
Xu, L. (1990). Are they parasitic gaps? In J. Mascaro & M. Nespor (Eds.), Grammar in Progress: Glow Essays for Henk van Riemsdijk. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
Xu, Y.-C. (2003). A Study on Form Word `De` and its Related Matters. Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, Fu Dan University.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
95555001
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095555001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林千哲<br>何萬順zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin,Chien Jer<br>Her,One Soonen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 甯俐馨zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Ning, Li Hsinen_US
dc.creator (作者) 甯俐馨zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Ning, Li Hsinen_US
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:26:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:26:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:26:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0095555001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33384-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95555001zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文旨在從語法及語句處理的觀點探討中文關係子句中接應代詞(resumptive pronouns) 的現象。在語法上，本研究認為中文的接應代詞屬於詞基生成 (base-generated) 元素而非句法變項 (syntactic variables) 。接應代詞的出現受限於派生簡約原則 (derivational economy) 及合法度 (grammaticality) 的要求，唯有當間隙型關係子句 (gap relatives) 為非法時，接應代詞才是必要的；在其他情況下，接應代詞在中文裡為選擇性的策略之一。在語句處理上，本研究施測了三份合法度問卷並進行了兩項線上閱讀測驗。合法度的判別及線上的閱讀反應時間顯示，接應代詞之所以不被喜歡是因為接應代詞本身會引發花園路徑效果 (garden path effect) (在此為主要子句假象 (main-clause illusion) 的形成)。然而，接應代詞在間隙型關係子句為非法或引發花園路徑效果 (在此為重建困難 (difficult reconstruction) 所造成) 時卻變得較受喜愛。當間隙型關係子句涉及到複雜結構或複雜語句處理領域 (在此指的是重建複雜 (intricate reconstruction) ) 時，中文母語使用者並不會偏好使用間隙(gap)或是接應代詞來形成關係子句。這些研究結果意味著中文接應代詞不僅受限於合法度的要求，也受制於語句可處理性 (processability) 的程度，亦即有無受到花園路徑效果所影響。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis examines resumptive pronouns in Chinese relative clauses from the perspectives of grammar and processing. In the grammar, it is claimed in this research that resumptives in Chinese are base-generated pronouns rather than syntactic variables. Their occurrence can be predicted via derivational economy and grammaticality. Resumptives in Chinese are obligatory only when the gap relatives are ungrammatical. Otherwise, resumptives are optional. As for processing, three grammaticality judgments and two on-line self-paced reading tasks were conducted. The grammaticality judgments and the on-line reading times show that resumptives were dispreferred because they induced a garden-path effect (the main-clause illusion). However, resumptives became preferred when the gap relatives resulted in ungrammaticality or led to a garden path, thus inducing the difficulty of reconstruction. There was no preference for gaps or resumptives when the gap relatives involved complex structures or complicated processing domains (the intricate reconstruction). These results suggest that resumptives in Chinese are related not only to the issue of grammaticality but also to that of the processability (i.e. the garden-path effect).en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………..iv
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………ix
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………..xi
Chinese Abstract…………………………………………………………………...xiii
English Abstract……………………………………………………………………xiv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………1
1.1 Background………………………………………………………………….1
1.1.1 Grammar Account…………………………………………………2
1.1.2 Processing Account………………………………………………...4
1.2 Purpose of the Present Study……………………………………………….4
1.3 Organization of the Study…………………………………………………..5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………….7
2.1 Grammar and Syntax………………………………………………………7
2.1.1 Resumptive Pronouns and Relative Clauses……………………….11
2.1.2 Classification of Resumptive Pronouns…………………………….14
2.1.3 Last Resort…………………………………………………………...23
2.1.4 Resumptives in Chinese……………………………………………..25
2.2 Processing………………………………………………………………….29
2.2.1 Processing Relative Clauses: Gap/Resumptive Strategies………..30
2.2.2 Comprehension……………………………………………………...34
2.2.3 Production…………………………………………………………...43
2.2.4 Garden Path in Processing Head-final Relative Clauses…………46
CHAPTER 3 GARMMAR OF RESUMPTION………………………………….51
3.1 Resumptives as Base-generated Pronouns………………………………52
3.2 The Distribution of Resumptives in Relative Clauses…………………..59
3.2.1 Obligatory Resumptives…………………………………………….61
3.2.2 Optional Resumptives……………………………………………….64
3.2.3 Indirect Object Relatives……………………………………………68
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTS…………………………………………………….77
4.1 Experiment 1……………………………………………………………….80
4.1.1 Methods……………………………………………………………....81
4.1.2 Results………………………………………………………………..88
4.1.3 Discussion…………………………………………………………….93
4.2 Experiment 2……………………………………………………………...101
4.2.1 Methods……………………………………………………………..102
4.2.2 Results………………………………………………………………106
4.2.3 Discussion…………………………………………………………..112
4.3 Experiment 3……………………………………………………………..119
4.3.1 Methods…………………………………………………………….120
4.3.2 Results………………………………………………………………122
4.3.3 Discussion…………………………………………………………..123
4.4 Experiment 4……………………………………………………………..124
4.4.1 Methods……………………………………………………………..134
4.4.2 Results………………………………………………………………137
