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題名 柏拉圖《理想國》中的知識問題－從線段譬喻與洞穴譬喻出發
作者 陳宛萱
Chen, Wan-Hsuan
貢獻者 彭文林
Peng, Wen-Lin
陳宛萱
Chen, Wan-Hsuan
關鍵詞 理想國
線段譬喻
洞穴譬喻
善的理念
辯證術
教育
真理
解蔽
Republic
divided line simile
cave simile
Idea of Good
dialectic
education
truth
unhiddenness
日期 2004
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:47:59 (UTC+8)
摘要 《理想國》第六、七卷的主題，尤其是整個第六卷，通常被視為是一個知識論的討論，其中最主要的兩個談論即是線段譬喻與洞穴譬喻，因此如何正確地分別解讀兩者，並將兩者放在一個整全的框架下來理解，即是理解柏拉圖《理想國》知識論最重要的課題。通過本文的討論我們似乎可以看到，柏拉圖把知識與存有與真理連結在一起，並且存有與真理即是相互說明的概念，因此真理即是透過認識活動掌握那個對於存有者的存有之揭示（理念），因此認識能力即是瞭解存有，亦即「由靈魂的眼睛看」。而這個對於存有者的存有之認識活動要能夠獲得實踐，必須仰賴善的理念作為施力者，給予認識者去認識的能力、並將真理賦予給可認識者（理念），兩者在真理作為那個使得存有者的存有可以顯現的力量在認識活動中結合在一起，由此可認識者作為某個「真的」，而分有了真理。於此善的理念作為知識與真理的原因、並由此亦為所有者的存有的終極原因，但善的理念並非垂手可得，我們必須付出努力才可以獲致，獲致的方式是我們必須藉由辯證術與哲學的研究，逐步地自以肉體之眼所見的世界，上登到靈魂的眼睛所注視的純理性世界。

柏拉圖在這裡做了一個很仔細的關於知識要求的描述，以兩個不同的類比—線段和洞穴，去說明達致這個最高的原理原則的路徑，他先在線段譬喻中對知識種類與其對應的靈魂從屬狀態做區分與定義，然後在洞穴譬喻中，由人類在其本性上未受教育的最初狀態，和經過教育或啟發後不同的狀態，來解釋教育、或靈魂必須向上攀升的重要性。

經由對於兩個譬喻以及其他相關的概念之解析，我們將可以發現，柏拉圖在《理想國》中提出的真理觀，清楚地指出了存有者與其存有間有一個連結的關係，在真理作為解蔽性的意義中為心靈所掌握，於此對存有的揭示越多、則越真（越「沒有-遮蔽」），其遮蔽的程度越少；但另方面他又明確地排拒那些在存有者的領域中被他描述為「涉及感知與意見的」，並一再地指出上昇之旅除了「前往、趨近存有」外，亦在於排除感知的影響，在這個意義下，他特別強調數理知識的中介作用，並指出數理圖形與數字的抽象作用，可以幫助靈魂向存有趨近。但持平而論，柏拉圖仍為我們指引出一條通往存有的道路，並將《理想國》的知識論以一個完整的存有論的連結關係展現給我們（雖然不無理論上的困難），要求著我們將「真理」的本質與「存有」緊密結合起來，而哲學研究的目的與任務則明確地被定義為對存有的追問，以及將存有與真理之光帶回到「世界」中。
The theme of the sixth and seventh Book of Plato’s "Republic", especially the whole sixth Book, is usually considered to be the discussion of the knowledge problem (or the epistemology) ; among them there are two main paragraphs about this issue, they are the divided-line simile and cave simile, so how to understand those two similes separately, and at the same time place them under one whole structure to interpret them correctly, namely is the most important task to understand the knowledge problem of Plato`s " Republic ". Through the discussion of this thesis, we could see that Plato connected knowledge together with Being and Truth, and Being and Truth are the concepts which explain each other; so Truth is through knowing activity to grasp the revealing of the beings’ Being (Idea), to know is understanding Being, such as `seeing by eyes of soul`. And to exercise this knowing activity of the beings’ Being, must be dependent on the Idea of Good as the empowerment, offer the power for the Knower to know, and offer Truth to the Knowable (idea) to be known, the two (the Knower and the Knowable) in Truth as the power that makes the beings’ Being shown connect together in the knowing activity, thus the Knowable been regarded as something ` true`, and participated Truth. Hence the idea of Good as the cause of Knowledge and Truth, and also as the ultimate cause of the Being of the all beings, but to reach the Idea of Good is not a easy thing, we must endeavor really hard to obtain the Idea of Good. The way to obtain it is that we have to by means of the research of Dialectic and philosophy, ascend step by step from the world seen by bodily eyes, to the purely rational world seen by soul’s eyes.

