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題名 「掉」在V-掉結構中的語法與語意研究
The Syntax and Semantics of Post-verbal Diao
作者 鄭惠文
Cheng, Hui-wen
貢獻者 張郇慧
Chang, Hsun-huei
鄭惠文
Cheng, Hui-wen
關鍵詞 結果補語
動相標誌
動貌標誌
虛化
論元結構
非作格動詞
非受格動詞
resultative complement
phase marker
aspect marker
grammaticalization
argument structure
unaccusative verb
unergative verb
日期 2003
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:27:07 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文旨在探討「掉」出現在動詞後面時的語意內涵與語法地位。我們認為當「掉」身為結果補語時，它的意思為「被往下移除」；身為動相標誌時，意思為「被移除」；身為動貌標誌時，則標示起始意。「掉」經常與及物和非作格動詞形成複合動詞：與靜態動詞、瞬間動詞及達成動詞構成達成複合動詞，與動作動詞及完成動詞則構成完成複合動詞。雖然V-掉的論元結構經常是其前置動詞與「掉」之論元結構的結合體，但在某些情況下「掉」可能會壓制前置動詞的論元、幫V-掉複合動詞增加新論元或先壓制前置動詞的論元再幫V-掉複合動詞增加新論元。最後，我們採用虛化的理論來解釋為何「掉」具有多重語意及多重語法地位。由於「掉」符合Hopper (1991)所提出的虛化原則，因此我們相信「掉」的確正處在虛化的過程中。
There are two main questions about post-verbal diao we dealt with in the present study: one is its meanings, and the other is its syntactic status. We argue that when diao acts as a resultative complement, it means ‘to be removed in a downward direction’, when it acts as a phase marker, it means ‘to be removed’, and when it acts as an aspect marker, it bears a grammatical meaning indicating inchoative.
Post-verbal diao usually co-occurs with transitive and unaccusative verbs to form compounds. When diao goes with State, Semelfactive and Achievement verbs, the V-diao compounds will be Achievements, when diao goes with Activity and Accomplishment verbs, the V-diao compounds will be Accomplishments. In most cases, the argument structure of a V-diao compound is a composition of the argument structure of the preceding verb and that of diao. However, diao will suppress the Goal argument when co-occurring with three-place transactional verbs; it will create an argument for the V-diao compound when the argument of the preceding verb and that of diao are incompatible; it will suppress an argument of the preceding verb and create a new one for the V-diao compound when occurring with verbs which have an incremental theme.
Grammaticalization is taken to account for the polysemy and the multiple syntactic status of post-verbal diao. Because except specialization, diao follows all of the principles (i.e. Layering, Divergence, Persistence, and De-categorialization) proposed by Hopper (1991), we suggest it is in the process of grammaticalization.
參考文獻 Chang, Claire Hsun-huei. 1989. Compounds in Mandarin Chinese: with special
emphasis on resultative verb compounds. University of Hawaii Linguistics
Department Working Papers 20. 59-84.
Chao, Yuen-ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkley and Los Angeles:
University of California Press.
Chen, Guang-ming. 2003. Xiandai hanyu dongxiang biaozhi de yanjiu [The study of
phase markers in modern Chinese]. Ph.D dissertation, National Tsing Hua
University.
Cheng, Robert L. 1989. Mandarin function words and their Taiwanese equivalents.
Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.
_____. 1997. Taiwanese and Mandarin structures and their developmental
trends in Taiwan III: Temporal and spatial relations, questions and negatives in
Taiwanese and Mandarin. Taipei: Yuan-liou Publishing Co.
Dowty, David. 1991. Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language 67.
574-619.
Givón, Talmy. 1973. The time-axis phenomenon. Linguistics. 49. 890-925.
Gu, Yang. 1992. The syntax of resultative compounds in Chinese. Ph.D dissertation,
Cornell University.
Haegeman, Liliane. 1994. Introduction to government and binding theory. Oxford:
Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Harbsmeier, Christoph. 1979. Wilhelm von Humboldts Brief an Abel Rémusat und
die philosophische Grammatik des Altchinesischen. Grammatica Universalis 17.
Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hünnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization:
A conceptual framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Hopper, Paul J. 1991. On some principles of grammaticalization. In Approaches to
grammaticalization, ed. by Taugott, Elizabeth. C. and Bernd Heine. 17-35. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth C. Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Huang, Chu-ren and Shen-ming Chang. 1996. Metaphor, metaphorical extension, and
grammaticalization: A study of Mandarin Chinese –qilai. In Conceptual structure, discourse, and language, ed. by A. Goldberg. 201-216. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Jackendoff, Ray. 1972. Semantic interpretation in generative grammar. Cambridge:
MIT Press.
