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題名 台灣地區國語二聲的聲調變異之語音學研究：閩南語/國語雙語語者和國語單語語者之比較
The Tonal Variation of Mandarin Tone 2 in Taiwan: A Phonetic Study on Taiwanese-Taiwan Mandarin Bilinguals and Taiwan Mandarin Monolinguals
作者 許書瑜
Hsu, Shu-Yu
貢獻者 謝國平<br>殷允美
Tse, Kwock-Ping<br>Yin, Yuen-mei
許書瑜
Hsu, Shu-Yu
關鍵詞 聲調
聲調變異
台灣地區國語
雙語語者
單語語者
語言背景
語音學
聲學語音學
tone
tonal variation
Taiwan Mandarin
bilingual
monolingual
language background
phonetics
acoustic phonetics
日期 2005
上傳時間 17-九月-2009 16:29:49 (UTC+8)
摘要 國語二聲在文獻上多被描述為一調值35的高升調。然而近來不少學者發現台灣地區的國語二聲在閩南語/國語雙語語者族群中有變異的現象：一是323的降升調，二是接近31的低降調。文獻顯示這可能與語言背景(Lo, 2004)和地區(H. J. Hsu,2004)有關。然而對於國語單語語者的研究並不多。此外，性別、母音、聲調環境和句中位置也有可能影響聲調的變異。因此，本研究旨在調查台灣地區的聲調變異現象，藉由語音學實驗的方式，探究國語二聲的變異和語言背景（閩語/國語雙語語者或國語單語語者）的關係。並進一步探討其與社會因素：地區（北、中、南）、性別和語言學因素：母音、聲調環境和句中位置的關係。受試者以17-27歲的年輕族群為主。結果發現台灣地區的年輕人普遍以平調（中平調或低平調）(level)作為二聲變異的主要變體，另一較少數的變體則為低升調(low-rising)，低降調在本研究中並不明顯。這些二聲變體有可能是受到整體調域向下縮窄的影響。而閩語/國語雙語語者的確發出較多的聲調變異，特別是低升調，這可能是受到閩語聲調系統的影響。地區、性別，以及母音、聲調環境和句中位置都會影響二聲變異。本研究進一步證實二聲的聲調變異在台灣年輕族群中的發展，支持了台灣地區國語的調域縮窄的現況。
Mandarin Tone 2 is canonically described as a high rising tone. However, recently, T2 in Taiwan was found to have other contour types: the dipping contour (323) and falling (31) variants (Fon, 1997; H. J. Hsu, 2004), with the former being considered as a normal rising tone, but the later totally losing the rising feature. Those were all found in Taiwanese (Tw)-Taiwan Mandarin(TM) bilinguals. The reasons causing this tonal variation is supposed to be relating to the language backgrounds and other social and linguistic factors from previous studies. However, no study has confirmed those correlated factors, especially the comparison between Tw-TM bilinguals and TM monolinguals. This study thus aims to discover what the T2 variation is and where it occurs. By sampling 24 subjects, aged 17-27, with half Tw-TM bilinguals and half TM monolinguals, we conducted three experiments to test the T2 in different contexts. Results showed that instead of the falling variant, more speakers produced a level variant and a small amount of low-rising variant. Besides, the bilinguals did produce more T2 variations than the monolinguals. The results indicated that language background does affect the T2 variation among young speakers in Taiwan. Moreover, the high percentage of the Level variant support the finding of a narrower tonal range of TM, compared to the standard Mandarin. Other factors, such as genders, regions, vowels, tonal environments and sentence positions were also found to have influence on T2 variations.