Plato made a very careful description of knowledge requirement here, with two different similes – divided Line and cave, to interpret the route led to this supreme principle. He first discriminates and defines the classification of knowledge and their corresponding subordinated soul states in the divided line simile, then in the cave simile, he brings up the primitive uneducated state of the human nature, and the different states after educated or enlightened, to explain the importance of education or the upward journey of soul.

Via the analysis of two similes and other relevant concepts, we could discover, the Truth View which Plato puts forward in " Republic ", clearly states there is a relation linked between beings and Being, grasped by the mind in the Truth as the Unhiddenness; therefore the more revealing of Being, the truer (more ` un- hidden`), and the less its degree hidden is. But on the other hand he distinctly discards those which he described as ‘involved sensual perception and opinion’ in the field of beings, and constantly points out the upward journey not only about `going to and close to the Being’, also about discarding the influence of sensual perception. Thus he especially emphasizes the intermediate position of mathematical knowledge, and point out that the abstract function of the mathematical figures and numbers could help soul come toward Being. But generally speaking, Plato still leads us to the road toward Being, and shows us the epistemology of "Republic" with one intact ontology interrelation (though there are still some difficulties in his theory), therefore forces us to integrate the essence of ‘Truth’ and ‘Being’ closely; in this way the purpose and task of philosophic study are clearly defined as the questioning of Being, and bringing the light of Being and Truth back to `the World`.
參考文獻 ＃參考譯本、註本：
1.”Der Staat”, Platon im Knotext- Werk auf CD-Rom, Einleiting und Übersetzung von Friedrich Schleiermacher. (C) Karsten Worm-InfoSoftWare 1998.
2. Der Staat, übersetzt und erläutert von Otto Apelt.Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1992.
3.Heidegger, M. “Erster Teil, Der Wink in das » Wesen« der A)lhqeia”. Vom Wesen der Wahrheit. Gesamtausgabe band 34. Frankfurt: Vittorico Klostermann, 1997(2., durchgesehen Anflage), s.22-147
4. Republic, translated into English by Benjamin Jowett, Introduction and Notes by Elizabeth Watson Scharffenberger. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2004.
5. Plato Republic, translated by Paul Shorey. The Loeb Classical Liberary. Cambridge: Harvard Uni. Press, 1994(reprinted).
6.The Republic of Plato. Edited with critical notes, commentary and appendices by James Adam, Litt.D..London: Cambridge Uni. press, 1920.
7.The Republic of Plato, translated with notes and an interpretive essay by Allan Bloom. New York: Basic Books inc., 1968.
8.《柏拉圖理想國》。侯健譯。台北：聯經，2001年8月（初版17刷）。
9. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/
＃參考書目：
1. Adam, Adela Marion Kensington. Plato : moral and political ideals. Reprint of the 1913 ed. Eng. in series: The Cambridge manuals of science and literature. Cambridge: University Press, 1974 (Folcroft Library Editions)
2. Annas, Julia. An Introduction to Plato’s Republic. New York: Oxford, 1981.
3. Austin, J.L. “The Line and The Cave in Plato’s Republic”. Plato’s Metaphysics and Epistemology, edited with introductions by Terence Irwin. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1995
4. Baker, Sir Ernest. Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle. New York: Russell & Russell, 1959.
5. Cross, R.C. & Woozley, A. D. Plato’s Republic, A Philosophical Commentary. London: Macmillan Education Ltd., 1964.
6. De Vogel, Cornelia J.. Rethinking Plato and Platonism. New York : E.J. Brill, 1986
