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題名 當代以巴衝突的宗教因素-以忠信社群(Gush Emunim)之發展和影響為例
作者 蔡業聖
貢獻者 蔡彥仁
蔡業聖
關鍵詞 以巴衝突
忠信社群
猶太教
彌賽亞
屯墾區
日期 2006
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 17:02:54 (UTC+8)
摘要 隨著猶太人在巴勒斯坦的立國，中東地區的國際關係開始急速緊張。一九六七年六月的六日戰爭，雖然讓以色列在中東地區站穩腳跟，卻帶給信奉伊斯蘭的阿拉伯世界莫大的羞辱。在政治，種族，經濟利益與宗教等多種因素的交互作用下，中東地區成為二次大戰後國際情勢的火藥庫。謀求和解的計畫雖然多次被提出，卻始終未能獲得令人滿意的成果。

透過相關研究，筆者發現以巴衝突中，除了政治是個很重要的因素之外，宗教社群意識所帶來的影響，亦不容小覷。長久以來，由於其獨特政經背景與地理環境，以色列各層面議題，令許多研究者嘗試由不同面向，如政治、經濟、社會、或人類學等殊異角度來探究、觀察以巴情勢。但筆者認為，若深入了解、探討，亦會發現宗教因素在其間所扮演之重要角色。本研究試著從以色列境內的宗教錫安主義，晚近屯墾區運動代表－忠信社群(Gush Emunim)之發展及影響為例，進一步探討其如何影響以巴之間的衝突和中東局勢。

在第二章「忠信社群的發展歷程」部分，筆者首先探討錫安主義和忠信社群的關係。錫安主義為世俗化的猶太知識份子所推動的民族主義運動，長久以來遭受許多人的反對，其中特別是猶太教團體的抗議和攻擊，本研究將探討忠信社群為何會接受並承認此項運動。接著筆者也將探討忠信社群的崛起和發展，以進一步了解他們興起和發展的原因，背景為何。最後，筆者也將他們和其他猶太教團體做個比較，以凸顯他們的差異性，並進而了解他們的特色為何。

在第三章「忠信社群的宗教信念」部分筆者首先探討他們的末世觀和救贖觀。對忠信社群而言，他們相信自身活在末世的氛圍當中，隨著以色列的建國，和一連串的戰爭，佔領行動，他們相信彌賽亞救贖計畫已經展開，本研究將探討他們是如何根據經典和著名的拉比著作來詮釋這些行為和現象。接著筆者也會探討他們的信念核心之一：猶太人和土地的神聖性。最後，筆者將探討他們對反對者的看法。

在第四章「忠信社群在現代以色列和猶太教之間所扮演的角色」部分筆者將探討他們對以色列政治、社會和傳統猶太教的影響。其中會提到他們如何透過政治，社會的力量來動員，推動群眾支持他們的屯墾理念。此外，也將說明他們如何回應傳統猶太教的挑戰和敵視。

在第五章「彌賽亞理論，基本教義理論與忠信社群」部分筆者試圖透過彌賽亞理論基本教義理論來檢視忠信社群。相信此探討能幫助我們更加了解忠信社群。並透過此研究，也期待能夠和彌賽亞理論，基本教義理論進行對話。畢竟彌賽亞理論和基本教義理論只是一個泛稱，許多學者對其的界定有所不同，而每個宗教內部的彌賽亞理論，基本教義特色也有所不同。