4.4.3 Discussion…………………………………………………………...145
4.5 Experiment 5……………………………………………………………...147
4.5.1 Methods……………………………………………………………..151
4.5.2 Results………………………………………………………………153
4.5.3 Discussion…………………………………………………………...162
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….171
References………………………………………………………………………….175
Appendixes…………………………………………………………………………185
A. Corpus data of song ‘send’ and tou ‘steal’……………………………...185
B. The guiding leaflet of the on-line questionnaires in Experiment 1 and 2……………………………………………………………………………191
C. Experimental items in Experiment 1……………………………………193
D. Experimental items in Experiment 2……………………………………196
E. Filler sentences in Experiment 1 and 2………………………………….199
F. Experimental items in Experiment 31…………………………………..202
G. Experimental items and comprehension questions in Experiment 4….203
H. Experimental items and comprehension questions in Experiment 5….206		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 11751 bytes-
dc.format.extent 133951 bytes-
dc.format.extent 15900 bytes-
dc.format.extent 14947 bytes-
dc.format.extent 14185 bytes-
dc.format.extent 68485 bytes-
dc.format.extent 31777 bytes-
dc.format.extent 26141 bytes-
dc.format.extent 266398 bytes-
dc.format.extent 142512 bytes-
dc.format.extent 398250 bytes-
dc.format.extent 18791 bytes-
dc.format.extent 29888 bytes-
dc.format.extent 493610 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095555001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 接應代詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 關係子句zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語句處理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 花園路徑效果zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) resumptive pronounsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) relative clausesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) processingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) garden-path effecten_US
dc.title (題名) 語法與語句處理對於中文關係子句接應代詞之影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Grammar and Processing of Resumptive Pronouns in Chinese Relative Clausesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alexopoulou, T. (2006). Resumption in relative clauses. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 24, 57-111.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alexopoulou, T., & Keller, F. (2002). Resumption and locality: A crosslinguistic experimental study. Paper presented at the 38th Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Chicago.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alexopoulou, T., & Keller, F. (2003). Linguistic complexity, locality and resumption. Paper presented at the WCCFL 22.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alexopoulou, T., & Keller, F. (2007). Locality, cyclicity, and resumption: At the interface between the grammar and the human sentence processor. Language, 84(1), 110-160.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aoun, J. (2000). Resumption and last resort. D.E.L.T.A., 16, 13-43.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aoun, J., Choueiri, L., & Hornstein, N. (2001). Resumption, movement and derivational economy. Linguistic Inquiry, 32(3), 371-403.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aoun, J., & Li, Y.-H. A. (2003). Essays on the representational and derivational nature of grammar: The diversity of Wh-constructions Cambridge: MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Asudeh, A. (2004). Resumption as Resource Management. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Standford University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Asudeh, A. (2007). Three kinds of resumption. Paper presented at the Resumptive Pronouns at the Interfaces, Paris.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bock, K., Dell, G. S., Chang, F., & Onishi, K. H. (2007). Persistent structural priming from language comprehension to language production. Cognition, 104, 437-458.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bresnan, J., & Kaplan, R. M. (1984). Grammars as mental representations of language. In W. Kintsch, J. R. Miller & P. G. Polson (Eds.), Method and tactics in cognitive science (pp. 103-135). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carnie, A. (2002). Syntax: A Generative Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chao, W., & Sells, P. (1983). On the interpretation of resumptive pronouns. Proceedings of NELS, 13, 47-61.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, W.-P. (1989). Functional Uncertainty and Topicalization in Mandarin Chinese. Unpublished MA Thesis, National Tsing Hua University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chomsky, N. (1982). Some concepts and consequences of the theory of government and binding. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clark, H. H., & Malt, B. C. (1984). Psychological constraints on language: A commentary on Bresnan and Kaplan and on Givón. In W. Kintsch, J. R. Miller & P. G. Polson (Eds.), Method and tactics in cognitive science (pp. 191-214). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clifton, C., & Frazier, L. (1989). Comprehending sentences with long-distance dependencies. In G. N. Carlson & M. K. Tanenhaus (Eds.), Linguistic structure in language processing. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Comrie, B. (1981). Language universals and linguistic typology: University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cowart, W. (1997). Experimental Syntax: Applying Objective Methods to Sentence Judgments. California: SAGE Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dickey, M. W. (1996). Constraints on the sentence processor and the distribution of resumptive pronouns. UMOP19: Linguistics in the Laboratory.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Engdahl, E. (1985). Parasitic gaps, resumptive pronouns, and subject extractions. Linguistics, 23, 3-44.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Erteschik-Shir, N. (1992). Resumptives pronouns in islands. In H. G. a. M. Rochement (Ed.), Island Constraints. Dordrecht: Kluwer.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Foder, J. D. (1983). Phrase structure parsing and the island constraints. Linguistics and Philosophy, 6, 163-223.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Foder, J. D., & Frazier, L. (1980). Is the human sentence parsing mechanism an ATN? Cognition, 8, 418-459.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fox, B. A. (1987). The noun phrase accessibility hierarchy reinterpreted: Subject primacy or the absolutive hypothesis? Language, 63(4), 856-870.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frazier, L. (1987a). Sentence processing: A tutorial review. In M. Coltheart (Ed.), Attention and Performance (pp. 559-586). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frazier, L. (1987b). Syntactic processing: Evidence from Dutch. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 5, 515-559.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frazier, L., & Clifton, C. (1989). Successive cyclicity in the grammar and the parser. Language and Cognitive Processes, 4, 93-126.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gu, G. (2001). A study of resumptive pronouns. Unpublished Dissertation, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haegeman, L. (1994). Introduction to Government & Binding Theory (2 ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haiman, J. (1983). Iconic and economic motivation. Language, 59, 781-819.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hawkins, J. A. (1999). Processing complexity and filler-gap dependencies across grammars. Language, 75(2), 244-285.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Her, O.-S. (2006). Justifying part-of-speech assignments for Mandarin gei. Lingua, 116, 1274-1302.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Her, O.-S., & Ning, L.-H. (2008). On the (non)issue of parasitic gaps in Chinese.Unpublished manuscript.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Houng, C. C.-L. H. (1986). The relative clause construction in Chinese: Noun phrase accessibility and other issues. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas, Austin.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsiao, F., & Gibson, E. (2003). Processing relative clauses in Chinese. Cognition, 90, 3-27.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C.-R. (1992). Certainty in functional uncertainty. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 20(2), .247-287.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C.-T. J. (1984). On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry, 15, 531-574.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C.-T. J. (1984). Phrase structure, lexical integrity and Chinese compounds. Journal of the Chinese Teachers` Association, 19(2), 53-48.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C.-T. J. (1999). Chinese passives in comparative perspective. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 29(4), 423-510.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C.-T. J. (2007). Handout 3 (revised): Argument structure.Unpublished manuscript.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C., & Ahrens, K. (1999). The function and category of gei in Mandarin ditransitive constructions. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 27(2), 1-26.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keenan, E. L., & Comrie, B. (1977). Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. Linguistic Inquiry, 8, 63-99.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keenan, E. L., & Hawkins, S. (1987). The psychological validity of the accessibility hierarchy. In E. L. Keenan (Ed.), Universal grammar: Fifteen essays. London: Routledge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) King, J., & Just, M. A. (1991). Individual differences in syntactic processing: The role of working memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 580-602.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kwon, N. (2004). Processing of relative clause sentences in Korean. Paper presented at the 10th Annual Conference on Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing (AMLaP 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Y.-H. A. (1989). Constituents constraints in Mandarin Chinese. Paper presented at the 3rd Ohio Conference on Chinese Linguistics.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Y.-H. A. (2007). Syntax of overt and covert pronouns.Unpublished manuscript.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liao, H.