7. Fine, Gail. “Knowledge and Belief in Republic V”. Plato’s Metaphysics and Epistemology, edited with introductions by Terence Irwin. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1995
8. Friedländer, Paul. Plato 3 the Dialogues, second and third periods, translated from the German by Hans Meyerhoff. New York: Bollingen Foundation, 1969.p.105-117
9. Gallop, D. “Image and Reality in Plato’s Republic”. Plato’s Metaphysics and Epistemology, edited with introductions by Terence Irwin. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1995
10. Gomperz, Theodor. Fünf Buch: Platon. Griechische Denker, Eine Greschichte der Antiken Philosophie. Frankfurt: Eichborn, 1996.
11. Gosling, J. “Republic Book V: ta polla kala etc.”. Plato’s Metaphysics and Epistemology, edited with introductions by Terence Irwin. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1995
12. Hartmann, Nicolai. Platos Logik des Seins. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1965.
13. Heidegger, M. Vom Wesen der Wahrheit. Gesamtausgabe band 34. Frankfurt: Vittorico Klostermann, 1997(2., durchgesehen Anflage).
14. Irwin, Terence. Plato’s Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
—Plato’s Moral Theory, the early and middle dialouges. Oxford: Clarendon press,1985(reprinted).
15. Martin, Gottfried. Platons Ideenlehre. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1972.
16. Mayhew, Robert. Aristotle’s Criticism of Plato’s Republic. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1997
17. Rice, Daryl H. A guide to Plato`s Republic. New York : Oxford University Press, 1998
18. Ross, W. D. ”IV The Republic and the Phaedrus”. Plato’s Theory of Ideas. Oxford: the Clarendon Press, 1951. P.37-82.
19. Shorey, Paul. “Republic”. What Plato Said. Chicago: The University of Chicago press, 1934.
20. Taylor, A. E. Plato : the man and his work. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1993
21. White, Nicholas P. A companion to Plato`s Republic. Indianapolis : Hackett Pub. Co., c1979
22.Wilson, J.R.S.. ”The Contents of the Cave”. Plato’s Metaphysics and Epistemology, edited with introductions by Terence Irwin. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1995.
23. Zeller, E. Plato and The Older Academy, translated by Sarah Frances Alleyne and Alfred Goodwin. New York: Russell & Russell inc., 1962.
24. 彭文林。〈從蘇格拉底的對話方法論哲人術與辯證術的衝突〉。《國立政治大學哲學學報第六期》。台北：國立政治大學哲學系，民國八十九年一月。P.173-220。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
哲學研究所
89154002
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089154002
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 彭文林zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Peng, Wen-Linen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳宛萱zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Wan-Hsuanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳宛萱zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen, Wan-Hsuanen_US
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:47:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:47:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:47:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0089154002en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33460-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 哲學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89154002zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 《理想國》第六、七卷的主題，尤其是整個第六卷，通常被視為是一個知識論的討論，其中最主要的兩個談論即是線段譬喻與洞穴譬喻，因此如何正確地分別解讀兩者，並將兩者放在一個整全的框架下來理解，即是理解柏拉圖《理想國》知識論最重要的課題。通過本文的討論我們似乎可以看到，柏拉圖把知識與存有與真理連結在一起，並且存有與真理即是相互說明的概念，因此真理即是透過認識活動掌握那個對於存有者的存有之揭示（理念），因此認識能力即是瞭解存有，亦即「由靈魂的眼睛看」。而這個對於存有者的存有之認識活動要能夠獲得實踐，必須仰賴善的理念作為施力者，給予認識者去認識的能力、並將真理賦予給可認識者（理念），兩者在真理作為那個使得存有者的存有可以顯現的力量在認識活動中結合在一起，由此可認識者作為某個「真的」，而分有了真理。於此善的理念作為知識與真理的原因、並由此亦為所有者的存有的終極原因，但善的理念並非垂手可得，我們必須付出努力才可以獲致，獲致的方式是我們必須藉由辯證術與哲學的研究，逐步地自以肉體之眼所見的世界，上登到靈魂的眼睛所注視的純理性世界。