在第六章「結論」部分將本論文的研究主題做一簡單回顧，綜合各章節的討論結果，並以當代的彌賽亞理論和基本教義理論的反省做為總結。
參考文獻 一、中文專著：
1. 小哥德史密特(Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr.)著，蔡百銓譯，《中東史》，（臺北市：國立編譯館，2003）。
2. 佛萊曼(Friedman, Thomas L.)著，戚友譯，《從貝魯特到耶路撒冷》，（臺北市：時報文化，1994）。
3. 湯浦森（Damian Thompson）著，賈士蘅譯，《時間的終點》，（臺北市 : 揚智文化，1999）。
4. 道思科(Dosick, Wayne)著，劉幸枝譯，《猶太信仰之旅》，（臺北縣新店市：聖經資源中心，2006）
5. 愛德華．薩依德（Edward Said）著，單德興譯，《權力，政治與文化：薩依德訪談集》，（台北：麥田，2005）。
6. 蔡彥仁，《天啓與救贖 : 西洋上古的末世思想》，（臺北縣新店市 : 立緖文化，2001）。
二、 中文碩士論文：
1. 包修平，《哈瑪斯與以巴和平進程之研究》，國立政治大學外交研究所，碩士論文，2006年。
2. 吳忻宇，《歐洲聯盟在以巴衝突中的政策立場與作為: 1990-2005》，淡江大學歐洲研究所，碩士論文，2005年。
3. 李宗芬，《以埃和平條約簽訂後中東和平的努力(1979-1984)》，國立台灣大學政治研究所，碩士論文，1984年。
4. 張聖祺，《以阿衝突與和解的過程》，國立政治大學外交研究所，碩士論文，1995年。
5. 黃旭詮，《柯林頓政府調停以巴和談之策略》，淡江大學美國研究所，碩士論文，2005年。
6. 曾麗敏，《美國和平路徑圖政策之研究》，國立中山大學政治學研究所，碩士論文，2005年。
7. 葉斯讚，《以色列牌與美國在中東地區的國家利益之研究，一九七三∼一九七九年》，淡江大學美國研究所，碩士論文，1993年。
8. 盧明然，《卡特政府以阿政策之研究－兼論大衛營協定之架構與本質》，淡江大學美國研究所，碩士論文，1987年。
9. 韓維倫，《英國託管時期（1917-1948）巴勒斯坦地區的阿猶衝突問題之分析》，南華大學歐洲研究所，碩士論文，2006年。
三、英文專著：
1. Appleby, R. Scott, Spokesmen for the Despised-Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East(Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1997).
2. Aronson,Geoffrey, Israel, Palestinians, and the Intifada : Creating Facts on the West Bank (London:Kegan Paul International,1987).
3. Bahiri, Simcha,Construction and Housing in the West Bank and Gaza( Boulder,:Westview Press,1990).
4. Benvenisti,Meron,Intimate Enemies : Jews and Arabs in a Shared Land(Berkeley:University of California Press,1995).
5. Berger, Peter(ed.), The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics(Washington, D.C:The Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1999).
6. Berger, Peter,The Sacred Canopy : Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion(New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc,1969)
7. Bergman,Yaakov Moshe,A Question Of Redemption-Can Modern State of Israel be the Beginning of Redemptions?(Jerusalem:Kol Mevaser Publications,2004).
8. Brynen,Rex,Echoes of the Intifada : Regional Repercussions of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict(Boulder:Westview Press,1990).
9. Caplan,Lionel,Studies in Religious Fundamentalism(Albany : State University of New York Press,1990) .
10. Cohn, Norman,The Pursuit of the Millennium : Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages(New York : Oxford University Press, 1970).
11. Friedman,Robert I,Zealots For Zion-Inside Israel’s West Bank Settlement Movement(New York:Random House,1992).
12. Gorenberg,Gershom,The End of Days-Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount(New York:Oxford University Press,2000).
13. Halper,Jeff,Between Redemption and Revival,The Jewish Yishuv of Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century(Boulder:Westview Press,1991).
14. Harkabi, Yehoshafat,Israel`s Fateful Hour(New York :Harper & Row,1988).
15. Hebrew-English Edition of the Babylonian Talmud,trans. Rabbi Dayan H. M. Lazarus(London: The Soncino Press Ltd.,1987).
16. Kepel,Gilles,The Revenge of God-The Resurgence of Islam,Christianity and Judaism in the Modern World(University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press,1995).
17. Kook, Abraham Isaac,The Essential Writings of Abraham Isaac Kook(New Jersey:Ben Yehuda Press, 2006).
18. Kook,Zvi Yehuda,translated and edited by Tzvi Fishman,commentary by Rabbi David Samson,Torat Eretz Yisrael:The teachings of Harav Tzvi Yehuda Hacohen Kook(Jerusalem:Torat Eretz Yisrael Publications,1992).
19. Lucas, Noah,The Modern History of Israel(New York:Praeger Publishers, 1975).
20. Lustick,Ian,For the Land and the Lord-Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel(New York :Council on Foreign Relations,1988) .
21. Maimonides,Moses,translated by Abraham Halkin,Crisis and Leadership:Epistles of Maimonides(Philadelphia:the Jewish Publication Society of America,1985).
22. Maimonides,Moses,translated by Abraham Hershman,The Code of Maimonides (Mishneh Torah): Book 14, The Book of Judges(New Haven, Conn:Yale University Press,1949)
23. Marty, Martin E. and R.Scott Appleby,Fundamentalisms Observed(Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1994).