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描述 博士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
92555011
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0925550111
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 謝國平<br>殷允美zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Tse, Kwock-Ping<br>Yin, Yuen-meien_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 許書瑜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Hsu, Shu-Yuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 許書瑜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Hsu, Shu-Yuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-九月-2009 16:29:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-九月-2009 16:29:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-九月-2009 16:29:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0925550111en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33406-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92555011zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國語二聲在文獻上多被描述為一調值35的高升調。然而近來不少學者發現台灣地區的國語二聲在閩南語/國語雙語語者族群中有變異的現象：一是323的降升調，二是接近31的低降調。文獻顯示這可能與語言背景(Lo, 2004)和地區(H. J. Hsu,2004)有關。然而對於國語單語語者的研究並不多。此外，性別、母音、聲調環境和句中位置也有可能影響聲調的變異。因此，本研究旨在調查台灣地區的聲調變異現象，藉由語音學實驗的方式，探究國語二聲的變異和語言背景（閩語/國語雙語語者或國語單語語者）的關係。並進一步探討其與社會因素：地區（北、中、南）、性別和語言學因素：母音、聲調環境和句中位置的關係。受試者以17-27歲的年輕族群為主。結果發現台灣地區的年輕人普遍以平調（中平調或低平調）(level)作為二聲變異的主要變體，另一較少數的變體則為低升調(low-rising)，低降調在本研究中並不明顯。這些二聲變體有可能是受到整體調域向下縮窄的影響。而閩語/國語雙語語者的確發出較多的聲調變異，特別是低升調，這可能是受到閩語聲調系統的影響。地區、性別，以及母音、聲調環境和句中位置都會影響二聲變異。本研究進一步證實二聲的聲調變異在台灣年輕族群中的發展，支持了台灣地區國語的調域縮窄的現況。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Mandarin Tone 2 is canonically described as a high rising tone. However, recently, T2 in Taiwan was found to have other contour types: the dipping contour (323) and falling (31) variants (Fon, 1997; H. J. Hsu, 2004), with the former being considered as a normal rising tone, but the later totally losing the rising feature. Those were all found in Taiwanese (Tw)-Taiwan Mandarin(TM) bilinguals. The reasons causing this tonal variation is supposed to be relating to the language backgrounds and other social and linguistic factors from previous studies. However, no study has confirmed those correlated factors, especially the comparison between Tw-TM bilinguals and TM monolinguals. This study thus aims to discover what the T2 variation is and where it occurs. By sampling 24 subjects, aged 17-27, with half Tw-TM bilinguals and half TM monolinguals, we conducted three experiments to test the T2 in different contexts. Results showed that instead of the falling variant, more speakers produced a level variant and a small amount of low-rising variant. Besides, the bilinguals did produce more T2 variations than the monolinguals. The results indicated that language background does affect the T2 variation among young speakers in Taiwan. Moreover, the high percentage of the Level variant support the finding of a narrower tonal range of TM, compared to the standard Mandarin. Other factors, such as genders, regions, vowels, tonal environments and sentence positions were also found to have influence on T2 variations.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents




Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………...iv
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………..vi
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………….ix
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………x
Chinese Abstract ……………………………………………………………………xiii
English Abstract……………………………………………………..………………xiv
Chapter
1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………....1
1.1 Background and Motivation…………...………………………………..….......1
1.2 Literature Review ……………………………………………………………...3
1.2.1 The tonal system of Mandarin Chinese…………………………………..3
1.2.2 Rising T2 in Taiwan Mandarin ..................................................................5
1.2.3 T2 variations in Taiwan Mandarin………………………………………..7
1.2.4 Illustrations of T2 variations in TM ………………………………….....10
1.3 Research Questions………..…………………………………………………..11
1.4 Thesis Organization……….…………………………………………………..12
2. Methodology……………………...…………………………………………….13
2.1 Overview of the Experiments……………..…………………………………..13
2.2 Subjects ……………………………………………………………………….13
2.3 Variables……………………………………………………………………….16
2.3.1 Sociolinguistic variables………………………………………………...16
2.3.1.1 Language background …………………………………………….16
2.3.1.2 Gender …………………………………………………………….17
2.3.1.3 Regions……………………………………………………………17
2.3.2 Linguistic variables……………………………………………………..18
2.3.2.1 Vowel qualities……………………………………………………18
2.3.2.2 Tonal environments ……………………...………………………..18
2.3.2.3 Sentence positions…………………………………………………19
2.4 Materials……………………………………………………………………….20
2.4.1 Experiment 1: T2 in isolated words……………………………………..21
2.4.2 Experiment 2: Final T2 in disyllabic expressions……………………….22
2.4.3 Experiment 3: Final T2 of disyllabic expressions in different sentence positions…………………………………………………..22
2.5 Procedure …………………………………………………………………..23
2.6 Equipment …………………………………………………………………..24