_____. 1990. Semantic structures. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Kang, Jian. 1999. The composition of the perfective aspect in Mandarin Chinese.
Ph.D dissertation, Boston University.
_____. 2001. Perfective aspect particles or telic Aktionsart markers? –Studies of
the directional verb compounds. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 29:2. 281-338.
Kimura, H. 1984. On two functions of the directional complements lai and qu in
Mandarin. Journal of Chinese Linguistic 12. 262-297.
Kiparsky, Paul. 1982. Lexical morphology and phonology. In Linguistics in the
morning calm, ed. by Yang I.S. 3-91. Seoul: Hanshin.
Kuo, Wei-ju. 2003. Phase complement or perfective aspect: The case of “ki3” in the
Min dialect. Zongguo wenxue yanjiu 17. 111-123.
Kurylowicz, Jerzy. [1965] 1975. The evolution of grammatical categories. In
Esquisses linguistiques II. 38-54.
Levin, Beth and M. Rappaport Hovav. 1995. Unaccusativity: At the syntax-lexical
semantics interface. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Li, Charles N. and Sandara A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional
reference grammar. Berkley: University of California Press.
Lien, Chin-fa. 1995. Taiwan Minnanyu de wanjie shixiang ci shi lun [On
completive phase markers in Taiwan Southern Min]. In Papers from the 1994
conference on language teaching and linguistics in Taiwan, ed. by Tsao, Feng-fu and M. Tsai. 121-140. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.
Liu, Mei-chun. 2000. Reciprocal marking with deictic verbs come and go in
Mandarin. In Reciprocals: forms and functions, ed. by Frajzyngier Z. and T.
Curl. 123-132. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Lu, Louis W. 2001. Metaphorical transfer and pragmatic strengthening: On the
development of V-diao in Mandarin. Computational Linguistics and Chinese
Language Processing 6:2. 1-10.
Mei, Tsu-lin. 1994. Tangdai, Songdai gongtongyu de yufa han xiandai fangyan de
yufa [The syntax of the common language in Tang and Song dynasty and the
syntax of modern dialects]. In Zhonggou Jingne Yuyan Ji Yuyanxue II, ed. by
Ren-gui Li, Chu-ren Huang, and Zhi-zhen Tang. 61-98. Taipei: The Institute of
History and Philosophy, Academia Sinica.
Packard, Jerome L. 2000. The morphology of Chinese: a linguistic and cognitive
approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pagliuca, W. 1994. Perspectives on grammaticalization. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:
John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Perlmutter, D. 1978. Impersonal passives and the unaccusative hypothesis.
Proceedings of the Fouth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society.
157-189.
Pu, K. R. 2000. Tan “V diao” zhong “diao” de yiyi [On the meaning of diao in “V
diao”]. Hanyu xuexi 5. 12-14.
Radford, Andrew. 1997. Syntax: A minimalism introduction. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Ross, Claudia. 1990. Resultative verb compounds. Journal of the Chinese Language
Teachers Association 25:3. 61-83.
Shi, Xi-yao. 1993. Dongci hou “shang”, “xia” de yuyi han yuyong [The semantics and
pragmatics of post-verbal shang and xia]. Hanyu Xuexi 1. 5-8.
Smith, Carlota S. 1997. The parameter of aspect. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic
Publishers.
Szeto, Yee-kit. 1988. A semantic description of aspectual and temporal reference in
Chinese. Ph.D dissertation, University of Ottawa.
Tai, James H-Y. 1984. Verbs and times in Chinese: Vendler’s four categories. Papers
from the Parasession on Lexical Semantics. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic
Society. 289-296.
Tang, T.C. 1999. Papers on Southern Min syntax. Taipei: Student Book Co.
Tang, T.C., Z.Z. Tang, and M.L. Qiu. 1997. Minnanyu de dongmaoci yu dongxiangci
[Aspect markers and phase markers in Taiwan Southern Min]. In In memory of
Mantaro J. Hashimoto, ed. by Anne O. Yue and Mitsuaki Endo. 283-302. Tokyo: Uchiyama Books Co., LTD.
Tenny, Carol L. 1994. Aspectual roles and the syntax-semantics interface. Dordrecht:
Kluwer Academic Publishers.
