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題名 漢語中的字彙產出:以連續話語中的縱向聚合詞誤為例
Word Production in Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from paradigmatic errors in spontaneous speech
作者 陳慧盈
Chen,Huei ying
貢獻者 萬依萍
Wan,I Ping
陳慧盈
Chen,Huei ying
關鍵詞 漢語
語言生成模型
連接模型
語誤
縱向聚合詞誤
Mandarin
speech production model
connectionist model
speech error
paradigmatic lexical error
日期 2007
上傳時間 17-九月-2009 16:30:37 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究旨在探討如何將漢語中詞彙的產出，建構在過去的語言生成模型(speech production model)之上。
在過去文獻中，語言生成模型主要有兩大流派：序列模型(serial-ordering model)主張各階段的激活過程只能單向進行，而連接模型(connectionist model)則允許各階段之間有雙向互動。此外，兩大模型闡述綜合性詞誤 (同時在語意及語音方面相關的詞誤)的生成也略有不同：序列模型認為綜合性詞誤起因於功能層次(functional level)與位置層次(positional level)同時發生錯誤，但若綜合性語誤的比例顯著高於機率，則較不支持此說法；連接模型則認為綜合性詞誤來自音系層(phonological stage)和詞條層(lemma stage)間的交互作用，倘若大部分的縱向聚合詞誤(paradigmatic errors)皆具有語音相似度，此說法較能得到驗證。
因此，為估算漢語詞彙選擇中語音的相似度，本研究分析了421個在自然語境中收集的單音節縱向聚合詞誤，結果發現綜合性語誤所佔的比例顯著偏高，此外，所有詞誤在字首、語音特徵、韻母、音節結構和聲調各方面的效應都達到顯著，這說明了語音和語意的確會同時影響詞彙的選擇，這也表示連接模型可能較接近中文的語言生成過程。
另外，語料分析的結果也顯示出漢語詞彙產出的特性。第一、在詞彙提取的過程中，字首比語音特徵和韻母扮演了更重要的角色，這同時也支持音節結構應以字首(C)和韻母劃分(CV/CVC)的假設；第二、聲調效應的顯著顯示聲調應存在於字彙的底層結構，因此聲調的促發應先於詞彙結的激化；第三、目標詞彙(target)的音節結構應在音系層的初期就已指定，因此有相同音節結構的詞彙結容易勝出。綜合以上可知，漢語的生成過程較傾向連接模型的架構，唯聲調和音節結構等語言特色宜納入模型討論。
This study aims to investigate the process of word production in Mandarin, to see how it can be structured in previous models.
Speech production models have two primary sects—the serial-ordering model versus the connectionist model—arguing for uni-directional and bi-directional activation respectively. Besides, between these two models, the generation of both semantically- and phonologically-related lexical errors (mixed errors) is different. On the one hand, the serial-ordering model (Garrett, 1988) interpreted mixed errors as malfunctions occur at both functional and positional level. It may not be favored if mixed errors occur more than chance in the corpus. On the other hand, the connectionist model (Dell, 1986) explained it as the feedback activation from the phonological level back to the lemma level. It would be supported if most paradigmatic substitutions show phonological similarities.
Therefore, in order to facilitate the phonological similarities in lexical substitutions, 421 single-syllable paradigmatic (non-contextual) lexical errors collected in natural settings are examined. It is found that the percentage of mixed errors is significantly higher. Moreover, in the corpus the initialness, similarity, rhyme, syllable structure and tone effects are all prominent, which proves the joint effect of semantic and phonology in word selection. In other words, the connectionist network might better account for the processing of Mandarin.
In addition, the analysis reveals certain issues of word-production in Mandarin. First, initials are primary activation units in word retrieval, rather than phonetic features or rhymes. It also supports the division of hierarchical syllable structure as an onset (C) and rhyme (VC/CVC). Secondly, the significance of tone effect suggests that tone may be stored in the underlying phonological organization of lexicons and thus is prior in word-activation. Thirdly, the syllable structure of the target is assigned at the beginning of phonological stage and thus lexical nodes with the same syllable structure tend to be selected. In conclusion, the analysis proves that the connectionist model could be applied to Mandarin Chinese if the status of tone and syllable structure is included.
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Chen, J.-Y. (1999). The representation and processing of tone in Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from slips of the tongue. Applied Psycholinguistics 20, 289-301.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
93555010
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0935550101
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 萬依萍zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wan,I Pingen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 陳慧盈zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Chen,Huei yingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳慧盈zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen,Huei yingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-九月-2009 16:30:37 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-九月-2009 16:30:37 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-九月-2009 16:30:37 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0935550101en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33409-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93555010zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究旨在探討如何將漢語中詞彙的產出，建構在過去的語言生成模型(speech production model)之上。
在過去文獻中，語言生成模型主要有兩大流派：序列模型(serial-ordering model)主張各階段的激活過程只能單向進行，而連接模型(connectionist model)則允許各階段之間有雙向互動。此外，兩大模型闡述綜合性詞誤 (同時在語意及語音方面相關的詞誤)的生成也略有不同：序列模型認為綜合性詞誤起因於功能層次(functional level)與位置層次(positional level)同時發生錯誤，但若綜合性語誤的比例顯著高於機率，則較不支持此說法；連接模型則認為綜合性詞誤來自音系層(phonological stage)和詞條層(lemma stage)間的交互作用，倘若大部分的縱向聚合詞誤(paradigmatic errors)皆具有語音相似度，此說法較能得到驗證。
因此，為估算漢語詞彙選擇中語音的相似度，本研究分析了421個在自然語境中收集的單音節縱向聚合詞誤，結果發現綜合性語誤所佔的比例顯著偏高，此外，所有詞誤在字首、語音特徵、韻母、音節結構和聲調各方面的效應都達到顯著，這說明了語音和語意的確會同時影響詞彙的選擇，這也表示連接模型可能較接近中文的語言生成過程。
另外，語料分析的結果也顯示出漢語詞彙產出的特性。第一、在詞彙提取的過程中，字首比語音特徵和韻母扮演了更重要的角色，這同時也支持音節結構應以字首(C)和韻母劃分(CV/CVC)的假設；第二、聲調效應的顯著顯示聲調應存在於字彙的底層結構，因此聲調的促發應先於詞彙結的激化；第三、目標詞彙(target)的音節結構應在音系層的初期就已指定，因此有相同音節結構的詞彙結容易勝出。綜合以上可知，漢語的生成過程較傾向連接模型的架構，唯聲調和音節結構等語言特色宜納入模型討論。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study aims to investigate the process of word production in Mandarin, to see how it can be structured in previous models.