2.6.1 Hardware ……………………………………………………………..24
2.6.2 Software ……………………………………………………………..24
2.7 Measurement and Categorization ……………………………………………..25
2.7.1 Auditory judgment …………………………………………………..25
2.7.2 Machine Reading and Reliability Test …………………………………..29
2.7.3 Types of T2 variations …………………………………………………..30
3. Results ………………………………………………………………………..32
3.1 Experiment 1: T2 in Isolated Words ………………………………………..32
3.1.1 The distribution of the tonal types in isolated words …………………..32
3.1.2 T2 with different vowels ……………………………………………..34
3.1.3 Language backgrounds and T2 variations ……………………………..37
3.1.4 Genders and T2 variations ……………………………………………..38
3.2 Experiment 2: Final T2 in Disyllabic Expressions ………………………..38
3.2.1 The distribution of the tonal types in disyllabic expression ………..39
3.2.2 T2 with different preceding tones …………………………………..40
3.2.3 Language background and T2 variations ……………………………..42
3.2.4 Genders and T2 variations ……………………………………………..43
3.3 Experiment 3: Final T2 of Disyllabic Expressions in Different Sentence Positions …………………………………………………..44
3.3.1 The distribution of the tonal types in the sentence level ……………..45
3.3.2 Final T2 in different sentence positions ……………………………..46
3.3.3 Language Background and T2 variation ……………………………..47
3.3.4 Genders and T2 variations ……………………………………………..48
3.4 T2 Variations and Regional Differences Among the Bilinguals …………….50
3.5 Summary …………………………………………………………………..54
4. Discussion …………………………………………………………………..58
4.1 The Dominant Variant: Level Tone ………………………………………..58
4.2 T2 Variations in Tw-TM Bilinguals and TM Monolinguals…………………...62
4.3 The Other Factors that Affect T2 Variations …………………………………..67
4.3.1 The social factors: genders, regions …………………………………..67
4.3.1.1 The effect of Genders ……………………………………………..67
4.3.1.2 The limited effect of the regions …………………………………..69
4.3.2 The linguistics factors: the vowels, the preceding tones and the sentence positions ……………………………………………………..71
4.3.2.1 Vowels ……………………………………………………………..71
4.3.2.2 The preceding tones ……………………………………………..72
4.3.2.3 Sentence positions ……………………………………………..73
4.4 The T2 Variation as a Trend in TM ………………………………………..74
5. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………..76
5.1 Summary …………………………………………………………………..76
5.2 Contribution of This Study …………………………………………………..78
5.3 Limitation and Further Studies ……………………………………………..79
Appendixes
1. The subject information of the TM monolinguals …………………………...81
2. The subject information of the Tw-TM bilinguals ……………………...........82
3. Examples of the materials on the PowerPoint ………………………………83
4. The materials (T2 in isolated words) used in Experiment 1 …………………84
5. The materials (final T2 in disyllabic expressions) used in Experiment 2 ……85
6. Materials used in Experiment 3:
Final T2 of disyllabic expressions in sentence-medial & final position …….87
7a. Sample for subject background sheet (Chinese) …………………………….90
7b. Sample for subject background sheet (English Translation)………………...91
8. The row tokens of each variable in Experiment 1 …………………………..93
9. The row tokens of each variable in Experiment 2 ………………..................94
10. The row tokens of each variable in Experiment 3 …………………………..95
Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………….96







List of Tables




Table 1 Chao’S (1968: 26) tonal representation system of Mandarin Chinese………4
Table 2 The row tokes of NR, LR and Level in isolated words…………………….33
Table 3 The percentage of the three tonal types in different vowels………………..36
Table 4 The percentage of tonal types in monolinguals and bilinguals……………..37
Table 5 The distribution of lr an level in two genders ……………………………38
Table 6 The percentage of the three types of t2 with different preceding tones….…41
Table 7 The distribution and percentage of LR and Level ………………………42
Table 8 The distribution and percentage of the three tonal types in different language backgrounds ……………………………………………………………43
Table 9 The distribution and the percentage of each tonal type in the two genders...43
Table 10 The frequency and percentage of LR and Level in the two genders……...44
Table 11 The distribution of NR and the variation in the two positions ……………47
Table 12 The distribution of NR, LR an Level in the two positions ……………47
Table 13 The distribution of the three tonal types within each language background ……………………………………………………………………….48
Table 14 The distribution of monolinguals and bilinguals in LR and Level. ……… 56
Table 15 The comparison of prescriptive and descriptive tonal system of isolated syllables in TM. Each asterisk indicates one token of the designated tonal scale (Fon & Chiang, 1999)……………………………………………….59
Table 16 The tonal system of the standard Mandarin (Chao, 1968)…………………64
Table 17 The tonal system of Taiwanese (Tsao,2000, Chung,2002 and Lu, 2003)…..65
Table 18 The comparison between TM Yang-ping and Tw Yang-ping………………65





List of Figures




Fig. 1 The sentence “yie3 yiou3 ren2 tsu2” (“There is also the human species”) by Southern-Min speakers …………………………………………………………7
