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Title | 「掉」在V-掉結構中的語法與語意研究 The Syntax and Semantics of Post-verbal Diao |
Creator | 鄭惠文 Cheng, Hui-wen |
Contributor | 張郇慧 Chang, Hsun-huei 鄭惠文 Cheng, Hui-wen |
Key Words | 結果補語 動相標誌 動貌標誌 虛化 論元結構 非作格動詞 非受格動詞 resultative complement phase marker aspect marker grammaticalization argument structure unaccusative verb unergative verb |
Date | 2003 |
Date Issued | 17-Sep-2009 16:27:07 (UTC+8) |
Summary | 本論文旨在探討「掉」出現在動詞後面時的語意內涵與語法地位。我們認為當「掉」身為結果補語時,它的意思為「被往下移除」;身為動相標誌時,意思為「被移除」;身為動貌標誌時,則標示起始意。「掉」經常與及物和非作格動詞形成複合動詞:與靜態動詞、瞬間動詞及達成動詞構成達成複合動詞,與動作動詞及完成動詞則構成完成複合動詞。雖然V-掉的論元結構經常是其前置動詞與「掉」之論元結構的結合體,但在某些情況下「掉」可能會壓制前置動詞的論元、幫V-掉複合動詞增加新論元或先壓制前置動詞的論元再幫V-掉複合動詞增加新論元。最後,我們採用虛化的理論來解釋為何「掉」具有多重語意及多重語法地位。由於「掉」符合Hopper (1991)所提出的虛化原則,因此我們相信「掉」的確正處在虛化的過程中。 There are two main questions about post-verbal diao we dealt with in the present study: one is its meanings, and the other is its syntactic status. We argue that when diao acts as a resultative complement, it means ‘to be removed in a downward direction’, when it acts as a phase marker, it means ‘to be removed’, and when it acts as an aspect marker, it bears a grammatical meaning indicating inchoative. Post-verbal diao usually co-occurs with transitive and unaccusative verbs to form compounds. When diao goes with State, Semelfactive and Achievement verbs, the V-diao compounds will be Achievements, when diao goes with Activity and Accomplishment verbs, the V-diao compounds will be Accomplishments. In most cases, the argument structure of a V-diao compound is a composition of the argument structure of the preceding verb and that of diao. However, diao will suppress the Goal argument when co-occurring with three-place transactional verbs; it will create an argument for the V-diao compound when the argument of the preceding verb and that of diao are incompatible; it will suppress an argument of the preceding verb and create a new one for the V-diao compound when occurring with verbs which have an incremental theme. Grammaticalization is taken to account for the polysemy and the multiple syntactic status of post-verbal diao. Because except specialization, diao follows all of the principles (i.e. Layering, Divergence, Persistence, and De-categorialization) proposed by Hopper (1991), we suggest it is in the process of grammaticalization. |
參考文獻 | Chang, Claire Hsun-huei. 1989. Compounds in Mandarin Chinese: with special emphasis on resultative verb compounds. University of Hawaii Linguistics Department Working Papers 20. 59-84. Chao, Yuen-ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Chen, Guang-ming. 2003. Xiandai hanyu dongxiang biaozhi de yanjiu [The study of phase markers in modern Chinese]. Ph.D dissertation, National Tsing Hua University. Cheng, Robert L. 1989. Mandarin function words and their Taiwanese equivalents. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co. _____. 1997. Taiwanese and Mandarin structures and their developmental trends in Taiwan III: Temporal and spatial relations, questions and negatives in Taiwanese and Mandarin. Taipei: Yuan-liou Publishing Co. Dowty, David. 1991. Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language 67. 574-619. Givón, Talmy. 1973. The time-axis phenomenon. Linguistics. 49. 890-925. Gu, Yang. 1992. The syntax of resultative compounds in Chinese. Ph.D dissertation, Cornell University. Haegeman, Liliane. 1994. Introduction to government and binding theory. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Harbsmeier, Christoph. 1979. Wilhelm von Humboldts Brief an Abel Rémusat und die philosophische Grammatik des Altchinesischen. Grammatica Universalis 17. Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hünnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: A conceptual framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Hopper, Paul J. 1991. On some principles of grammaticalization. In Approaches to grammaticalization, ed. by Taugott, Elizabeth. C. and Bernd Heine. 17-35. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co. Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth C. Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Huang, Chu-ren and Shen-ming Chang. 1996. Metaphor, metaphorical extension, and grammaticalization: A study of Mandarin Chinese –qilai. In Conceptual structure, discourse, and language, ed. by A. Goldberg. 201-216. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jackendoff, Ray. 1972. Semantic interpretation in generative grammar. Cambridge: MIT Press. _____. 1990. Semantic structures. Cambridge: MIT Press. Kang, Jian. 1999. The composition of the perfective aspect in Mandarin Chinese. Ph.D dissertation, Boston University. _____. 2001. Perfective aspect particles or telic Aktionsart markers? –Studies of the directional verb compounds. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 29:2. 281-338. Kimura, H. 1984. On two functions of the directional complements lai and qu in Mandarin. Journal of Chinese Linguistic 12. 262-297. Kiparsky, Paul. 1982. Lexical morphology and phonology. In Linguistics in the morning calm, ed. by Yang I.S. 3-91. Seoul: Hanshin. Kuo, Wei-ju. 2003. Phase complement or perfective aspect: The case of “ki3” in the Min dialect. Zongguo wenxue yanjiu 17. 111-123. Kurylowicz, Jerzy. [1965] 1975. The evolution of grammatical categories. In Esquisses linguistiques II. 38-54. Levin, Beth and M. Rappaport Hovav. 1995. Unaccusativity: At the syntax-lexical semantics interface. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Li, Charles N. and Sandara A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkley: University of California Press. Lien, Chin-fa. 1995. Taiwan Minnanyu de wanjie shixiang ci shi lun [On completive phase markers in Taiwan Southern Min]. In Papers from the 1994 conference on language teaching and linguistics in Taiwan, ed. by Tsao, Feng-fu and M. Tsai. 121-140. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co. Liu, Mei-chun. 2000. Reciprocal marking with deictic verbs come and go in Mandarin. In Reciprocals: forms and functions, ed. by Frajzyngier Z. and T. Curl. 123-132. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co. Lu, Louis W. 2001. Metaphorical transfer and pragmatic strengthening: On the development of V-diao in Mandarin. Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing 6:2. 1-10. Mei, Tsu-lin. 1994. Tangdai, Songdai gongtongyu de yufa han xiandai fangyan de yufa [The syntax of the common language in Tang and Song dynasty and the syntax of modern dialects]. In Zhonggou Jingne Yuyan Ji Yuyanxue II, ed. by Ren-gui Li, Chu-ren Huang, and Zhi-zhen Tang. 61-98. Taipei: The Institute of History and Philosophy, Academia Sinica. Packard, Jerome L. 2000. The morphology of Chinese: a linguistic and cognitive approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pagliuca, W. 1994. Perspectives on grammaticalization. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co. Perlmutter, D. 1978. Impersonal passives and the unaccusative hypothesis. Proceedings of the Fouth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society. 157-189. Pu, K. R. 2000. Tan “V diao” zhong “diao” de yiyi [On the meaning of diao in “V diao”]. Hanyu xuexi 5. 12-14. Radford, Andrew. 1997. Syntax: A minimalism introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ross, Claudia. 1990. Resultative verb compounds. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 25:3. 61-83. Shi, Xi-yao. 1993. Dongci hou “shang”, “xia” de yuyi han yuyong [The semantics and pragmatics of post-verbal shang and xia]. Hanyu Xuexi 1. 5-8. Smith, Carlota S. 1997. The parameter of aspect. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Szeto, Yee-kit. 1988. A semantic description of aspectual and temporal reference in Chinese. Ph.D dissertation, University of Ottawa. Tai, James H-Y. 1984. Verbs and times in Chinese: Vendler’s four categories. Papers from the Parasession on Lexical Semantics. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. 289-296. Tang, T.C. 1999. Papers on Southern Min syntax. Taipei: Student Book Co. Tang, T.C., Z.Z. Tang, and M.L. Qiu. 1997. Minnanyu de dongmaoci yu dongxiangci [Aspect markers and phase markers in Taiwan Southern Min]. In In memory of Mantaro J. Hashimoto, ed. by Anne O. Yue and Mitsuaki Endo. 283-302. Tokyo: Uchiyama Books Co., LTD. Tenny, Carol L. 1994. Aspectual roles and the syntax-semantics interface. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Mandarin Promotion Council. 1998. Bashisi nian changyong yuci diaocha baogaoshu [A survey on frequently used words in 1995]. Taipei: the Minister of Education. _____. 2000. Bashiqi nian changyong yuci diaocha baogaoshu [An investigation report on frequently used words in 1998]. Taipei: the Minister of Education. Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguistics and philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Yong, Shin. 1997. The grammatical functions of verb complements in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 35. 1-24. |
Description | 碩士 國立政治大學 語言學研究所 89555013 92 |
資料來源 | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0895550131 |
Type | thesis |
dc.contributor.advisor | 張郇慧 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.advisor | Chang, Hsun-huei | en_US |
dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 鄭惠文 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author (Authors) | Cheng, Hui-wen | en_US |
dc.creator (作者) | 鄭惠文 | zh_TW |
dc.creator (作者) | Cheng, Hui-wen | en_US |
dc.date (日期) | 2003 | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 17-Sep-2009 16:27:07 (UTC+8) | - |
dc.date.available | 17-Sep-2009 16:27:07 (UTC+8) | - |
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 17-Sep-2009 16:27:07 (UTC+8) | - |
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | G0895550131 | en_US |
dc.identifier.uri (URI) | https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33387 | - |
dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
dc.description (描述) | 語言學研究所 | zh_TW |
dc.description (描述) | 89555013 | zh_TW |
dc.description (描述) | 92 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 本論文旨在探討「掉」出現在動詞後面時的語意內涵與語法地位。我們認為當「掉」身為結果補語時,它的意思為「被往下移除」;身為動相標誌時,意思為「被移除」;身為動貌標誌時,則標示起始意。「掉」經常與及物和非作格動詞形成複合動詞:與靜態動詞、瞬間動詞及達成動詞構成達成複合動詞,與動作動詞及完成動詞則構成完成複合動詞。雖然V-掉的論元結構經常是其前置動詞與「掉」之論元結構的結合體,但在某些情況下「掉」可能會壓制前置動詞的論元、幫V-掉複合動詞增加新論元或先壓制前置動詞的論元再幫V-掉複合動詞增加新論元。最後,我們採用虛化的理論來解釋為何「掉」具有多重語意及多重語法地位。由於「掉」符合Hopper (1991)所提出的虛化原則,因此我們相信「掉」的確正處在虛化的過程中。