柏拉圖在這裡做了一個很仔細的關於知識要求的描述，以兩個不同的類比—線段和洞穴，去說明達致這個最高的原理原則的路徑，他先在線段譬喻中對知識種類與其對應的靈魂從屬狀態做區分與定義，然後在洞穴譬喻中，由人類在其本性上未受教育的最初狀態，和經過教育或啟發後不同的狀態，來解釋教育、或靈魂必須向上攀升的重要性。

經由對於兩個譬喻以及其他相關的概念之解析，我們將可以發現，柏拉圖在《理想國》中提出的真理觀，清楚地指出了存有者與其存有間有一個連結的關係，在真理作為解蔽性的意義中為心靈所掌握，於此對存有的揭示越多、則越真（越「沒有-遮蔽」），其遮蔽的程度越少；但另方面他又明確地排拒那些在存有者的領域中被他描述為「涉及感知與意見的」，並一再地指出上昇之旅除了「前往、趨近存有」外，亦在於排除感知的影響，在這個意義下，他特別強調數理知識的中介作用，並指出數理圖形與數字的抽象作用，可以幫助靈魂向存有趨近。但持平而論，柏拉圖仍為我們指引出一條通往存有的道路，並將《理想國》的知識論以一個完整的存有論的連結關係展現給我們（雖然不無理論上的困難），要求著我們將「真理」的本質與「存有」緊密結合起來，而哲學研究的目的與任務則明確地被定義為對存有的追問，以及將存有與真理之光帶回到「世界」中。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The theme of the sixth and seventh Book of Plato’s "Republic", especially the whole sixth Book, is usually considered to be the discussion of the knowledge problem (or the epistemology) ; among them there are two main paragraphs about this issue, they are the divided-line simile and cave simile, so how to understand those two similes separately, and at the same time place them under one whole structure to interpret them correctly, namely is the most important task to understand the knowledge problem of Plato`s " Republic ". Through the discussion of this thesis, we could see that Plato connected knowledge together with Being and Truth, and Being and Truth are the concepts which explain each other; so Truth is through knowing activity to grasp the revealing of the beings’ Being (Idea), to know is understanding Being, such as `seeing by eyes of soul`. And to exercise this knowing activity of the beings’ Being, must be dependent on the Idea of Good as the empowerment, offer the power for the Knower to know, and offer Truth to the Knowable (idea) to be known, the two (the Knower and the Knowable) in Truth as the power that makes the beings’ Being shown connect together in the knowing activity, thus the Knowable been regarded as something ` true`, and participated Truth. Hence the idea of Good as the cause of Knowledge and Truth, and also as the ultimate cause of the Being of the all beings, but to reach the Idea of Good is not a easy thing, we must endeavor really hard to obtain the Idea of Good. The way to obtain it is that we have to by means of the research of Dialectic and philosophy, ascend step by step from the world seen by bodily eyes, to the purely rational world seen by soul’s eyes.

Plato made a very careful description of knowledge requirement here, with two different similes – divided Line and cave, to interpret the route led to this supreme principle. He first discriminates and defines the classification of knowledge and their corresponding subordinated soul states in the divided line simile, then in the cave simile, he brings up the primitive uneducated state of the human nature, and the different states after educated or enlightened, to explain the importance of education or the upward journey of soul.