The Mandarin Promotion Council. 1998. Bashisi nian changyong yuci diaocha
baogaoshu [A survey on frequently used words in 1995]. Taipei: the Minister of
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_____. 2000. Bashiqi nian changyong yuci diaocha baogaoshu [An investigation
report on frequently used words in 1998]. Taipei: the Minister of Education.
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Yong, Shin. 1997. The grammatical functions of verb complements in Mandarin
Chinese. Linguistics 35. 1-24.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
89555013
92
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0895550131
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張郇慧zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chang, Hsun-hueien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鄭惠文zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Cheng, Hui-wenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 鄭惠文zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Cheng, Hui-wenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2003en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:27:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:27:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:27:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0895550131en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33387-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89555013zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文旨在探討「掉」出現在動詞後面時的語意內涵與語法地位。我們認為當「掉」身為結果補語時，它的意思為「被往下移除」；身為動相標誌時，意思為「被移除」；身為動貌標誌時，則標示起始意。「掉」經常與及物和非作格動詞形成複合動詞：與靜態動詞、瞬間動詞及達成動詞構成達成複合動詞，與動作動詞及完成動詞則構成完成複合動詞。雖然V-掉的論元結構經常是其前置動詞與「掉」之論元結構的結合體，但在某些情況下「掉」可能會壓制前置動詞的論元、幫V-掉複合動詞增加新論元或先壓制前置動詞的論元再幫V-掉複合動詞增加新論元。最後，我們採用虛化的理論來解釋為何「掉」具有多重語意及多重語法地位。由於「掉」符合Hopper (1991)所提出的虛化原則，因此我們相信「掉」的確正處在虛化的過程中。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) There are two main questions about post-verbal diao we dealt with in the present study: one is its meanings, and the other is its syntactic status. We argue that when diao acts as a resultative complement, it means ‘to be removed in a downward direction’, when it acts as a phase marker, it means ‘to be removed’, and when it acts as an aspect marker, it bears a grammatical meaning indicating inchoative.
Post-verbal diao usually co-occurs with transitive and unaccusative verbs to form compounds. When diao goes with State, Semelfactive and Achievement verbs, the V-diao compounds will be Achievements, when diao goes with Activity and Accomplishment verbs, the V-diao compounds will be Accomplishments. In most cases, the argument structure of a V-diao compound is a composition of the argument structure of the preceding verb and that of diao. However, diao will suppress the Goal argument when co-occurring with three-place transactional verbs; it will create an argument for the V-diao compound when the argument of the preceding verb and that of diao are incompatible; it will suppress an argument of the preceding verb and create a new one for the V-diao compound when occurring with verbs which have an incremental theme.
Grammaticalization is taken to account for the polysemy and the multiple syntactic status of post-verbal diao. Because except specialization, diao follows all of the principles (i.e. Layering, Divergence, Persistence, and De-categorialization) proposed by Hopper (1991), we suggest it is in the process of grammaticalization.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………...iv
Chinese Abstract…………………………………………………………………….viii
English Abstract……………………………………………………………………..ix

Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………………...………1
1.1 Motivation………………………………………………………………..…. 2
1.2 Research Question………………………………………………………..…. 2
1.3 The Organization of the Thesis……………………………………………... 4
Chapter 2 Literature Review…………………………………………………………. 6
2.1 V-V Complements…………………………………………………………... 6
2.1.1 Chao (1968)…………………………………………………………...6
2.1.2 Li &Thompson (1981)………………………………………………..7
2.1.3 Packard (2000)………………………………………………………..8
2.2 Three Types of Syntactic Status……………………………………………. 9
2.2.1 Resultative Complement……………………………………………...9
2.2.2 Phase Marker………………………………………………………...10
2.2.3 Aspect Marker………………………………………………………11
2.3 Previous Studies on Post-verbal Diao…………………………....……… 12
2.3.1 Pu (2000)………………………………………………………...…..12
2.3.2 Lu (2001)……………………………………………………….……13
2.3.3 Chen (2003)…………………………………………………….……15
Chapter 3 The Preceding Verbs………………………………………………………19
3.1 Transitive Verbs……………………………………………………………..19
3.2 Intransitive Verbs……………………………………………………………21
3.3 The Situation Type of the Preceding Verbs…………………………………24
Chapter 4 Post-verbal Diao…………………………………………………………..30
4.1 The Functions of Diao in Situation Type…………………………………...30
4.2 The Semantic Content of Post-verbal Diao…………………………………35
4.3 The Syntactic Status of Post-verbal Diao…………………………………...37
Chapter 5 V-diao Compounds………………………………………………………..47
5.1 The Situation Type of V-diao compounds…………………………………..47
5.2 The Argument Structure of V-diao compounds……………………………..50
Chapter 6 Grammaticalization………………………………………………………..57
6.1 Theories of Grammaticalization……………………………………………57
6.2 Evidence of Grammaticalization……………………………………………59
6.3 The Cline of Post-verbal Diao………………………………………………63
Chapter 7 Conclusion………………………………………………………………...66
References………………………………………………………………………….70		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0895550131en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 結果補語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 動相標誌zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 動貌標誌zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 虛化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 論元結構zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非作格動詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非受格動詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) resultative complementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) phase markeren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) aspect markeren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) grammaticalizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) argument structureen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) unaccusative verben_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) unergative verben_US