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract (摘要) | There are two main questions about post-verbal diao we dealt with in the present study: one is its meanings, and the other is its syntactic status. We argue that when diao acts as a resultative complement, it means ‘to be removed in a downward direction’, when it acts as a phase marker, it means ‘to be removed’, and when it acts as an aspect marker, it bears a grammatical meaning indicating inchoative. Post-verbal diao usually co-occurs with transitive and unaccusative verbs to form compounds. When diao goes with State, Semelfactive and Achievement verbs, the V-diao compounds will be Achievements, when diao goes with Activity and Accomplishment verbs, the V-diao compounds will be Accomplishments. In most cases, the argument structure of a V-diao compound is a composition of the argument structure of the preceding verb and that of diao. However, diao will suppress the Goal argument when co-occurring with three-place transactional verbs; it will create an argument for the V-diao compound when the argument of the preceding verb and that of diao are incompatible; it will suppress an argument of the preceding verb and create a new one for the V-diao compound when occurring with verbs which have an incremental theme. Grammaticalization is taken to account for the polysemy and the multiple syntactic status of post-verbal diao. Because except specialization, diao follows all of the principles (i.e. Layering, Divergence, Persistence, and De-categorialization) proposed by Hopper (1991), we suggest it is in the process of grammaticalization. | en_US |
dc.description.tableofcontents | Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………...iv Chinese Abstract…………………………………………………………………….viii English Abstract……………………………………………………………………..ix Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………………...………1 1.1 Motivation………………………………………………………………..…. 2 1.2 Research Question………………………………………………………..…. 2 1.3 The Organization of the Thesis……………………………………………... 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review…………………………………………………………. 6 2.1 V-V Complements…………………………………………………………... 6 2.1.1 Chao (1968)…………………………………………………………...6 2.1.2 Li &Thompson (1981)………………………………………………..7 2.1.3 Packard (2000)………………………………………………………..8 2.2 Three Types of Syntactic Status……………………………………………. 9 2.2.1 Resultative Complement……………………………………………...9 2.2.2 Phase Marker………………………………………………………...10 2.2.3 Aspect Marker………………………………………………………11 2.3 Previous Studies on Post-verbal Diao…………………………....……… 12 2.3.1 Pu (2000)………………………………………………………...…..12 2.3.2 Lu (2001)……………………………………………………….……13 2.3.3 Chen (2003)…………………………………………………….……15 Chapter 3 The Preceding Verbs………………………………………………………19 3.1 Transitive Verbs……………………………………………………………..19 3.2 Intransitive Verbs……………………………………………………………21 3.3 The Situation Type of the Preceding Verbs…………………………………24 Chapter 4 Post-verbal Diao…………………………………………………………..30 4.1 The Functions of Diao in Situation Type…………………………………...30 4.2 The Semantic Content of Post-verbal Diao…………………………………35 4.3 The Syntactic Status of Post-verbal Diao…………………………………...37 Chapter 5 V-diao Compounds………………………………………………………..47 5.1 The Situation Type of V-diao compounds…………………………………..47 5.2 The Argument Structure of V-diao compounds……………………………..50 Chapter 6 Grammaticalization………………………………………………………..57 6.1 Theories of Grammaticalization……………………………………………57 6.2 Evidence of Grammaticalization……………………………………………59 6.3 The Cline of Post-verbal Diao………………………………………………63 Chapter 7 Conclusion………………………………………………………………...66 References………………………………………………………………………….70 | zh_TW |
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dc.language.iso | en_US | - |
dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0895550131 | en_US |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 結果補語 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 動相標誌 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 動貌標誌 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 虛化 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 論元結構 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 非作格動詞 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 非受格動詞 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | resultative complement | en_US |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | phase marker | en_US |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | aspect marker | en_US |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | grammaticalization | en_US |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | argument structure | en_US |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | unaccusative verb | en_US |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | unergative verb | en_US |
dc.title (題名) | 「掉」在V-掉結構中的語法與語意研究 | zh_TW |
dc.title (題名) | The Syntax and Semantics of Post-verbal Diao | en_US |
dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Chang, Claire Hsun-huei. 1989. Compounds in Mandarin Chinese: with special | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | emphasis on resultative verb compounds. University of Hawaii Linguistics | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Department Working Papers 20. 59-84. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Chao, Yuen-ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkley and Los Angeles: | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | University of California Press. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Chen, Guang-ming. 2003. Xiandai hanyu dongxiang biaozhi de yanjiu [The study of | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | phase markers in modern Chinese]. Ph.D dissertation, National Tsing Hua | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | University. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cheng, Robert L. 1989. Mandarin function words and their Taiwanese equivalents. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | _____. 1997. Taiwanese and Mandarin structures and their developmental | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | trends in Taiwan III: Temporal and spatial relations, questions and negatives in | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Taiwanese and Mandarin. Taipei: Yuan-liou Publishing Co. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Dowty, David. 1991. Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language 67. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 574-619. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Givón, Talmy. 1973. The time-axis phenomenon. Linguistics. 49. 890-925. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Gu, Yang. 1992. The syntax of resultative compounds in Chinese. Ph.D dissertation, | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cornell University. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Haegeman, Liliane. 1994. Introduction to government and binding theory. Oxford: | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Blackwell Publishers Ltd. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Harbsmeier, Christoph. 1979. Wilhelm von Humboldts Brief an Abel Rémusat und | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | die philosophische Grammatik des Altchinesischen. Grammatica Universalis 17. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hünnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | A conceptual framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hopper, Paul J. 1991. On some principles of grammaticalization. In Approaches to | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | grammaticalization, ed. by Taugott, Elizabeth. C. and Bernd Heine. 17-35. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth C. Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cambridge University Press. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Huang, Chu-ren and Shen-ming Chang. 1996. Metaphor, metaphorical extension, and | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | grammaticalization: A study of Mandarin Chinese –qilai. In Conceptual structure, discourse, and language, ed. by A. Goldberg. 201-216. Cambridge: | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cambridge University Press. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Jackendoff, Ray. 1972. Semantic interpretation in generative grammar. Cambridge: | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | MIT Press. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | _____. 1990. Semantic structures. Cambridge: MIT Press. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kang, Jian. 1999. The composition of the perfective aspect in Mandarin Chinese. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ph.D dissertation, Boston University. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | _____. 2001. Perfective aspect particles or telic Aktionsart markers? –Studies of | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | the directional verb compounds. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 29:2. 281-338. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kimura, H. 1984. On two functions of the directional complements lai and qu in | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Mandarin. Journal of Chinese Linguistic 12. 262-297. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kiparsky, Paul. 1982. Lexical morphology and phonology. In Linguistics in the | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | morning calm, ed. by Yang I.S. 3-91. Seoul: Hanshin. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kuo, Wei-ju. 2003. Phase complement or perfective aspect: The case of “ki3” in the | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Min dialect. Zongguo wenxue yanjiu 17. 111-123. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kurylowicz, Jerzy. [1965] 1975. The evolution of grammatical categories. In | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Esquisses linguistiques II. 38-54. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Levin, Beth and M. Rappaport Hovav. 1995. Unaccusativity: At the syntax-lexical | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | semantics interface. Cambridge: The MIT Press. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Li, Charles N. and Sandara A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | reference grammar. Berkley: University of California Press. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Lien, Chin-fa. 1995. Taiwan Minnanyu de wanjie shixiang ci shi lun [On | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | completive phase markers in Taiwan Southern Min]. In Papers from the 1994 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | conference on language teaching and linguistics in Taiwan, ed. by Tsao, Feng-fu and M. Tsai. 121-140. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Liu, Mei-chun. 2000. Reciprocal marking with deictic verbs come and go in | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Mandarin. In Reciprocals: forms and functions, ed. by Frajzyngier Z. and T. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Curl. 123-132. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Lu, Louis W. 2001. Metaphorical transfer and pragmatic strengthening: On the | zh_TW |
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