Via the analysis of two similes and other relevant concepts, we could discover, the Truth View which Plato puts forward in " Republic ", clearly states there is a relation linked between beings and Being, grasped by the mind in the Truth as the Unhiddenness; therefore the more revealing of Being, the truer (more ` un- hidden`), and the less its degree hidden is. But on the other hand he distinctly discards those which he described as ‘involved sensual perception and opinion’ in the field of beings, and constantly points out the upward journey not only about `going to and close to the Being’, also about discarding the influence of sensual perception. Thus he especially emphasizes the intermediate position of mathematical knowledge, and point out that the abstract function of the mathematical figures and numbers could help soul come toward Being. But generally speaking, Plato still leads us to the road toward Being, and shows us the epistemology of "Republic" with one intact ontology interrelation (though there are still some difficulties in his theory), therefore forces us to integrate the essence of ‘Truth’ and ‘Being’ closely; in this way the purpose and task of philosophic study are clearly defined as the questioning of Being, and bringing the light of Being and Truth back to `the World`.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 前言 一個對於知識問題起源回返(Rückgang)的需要 8

第一章 導論 10
第一節 問題的提出—知識問題的價值、意義與探討的可能性 10

第二節 知識問題歷史回返的必要性—對於知識問題預設的真理觀之探
討 11
1.2.1. 何謂「真理」？—真理的雙重意涵：符應性(die
Übereinstimmung)與解蔽(die Un-verborgenheit) 12
1.2.2. 解蔽與遮蔽(Un-verborgene V.S. Verborgene)，真理與非真理
(Wahrheit und Un-Wahrheit) 15
1.2.3. 回到《理想國》—對於真理的召喚 17

第三節 一個在歷史中的《理想國》知識研究 19
1.3.1. 《理想國》知識問題研究在歷史沿傳的幾個問題 19
1.3.2. 面對歷史的態度—對於研究方法的說明與檢討 21

第二章《理想國》中知識問題提出的背景 25
第一節《理想國》提出知識問題的理論脈絡 25
2.1.1. 對於「正義」的追問 25
2.1.2.「理想」國—一個完美的、但亦是必須的城邦 27
2.1.3. 哲學家皇帝—哲學與政治的結合 29
2.1.4. 意見與知識，變動與存有 33

第二節 太陽譬喻與善的理念 39
2.2.1. 看的活動與太陽之關係對應於認識活動與善的理念之關係 39
2.2.2. 太陽為生長變化的原因、善的理念為存有的原因 46

第三章 知識的分類－線段比喻 49
第一節 知識分類的原則 49
3.1.1. 二分：可見與可思 49
3.1.2. 四分：似真性、信念、智性推理、理性思維 50

第二節 可見領域的二個次部分：似真性與信念 53
3.2.1. 似真性—對於影像的感知 53
3.2.2. 信念—事物與人造物 54

第三節 可思領域的二個次部分：智性、理性 57
3.3.1. 智性推理—假設的知識 57
3.3.2. 理性思維—無假設的知識 62

第四節 知識分類的意義與目的 69
3.4.1. 對於線段譬喻的總結 69
3.4.2. 知識區分的需要與目的 77

第四章 人類心靈的狀態與轉化的可能—洞穴譬喻 80
第一節 在洞穴中的狀態 80
4.1.1. 第一階段：被束縛的狀態 81
4.1.2. 第二階段：解脫束縛 85
4.1.3. 洞穴內的知識 87

第二節 離開洞穴 93
4.2.1. 第三階段：適應階段 93
4.2.2. 第四階段：直視太陽與太陽光下的世界 96
4.2.3. 洞穴外的知識 99

第三節 回到洞穴：哲學的任務 101
4.3.1. 哲學家的風險 102
4.3.2. 哲學的目的：將光帶到洞穴內 105
4.3.3. 教育的目的：將人們帶往到光之中（轉動靈魂） 108

第四節 洞穴譬喻的意義與目的 112
4.4.1. 線段譬喻與洞穴譬喻的對應關係 113
4.4.2. 對洞穴譬喻的總結談論：人類心靈轉化的可能性與過程 119

第五章 《理想國》中的真理—善的理念與辯證術的作用 122
第一節 辯證術的作用 122
5.1.1. 辯證術的作用：假設的方法 123
5.1.2. 辯證術做為理想國教育中的最高學門—融貫的學習 129