-C. (1999-2000). The noun phrase accessibility hierarchy revisited: a view from ergative languages. Working Papers in Linguistics, 31, 121-142.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, C.-J. (2007a). Processing (in)alienable possessions at the syntax-semantics interface. Paper presented at the Workshop on Linguistic Interfaces (OnLI), University of Ulster, Northern Ireland.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, C.-J. (2007b). The psychological reality of head-final relative clauses. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Relative Clauses, Academic Sinica,Taipei.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, C.-J. (2008a). Distinguishing linguistic and processing explanations of grammar. In J. Myers (Ed.), Search of Grammar: Empirical Methods in the Study of Linguistic Knowledge (tentative book title).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, C.-J. (2008b). Garden path and the comprehension of head-final relative clauses.Unpublished manuscript.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, C.-J., & Bever, T. G. (2006). Subject preference in the processing of relative clauses in Chinese. Proceedings of the 25th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, 254-260.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, C.-J., & Bever, T. G. (2007). Processing head-final relative clauses without garden paths. Paper presented at the International Conference on Processing Head-final Structures.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, J. (2005). Does wh-in-situ license parasitic gaps? Linguistic Inquiry, 36, 298-302.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCawley, J. D. (1992). Justifying part-of-speech assignments in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 20(2), 211-245.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCloskey, J. (1990). Resumptive pronouns, A`-binding and levels of representation in Irish. In R. Hendrick (Ed.), Syntax and Semantics 23: The Syntax and Semantics of Modern Celtic Languages. San Diego, California: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCloskey, J. (2006). Resumption. In M. Everaert & H. v. Riemsdijk (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Syntax (pp. 94-117). Oxford: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McDaniel, D., & Cowart, W. (1999). Experimental evidence for a Minimalist account of English resumptive pronouns. Cognition, 70, B15-B24.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McKee, C., & McDaniel, D. (2001). Resumptive pronouns in English relative clauses. Language Acquisition, 9(2), 113-156.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Meral, H.-M. (2004). Resumptive pronouns in Turkish. Unpublished MA Thesis, Bogazoci University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Miyamoto, E., & Nakamura, M. (2003). Subject/Object asymmetries in the processing of relative clauses in Japanese. Paper presented at the WCCFL 22.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Postal, P. (1971). Cross-over Phenomena. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rizzi, L. (1986). Null subjects in Italian and the theory of pro. Linguistic Inquiry, 17, 501-558.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sells, P. (1984). Syntax and semantics of resumptive pronouns. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shlonsky, U. (1992). Resumptive pronouns as a last resort. Linguistic Inquiry, 23, 443-468.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stowe, L. A. (1986). Parsing Wh-constructions: Evidence for on-line gap location. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1, 227-245.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Suñer, M. (1998). Resumptive restrictive relatives: A crosslinguistic perspective. Language, 74(2), 335-364.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Su, Y. C. (2004). Relatives of Mandarin children. Paper presented at the GALANA, Hawaii.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ting, J. (1998). Deriving the bei-construction in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 7, 1-34.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) TIng, J., & Chang, M. (2004). The category of gei in Mandarin Chinese and grammaticalization. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics, 2(2), 45-74.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ting, J., & Huang, Y.-C. (2008). Some remarks on parasitic gaps in Chinese. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 34(1), 27-52.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tsai, W.-T. D. (1997). On the absence of island effects. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, New series 27, 125-149.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tsao, F.-f. (1988). The Function of Mandarin Gei and Taiwanese Hou in the Double Object and the Passive Constructions. In R. L. Cheng & S. F. Huang (Eds.), The Structure of Taiwanese: A Modern Synthesis (pp. 165-208). Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Xu, L. (1990). Are they parasitic gaps? In J. Mascaro & M. Nespor (Eds.), Grammar in Progress: Glow Essays for Henk van Riemsdijk. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Xu, Y.-C. (2003). A Study on Form Word `De` and its Related Matters. Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, Fu Dan University.zh_TW