Fig. 2 The sentence “yie3 yiou3 ren2 tsu2” (“There is also the human species”) by non-Southern-Min speakers ……………………………………………………8
Fig. 3 Possible contour types of TM T2 ……………………………………………..10
Fig. 4 The normal rising T2 :the “ti2” (題) in “zhuan1 ti2” (專題) (“project”) …...26
Fig. 5 The normal rising T2 : the “qi” 擊 in “mu4 qi2” (目擊) (“witness”) ………..26
Fig. 6 The mid-level T2: the “qi2” (擊) in “quan2 qi2” (拳擊) “boxing” ………..27
Fig. 7 The mid-level T2: the “tu2” (圖) in “di4 tu2” (地圖) “map” ………..........27
Fig. 8 The low-rising T2: the “tu2” (途) in “chang2 tui2” (長途) “long-distance”….28
Fig. 9 The low-rising T2: the “du2” (獨) in “gu1 du2” (孤獨) “solirary”…………...29
Fig. 10 The tone shapes of “normal rising” (NR) T2 ……………………………..30
Fig. 11 The tone shapes of “mid-level” (one of the Level) T2……………………….30
Fig. 12 The tone shapes of “low-rising” (LR) T2 …………………………………..31
Fig. 13 The percentage of NR and variation ………………………………........33
Fig. 14 The percentage of the 3 tonal types (NR,LR, Level) ………………………..33
Fig. 15 The distribution of the three tonal types (NR, LR and Level) in vowel [i], [a] and [u]. …………………………………………………………………..34
Fig. 16 The occurrence of variation of [i], [a] and [u] ……………………………..36
Fig. 17 The distribution of LR and Level in different language backgrounds…...…..38
Fig. 18 The distribution of NR and the variation ……………………………………39
Fig. 19 The distribution of the three tonal types in disyllabic expressions…………...39
Fig. 20 The distribution of LR and Level in different preceding tones ……………..41
Fig. 21 The percentage and occurrence of NR and the variations in the sentence level
…………………………………………………………………………………45
Fig. 22 The percentage of the three tonal types: NR, LR and Level in the sentence level ………………………………………………………………………..46
Fig. 23 The percentage of NR, LR and Level within each language background …..48
Fig. 24 The percentage of NR, LR and Level in each gender …………………..49
Fig. 25 The percentage of each gender in NR, LR and Level …………………..50
Fig. 26 The percentage of the variations of the three regions in isolated words …..51
Fig. 27 The percentage of the variations of the three regions in disyllabic expressions
………………………………………………………………………………....51
Fig. 28 The percentage of the variations of the three regions in sentences ………..52
Fig. 29 The percentage of LR and Level in isolated words among different regions..52
Fig. 30 The percentage of LR and Level in disyllabic expressions among different regions ………………………………………………………………………..53
Fig. 31 The percentage of LR and Level in sentences among different regions …..53
Fig. 32 The percentage of the variation in the three regions with regard to genders...54
Fig. 33 the distribution of the normal T2 and the T2 variation in three different syntactic units ……………………………………………………………..55
Fig. 34 The distribution of LR and Level in three different syntactic units ………..55
Fig. 35 The distribution of the total NR and the variation of males and females ….57
Fig. 36 The comparison of the percentages of LR and Level in three different syntactic units …………………………………………………………….58
Fig. 37 The falling effect of a low-level final T2……………………………………62
Fig. 38 The percentages of NR and the variation in total tokens of the three experiments …………………………………………………………………..63
Fig. 39 The distribution of LR and Level in total tokens of the three experiments….63
Fig. 40 The percentage of LR and Level of the total tokens in males and female ….69
Fig. 41 The distribution of each vowel in each tonal type ……………………….71
Fig. 42 The percentage of the total occurrence of the T2 variation …………….74		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0925550111en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聲調zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聲調變異zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣地區國語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 雙語語者zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 單語語者zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言背景zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語音學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聲學語音學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) toneen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) tonal variationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan Mandarinen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) bilingualen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) monolingualen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) language backgrounden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) phoneticsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) acoustic phoneticsen_US
dc.title (題名) 台灣地區國語二聲的聲調變異之語音學研究：閩南語/國語雙語語者和國語單語語者之比較zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Tonal Variation of Mandarin Tone 2 in Taiwan: A Phonetic Study on Taiwanese-Taiwan Mandarin Bilinguals and Taiwan Mandarin Monolingualsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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