第二節 《理想國》中的真理 135
5.2.1.《理想國》中的真理之源—善的理念 136
5.2.2. 重回太陽譬喻：真理與光 139

第三節 《理想國》中的「非」真理與中介者 144
5.3.1. 「非」真理：意見領域與被束縛狀態的知識 144
5.3.2. 中介者：智性知識和辯證術的預備學科 147


第六章 結論：對於問題的歷史回返所帶來的理解 155

參考書目 158
參考譯本、註本
參考書目		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089154002en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 理想國zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 線段譬喻zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 洞穴譬喻zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 善的理念zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 辯證術zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教育zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 真理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 解蔽zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Republicen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) divided line simileen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) cave simileen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Idea of Gooden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) dialecticen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) educationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) truthen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) unhiddennessen_US
dc.title (題名) 柏拉圖《理想國》中的知識問題－從線段譬喻與洞穴譬喻出發zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ＃參考譯本、註本：zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1.”Der Staat”, Platon im Knotext- Werk auf CD-Rom, Einleiting und Übersetzung von Friedrich Schleiermacher. (C) Karsten Worm-InfoSoftWare 1998.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. Der Staat, übersetzt und erläutert von Otto Apelt.Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1992.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3.Heidegger, M. “Erster Teil, Der Wink in das » Wesen« der A)lhqeia”. Vom Wesen der Wahrheit. Gesamtausgabe band 34. Frankfurt: Vittorico Klostermann, 1997(2., durchgesehen Anflage), s.22-147zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. Republic, translated into English by Benjamin Jowett, Introduction and Notes by Elizabeth Watson Scharffenberger. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. Plato Republic, translated by Paul Shorey. The Loeb Classical Liberary. Cambridge: Harvard Uni. Press, 1994(reprinted).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6.The Republic of Plato. Edited with critical notes, commentary and appendices by James Adam, Litt.D..London: Cambridge Uni. press, 1920.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7.The Republic of Plato, translated with notes and an interpretive essay by Allan Bloom. New York: Basic Books inc., 1968.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8.《柏拉圖理想國》。侯健譯。台北：聯經，2001年8月（初版17刷）。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ＃參考書目：zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. Adam, Adela Marion Kensington. Plato : moral and political ideals. Reprint of the 1913 ed. Eng. in series: The Cambridge manuals of science and literature. Cambridge: University Press, 1974 (Folcroft Library Editions)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. Annas, Julia. An Introduction to Plato’s Republic. New York: Oxford, 1981.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. Austin, J.L. “The Line and The Cave in Plato’s Republic”. Plato’s Metaphysics and Epistemology, edited with introductions by Terence Irwin. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1995zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. Baker, Sir Ernest. Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle. New York: Russell & Russell, 1959.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. Cross, R.C. & Woozley, A. D. Plato’s Republic, A Philosophical Commentary. London: Macmillan Education Ltd., 1964.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7. Fine, Gail. “Knowledge and Belief in Republic V”. Plato’s Metaphysics and Epistemology, edited with introductions by Terence Irwin. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1995zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. Friedländer, Paul. Plato 3 the Dialogues, second and third periods, translated from the German by Hans Meyerhoff. New York: Bollingen Foundation, 1969.p.105-117zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13. Heidegger, M. Vom Wesen der Wahrheit. Gesamtausgabe band 34. Frankfurt: Vittorico Klostermann, 1997(2., durchgesehen Anflage).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14. Irwin, Terence. Plato’s Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) —Plato’s Moral Theory, the early and middle dialouges. Oxford: Clarendon press,1985(reprinted).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15. Martin, Gottfried. Platons Ideenlehre. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1972.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 16. Mayhew, Robert. Aristotle’s Criticism of Plato’s Republic. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1997zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 24. 彭文林。〈從蘇格拉底的對話方法論哲人術與辯證術的衝突〉。《國立政治大學哲學學報第六期》。台北：國立政治大學哲學系，民國八十九年一月。P.173-220。zh_TW