24. Medding, Peter Y,Jews and Violence-Images,Ideologies,Realities(New York :Oxford University Press,2002).
25. Merkl, Peter H. and Leonard Weinberg,Encounters with the Contemporary Radical Right(Boulder :Westview Press,1993).
26. Mintz, Jerome R.,Hasidic People: A Place in the New World(Cambridge,Mass: Harvard University Press, 1998).
27. Morrison, David,The Gush: Center of Modern Religious Zionism(New York:Gefen Books,2003)
28. Myers, Jody Elizabeth,Seeking Zion: Modernity and Messianic Activism in the Writings of Zevi Hirsch Kalischer(Oxford ; Portland, Or.:Littman Library of Jewish Civilization,2003).
29. Newman, David,The Impact of Gush Emunim : Politics and Settlement in the West Bank(London : Croom Helm,1985).
30. Nielsen, Niels Christian,Fundamentalism,Mythos and World Religions(Albany, N.Y:State University of New York Press,1993).
31. Peleg,Ilan,Israel`s National Security Policy(Westport, Conn:Greenwood Press,1988).
32. Perry,Mark,A Fire in Zion : The Israeli-Palestinian Search for Peace(New York:William Morrow and Company,1994).
33. Prior,Michael,Speaking The Truth: Zionism, Israel, And Occupation(Northampton :Interlink, 2004).
34. Ravitzky, Aviezer,Messianism,Zionism,and Jewish Religious Radicalism(Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1996).
35. Rubinstein, Amnon ,Zionist Dream Revisted-From Herzl to Gush Emunim and Back(New York : Schocken Books,1984).
36. Sachar,Abram Leon,A History of the Jews(New York:Knopf,1965).
37. Schnall, David J.,Radical Dissent in Contemporary Israeli Politics-Cracks in the Wall(New York:Praeger Publishers,1979).
38. Scholem,Gershom Gerhard,Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah: 1626-1676(New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1973).
39. Scholem,Gershom Gerhard,The Messianic Idea in Judaism and Other Essays in Jewish Spirituality(New York:Schocken Books,1971).
40. Segal,Haggai,Dear Brothers: The West Bank Jewish Underground(Woodmere, N.Y. : Beit Shamai Publications,1988).
41. Shahak,Israel,Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel (London:Pluto Press ,1999).
42. Shiner,Larry,Religion`s Influence in Contemporary Society :Readings in the Sociology of Religion(Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company,1967).
43. Solomon, Norman,Judaism : A Very Short Introduction(New York:Oxford University Press,1996).
44. Sprinzak,Ehud, The Ascendance of Israel Radical Right (New York:Oxford University Press,1991).
45. Szasz,Ferenc Morton,The Divided Mind of Protestant America, 1880-1920 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1982).
46. Teichtal,Yisachar Shlomo,Eim HaBanim Semeichah－Eretz Yisrael, Redemption and Unity(Jerusalem:Kol Mevaser Publications,2000).
47. The Talmud of the Land of Israel,trans. T. Zahavy(Chicago:University of Chicago, 1989).
48. Wallace,Anthony,Religion: An Anthropological View(New York:Random House,1966).
49. Weisburd,David,Jewish Settler Violence-Deviance as Social Reaction(University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press, 1989).
50. Wilson,Bryan,Religion in Secular Society: A Sociological Comment(California: Watts & Co., Ltd,1966).
51. Worsley,Peter,The Trumpet Shall Sound:A Study of Cargo Cults in Melanesia(New York : Schocken Books,1986).
52. Yakov M. Rabin ,A Threat From Within: A Century of Jewish Opposition to Zionism(Black Point, N.S. : Fernwood, 2006).
四、英文論文部分：
1. Aviad,Janet,“Gush Emunim: Roots and Ambiguities,”Forum on the Jewish People, Zionism and Israel,25:2(1976),pp.39-50.
2. Aviad,Janet,“The Contemporary Israeli Pursuit of the Millennium,”Religion,Volume 14(1984),pp.199-222.
3. Avruch,Kevin,“Gush Emunim: Politics, Religion, and Ideology,”Israel,Middle East Review,Volume XI, No. 2(Winter 1978-79),pp.26-31.
4. Avruch,Kevin,“Gush Emunim:The "Iceberg Model" of Extremism Reconsidered,”Middle East Review ,Volume XXI, No. 1(Winter 1988),pp.27-33.
5. Berger, Peter,“Epistemological Modesty:An Interview with Peter Berger,”Christian Century ,Volume 114(1997),pp.972-975.
6. Funkenstein, Amos,“Maimonides:Political Theory and Realistic Messianism,”in Miscellany Mediaevalia Band 11:Die Machte des Guten und Bosen(Berlin and New York:Walter de Gruyer,1977),p.103.