dc.title (題名) 「掉」在V-掉結構中的語法與語意研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Syntax and Semantics of Post-verbal Diaoen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, Claire Hsun-huei. 1989. Compounds in Mandarin Chinese: with specialzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) emphasis on resultative verb compounds. University of Hawaii Linguisticszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Department Working Papers 20. 59-84.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chao, Yuen-ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkley and Los Angeles:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, Guang-ming. 2003. Xiandai hanyu dongxiang biaozhi de yanjiu [The study ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) phase markers in modern Chinese]. Ph.D dissertation, National Tsing Huazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng, Robert L. 1989. Mandarin function words and their Taiwanese equivalents.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) _____. 1997. Taiwanese and Mandarin structures and their developmentalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) trends in Taiwan III: Temporal and spatial relations, questions and negatives inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taiwanese and Mandarin. Taipei: Yuan-liou Publishing Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dowty, David. 1991. Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language 67.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 574-619.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Givón, Talmy. 1973. The time-axis phenomenon. Linguistics. 49. 890-925.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gu, Yang. 1992. The syntax of resultative compounds in Chinese. Ph.D dissertation,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cornell University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haegeman, Liliane. 1994. Introduction to government and binding theory. Oxford:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blackwell Publishers Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Harbsmeier, Christoph. 1979. Wilhelm von Humboldts Brief an Abel Rémusat undzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) die philosophische Grammatik des Altchinesischen. Grammatica Universalis 17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hünnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) A conceptual framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hopper, Paul J. 1991. On some principles of grammaticalization. In Approaches tozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) grammaticalization, ed. by Taugott, Elizabeth. C. and Bernd Heine. 17-35. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth C. Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Chu-ren and Shen-ming Chang. 1996. Metaphor, metaphorical extension, andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) grammaticalization: A study of Mandarin Chinese –qilai. In Conceptual structure, discourse, and language, ed. by A. Goldberg. 201-216. Cambridge:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jackendoff, Ray. 1972. Semantic interpretation in generative grammar. Cambridge:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) _____. 1990. Semantic structures. Cambridge: MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kang, Jian. 1999. The composition of the perfective aspect in Mandarin Chinese.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ph.D dissertation, Boston University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) _____. 2001. Perfective aspect particles or telic Aktionsart markers? –Studies ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) the directional verb compounds. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 29:2. 281-338.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kimura, H. 1984. On two functions of the directional complements lai and qu inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mandarin. Journal of Chinese Linguistic 12. 262-297.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kiparsky, Paul. 1982. Lexical morphology and phonology. In Linguistics in thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) morning calm, ed. by Yang I.S. 3-91. Seoul: Hanshin.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kuo, Wei-ju. 2003. Phase complement or perfective aspect: The case of “ki3” in thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Min dialect. Zongguo wenxue yanjiu 17. 111-123.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kurylowicz, Jerzy. [1965] 1975. The evolution of grammatical categories. Inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Esquisses linguistiques II. 38-54.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levin, Beth and M. Rappaport Hovav. 1995. Unaccusativity: At the syntax-lexicalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) semantics interface. Cambridge: The MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Charles N. and Sandara A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functionalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) reference grammar. Berkley: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lien, Chin-fa. 1995. Taiwan Minnanyu de wanjie shixiang ci shi lun [Onzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) completive phase markers in Taiwan Southern Min]. In Papers from the 1994zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) conference on language teaching and linguistics in Taiwan, ed. by Tsao, Feng-fu and M. Tsai. 121-140. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liu, Mei-chun. 2000. Reciprocal marking with deictic verbs come and go inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mandarin. In Reciprocals: forms and functions, ed. by Frajzyngier Z. and T.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Curl. 123-132. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lu, Louis W. 2001. Metaphorical transfer and pragmatic strengthening: On thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) development of V-diao in Mandarin. Computational Linguistics and Chinesezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Language Processing 6:2. 1-10.zh_TW
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