Speech production models have two primary sects—the serial-ordering model versus the connectionist model—arguing for uni-directional and bi-directional activation respectively. Besides, between these two models, the generation of both semantically- and phonologically-related lexical errors (mixed errors) is different. On the one hand, the serial-ordering model (Garrett, 1988) interpreted mixed errors as malfunctions occur at both functional and positional level. It may not be favored if mixed errors occur more than chance in the corpus. On the other hand, the connectionist model (Dell, 1986) explained it as the feedback activation from the phonological level back to the lemma level. It would be supported if most paradigmatic substitutions show phonological similarities.
Therefore, in order to facilitate the phonological similarities in lexical substitutions, 421 single-syllable paradigmatic (non-contextual) lexical errors collected in natural settings are examined. It is found that the percentage of mixed errors is significantly higher. Moreover, in the corpus the initialness, similarity, rhyme, syllable structure and tone effects are all prominent, which proves the joint effect of semantic and phonology in word selection. In other words, the connectionist network might better account for the processing of Mandarin.
In addition, the analysis reveals certain issues of word-production in Mandarin. First, initials are primary activation units in word retrieval, rather than phonetic features or rhymes. It also supports the division of hierarchical syllable structure as an onset (C) and rhyme (VC/CVC). Secondly, the significance of tone effect suggests that tone may be stored in the underlying phonological organization of lexicons and thus is prior in word-activation. Thirdly, the syllable structure of the target is assigned at the beginning of phonological stage and thus lexical nodes with the same syllable structure tend to be selected. In conclusion, the analysis proves that the connectionist model could be applied to Mandarin Chinese if the status of tone and syllable structure is included.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter
1 Introduction………………………………………………1
2 Literature Review………………………………………5
2.1 Slips of the Tongues………………………………5
2.1.1 Definition………………………………………5
2.1.2 Application……………………………………7
2.2 Speech Production Models…………………9
2.2.1 Serial-Ordering Model………………………9
2.2.1.1Fromkin’s Utterance Generator Model…10
2.2.1.2Garrett’s Two-step Retrieval Model……11
2.2.1.3Levelt’s Model…………………………………13
2.2.2 Connectionist Model.…………………………15
2.2.3 The Comparison between Models……………17
2.3 Linguistic Overview……………………………20
2.3.1 Lexical Categories………………………………20
2.3.2 Segments………………………………………………22
2.3.3 Phonetic Features…………………………………24
2.3.4 Syllable Structure………………………………25
2.3.5 Tones ………………………………………………27
2.4 Phonological Effects in Previous Studies……28
2.4.1 Category Effect…………………………………28
2.4.2 Initialness Effect……………………………29
2.4.3 Similarity Effect……………………………30
2.4.4 Rhyme Effect……………………………………31
2.4.5 Syllable Structure Effect…………………31
2.4.6 Tone Effect………………………………………32
2.5 Summary and Research Hypotheses…………33
3 Methodology ………………………………………………37
3.1 Method and Subjects……………………………37
3.2 Classification System…………………………38
3.2.1Classification in Previous Studies…………39
3.2.2Classification in Semantically-Relatedness…40
3.2.3Classification in Phonologically-Relatedness…44
3.2.4Examples of Semantically- and Phonologically- Related Errors……46
3.3 Principles for Ambiguous Cases…………………47
4 Results and Discussions…………………………………51
4.1 The Structure of Lexical Errors ………………51
4.2 Category Effect………………………………………53
4.3 Initialness Effect…………………………………59
4.4 Similarity Effect……………………………………61
4.5 Rhyme Effect…………………………………………68
4.6 Syllable Structure Effect………………………69
4.7 Tone Effect…………………………………………77
4.8 General Discussion……………………………82
4.9 Reflections on Processing Models……………85
5 Conclusion……………………………………………89
5.1 Summary………………………………………89
5.2 Future Study………………………………92
References……………………………………………94
Appendix………………………………………………101		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0935550101en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 漢語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言生成模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 連接模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語誤zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 縱向聚合詞誤zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mandarinen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) speech production modelen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) connectionist modelen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) speech erroren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) paradigmatic lexical erroren_US
dc.title (題名) 漢語中的字彙產出:以連續話語中的縱向聚合詞誤為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Word Production in Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from paradigmatic errors in spontaneous speechen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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