7. Lustick, Ian,“Dangerous Fundamentalists,”Foreign Policy,Number 68(Fall 1987),pp. 118-139.
8. Marty, Martin E, “ Fundamentals of Fundamentalism,” in Lawrence Kaplan(ed.), Fundamentalism in Comparative Perspective, (The University of Masschusetts Press, 1992) ,pp.18-23.
9. Newman,David,“Gush Emunim,Between Fundamentalism and Pragmatism,”The Jerusalem Quarterly,Number 39(Spring 1986),pp.33-43.
10. Shahak,Israel,“The Ideology of Jewish Messianism,”Race & Class,37:2(1995),pp.81-91.
11. Sprinzak ,Ehud,“Extreme Politics in Israel,”The Jerusalem Quarterly,Number 5(Fall 1977),pp.35-37.
12. Sprinzak,Ehud, “Gush Emunim: The Tip of the Iceberg,”The Jerusalem Quarterly, Number 21 (Fall 1981), pp.28-47.
13. Wallace, Anthony,“Revitalization Movements,”American Anthropologist,Volume 58:2(1956),pp.264-281.
五、電子文獻
1.“After 5,000 dead, hopes slim of ending ME bloodshed,”< http://www.palestinemonitor.org/nueva_web/articles/features/hope_slim_bloodshed.htm >,3 May 2007.
2.“Angry Response to Neturei Karta Prayers for Arafat,”<http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=71966 >, 12 November 2006.
3. “ Aspen`s only full-time rabbi,”< http://www.shmais.com/chabad_Detail.cfm?ID=285>,15 November 2006.
4. “I have no regrets－Law student confesses to killing Rabin,”<http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/amir/index.html>,21 January 2007.
5.“Immigration to Israel since 1948,”< http://www.jafi.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/Press+Room/Aliyah+Statistics/dec20.htm>,13 January 2007.
6. “Israel and the Occupied Territories:
The place of the fence/wall in international law,”<http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engmde150162004>,19 January 2007.
7.“Israeli Non/Cooperation With UN,ICRC,Etc,”<http://www.geocities.com/savepalestinenow/unresolutions/studyguide/sgunres1b.html>,17 January 2007.
8.“Quotes by U.S. Government Officials on Israeli Settlements,”<http://www.cmep.org/documents/settlements.htm>,16 January 2007.
9.“ Sharon likely to face new elections,”<http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/27/1098667842401.html>,23 January 2007.
10.“Settlements List,”<http://www.peacenow.org.il/site/en/peace.asp?pi=57>,15 September 2006.
11.“The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement –Hamas,”<http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP109206>,15 September 2006.
12.“The International Christian Embassy, Jerusalem : A Case Study in Political Christian Zionism,”< http://www.cc-vw.org/articles/icejmelisende.htm >, 11 November 2006.
13.“Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State,”<http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/6640/zion/judenstchpt4a.html >,20 April 2007.
14.“The Road Map,”<http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/israel-palestine/peace/roadindex.htm>,25 January 2007.
15.“US to trim Loan Guarantees for Israel,”<http://www.chinadaily.net/en/doc/2003-11/26/content_284970.htm>, 17 January 2007.
16. “World Zionist Federation: Settlement in Judea and Samaria strategy, policy and plans,”< https://lists.resist.ca/pipermail/project-x/2003-May/003675.html >,15 November 2006.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
宗教研究所
92156014
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0921560142
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蔡彥仁zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蔡業聖zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 蔡業聖zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 17:02:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 17:02:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 17:02:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0921560142en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33558-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 宗教研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92156014zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隨著猶太人在巴勒斯坦的立國，中東地區的國際關係開始急速緊張。一九六七年六月的六日戰爭，雖然讓以色列在中東地區站穩腳跟，卻帶給信奉伊斯蘭的阿拉伯世界莫大的羞辱。在政治，種族，經濟利益與宗教等多種因素的交互作用下，中東地區成為二次大戰後國際情勢的火藥庫。謀求和解的計畫雖然多次被提出，卻始終未能獲得令人滿意的成果。

透過相關研究，筆者發現以巴衝突中，除了政治是個很重要的因素之外，宗教社群意識所帶來的影響，亦不容小覷。長久以來，由於其獨特政經背景與地理環境，以色列各層面議題，令許多研究者嘗試由不同面向，如政治、經濟、社會、或人類學等殊異角度來探究、觀察以巴情勢。但筆者認為，若深入了解、探討，亦會發現宗教因素在其間所扮演之重要角色。本研究試著從以色列境內的宗教錫安主義，晚近屯墾區運動代表－忠信社群(Gush Emunim)之發展及影響為例，進一步探討其如何影響以巴之間的衝突和中東局勢。

在第二章「忠信社群的發展歷程」部分，筆者首先探討錫安主義和忠信社群的關係。錫安主義為世俗化的猶太知識份子所推動的民族主義運動，長久以來遭受許多人的反對，其中特別是猶太教團體的抗議和攻擊，本研究將探討忠信社群為何會接受並承認此項運動。接著筆者也將探討忠信社群的崛起和發展，以進一步了解他們興起和發展的原因，背景為何。最後，筆者也將他們和其他猶太教團體做個比較，以凸顯他們的差異性，並進而了解他們的特色為何。

在第三章「忠信社群的宗教信念」部分筆者首先探討他們的末世觀和救贖觀。對忠信社群而言，他們相信自身活在末世的氛圍當中，隨著以色列的建國，和一連串的戰爭，佔領行動，他們相信彌賽亞救贖計畫已經展開，本研究將探討他們是如何根據經典和著名的拉比著作來詮釋這些行為和現象。接著筆者也會探討他們的信念核心之一：猶太人和土地的神聖性。最後，筆者將探討他們對反對者的看法。

在第四章「忠信社群在現代以色列和猶太教之間所扮演的角色」部分筆者將探討他們對以色列政治、社會和傳統猶太教的影響。其中會提到他們如何透過政治，社會的力量來動員，推動群眾支持他們的屯墾理念。此外，也將說明他們如何回應傳統猶太教的挑戰和敵視。

在第五章「彌賽亞理論，基本教義理論與忠信社群」部分筆者試圖透過彌賽亞理論基本教義理論來檢視忠信社群。相信此探討能幫助我們更加了解忠信社群。並透過此研究，也期待能夠和彌賽亞理論，基本教義理論進行對話。畢竟彌賽亞理論和基本教義理論只是一個泛稱，許多學者對其的界定有所不同，而每個宗教內部的彌賽亞理論，基本教義特色也有所不同。

在第六章「結論」部分將本論文的研究主題做一簡單回顧，綜合各章節的討論結果，並以當代的彌賽亞理論和基本教義理論的反省做為總結。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究回顧 12
第三節 章節安排 26

第二章 忠信社群的發展歷程 29
第一節 「錫安主義」和忠信社群的關係 29
第二節 忠信社群的崛起和發展 36
第三節 忠信社群和其他猶太教團體的差異性 43
　
第三章 忠信社群的世界觀 52
第一節 末世、彌賽亞與救贖 52
第二節 猶太人和土地的神聖性 62
第三節 對反對者的看法 66

第四章 忠信社群的影響力 72
第一節 對猶太教的影響 72
第二節 對以色列政治、社會的影響 74
第三節 對中東局勢的影響 76

第五章 宗教世俗化、基本教義、彌賽亞主義與忠信社群 83
第一節 宗教世俗化 83
第二節 基本教義 87
第三節 彌賽亞主義 92

第六章 結論 97

附錄一 忠信社群大事年表 102

附錄二 地圖和圖表 106

參考文獻 110		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0921560142en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 以巴衝突zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 忠信社群zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 猶太教zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 彌賽亞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 屯墾區zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 當代以巴衝突的宗教因素-以忠信社群(Gush Emunim)之發展和影響為例zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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