| dc.contributor.advisor | 周陽山 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Chou, Yangsun | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 蕭瓊英 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | Hsiao, Chiung-Ying | en_US |
| dc.creator (作者) | 蕭瓊英 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | Hsiao, Chiung-Ying | en_US |
| dc.date (日期) | 2002 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 17-Sep-2009 17:42:29 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 17-Sep-2009 17:42:29 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 17-Sep-2009 17:42:29 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | G0086263009 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33617 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 俄羅斯研究所 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 86263009 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 91 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 無論是沙皇政權或是蘇維埃政權，都會在侵略併吞而來的土地上實行俄化或是蘇維埃化的政策，希望能建立一個大一統的國家，創造一個享有共同文化、共同語言、甚至是有共同認同的民族。但是，1991年蘇聯的解體，不只打破了蘇共創造「蘇維埃民族」的美夢，還證明了蘇聯民族政策的嚴重錯誤。 19世紀以前，進入波海地區的俄羅斯人數量並不多。19世紀之後，沙皇政府開始在此區實行大規模的俄化，並開始將大批的俄羅斯人遷移至此。從第一次世界大戰以後到第二次世界大戰這段期間，波海三國享有了一段短暫的獨立國家時期。這個時期，基本上，波海三國對其境內的俄羅斯人是採取尊重的態度。第二次世界大戰爆發，因為德蘇密約的簽訂，使波海三國再次地被蘇聯併吞。史達林佔領波海三國之後，立刻大規模地流放波海三國的人民，並將大批的俄羅斯人引進，使愛沙尼亞與拉脫維亞兩國在人口統計學上的俄化情形十分嚴重。 1985年戈巴契夫上台以後，波海三國利用改革的機會，追求獨立，最後，以非暴力的方式獲得成功，重建獨立國家。波海三國獨立以後，俄羅斯人的地位有了很大的改變，一下子從優勢的統治地位變成弱勢的少數民族。愛沙尼亞與拉脫維亞因為懷疑俄羅斯人的忠誠度以及擔心會被滅族，所以採取了排外的公民權法，使大部分的俄羅斯人都無法獲得公民權。另外，因為大部分的俄羅斯人都不會說愛沙尼亞語或拉脫維亞語，所以不僅在取得公民權上有困難，在經濟與社會處境上也變得比較差。至於俄羅斯人的認同，可以說是複雜的。大多數的俄羅斯人在政治上是對所居住的共和國忠誠，在文化上還是認為自己是屬於俄羅斯文化的一部份。至於立陶宛，賦予境內大部分的俄羅斯人公民權，因此，立陶宛的族群關係較緩和。 俄羅斯政府自認為是境外俄羅斯人權益的捍衛者，但是，對於波海三國的少數民族政策所能造成的影響並不大。相反地，西方政府的批評與建議常常能成功地影響波海三國的決策。主要的原因在於波海三國急切地想回歸歐洲、西方政府與組織能提供援助、滿足國家安全需求與歐安組織派遣使節到愛、拉兩國。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | No matter what it was the Czar’s regime or the Soviet government, it would always implement a policy of Russification or Sovietization on invaded lands, in order to establish a united nation with common culture, shared the same language and national identity. However, since the breaking down of the Soviet Union in 1991, not only the dream of the ‘Soviet People’ broke down, but it also suggested a misleading of ethnic-national policy.Before the 19th century, there were not many Russians in the Baltic area. After the 19th century, the Czar’s regime started to implement the policy of Russification on a large scale, and it also moved many Russians to settle there. During the period of the First World War and the Second World War, the Baltic States had enjoyed a short period as independent nations. In this period, the Baltic States basically treated the Russians within their states with respect. Because Germany and Russia had signed a treaty before the Second World War, therefore, when the war erupted, the Baltic States were once again occupied by the Russia. After Stalin took over the Baltic States, he exiles people from the Baltic States on a large scale, while moving many Russians into these countries. As a result, Estonia and Latvia were seriously Russificated demogranphically.In 1985, Gorbachev gained the power. While the Russia government was reforming its political entity, the Baltic States seized the opportunity to go independent. They successfully gained their independence through non-violent method and rebuild themselves as independent states. Ever since the Baltic States became independent, the status of the Russians within their regions had changed rapidly. The Russians were once the dominant ruling class and suddenly became the ruled minority. Estonia and Latvia are concerned with the issues of royalty of the Russian people, also they were worried that they would become extinct as an ethnic group, therefore, they adopted an exclusive citizenship laws. Because most of the Russians could not speak Estonian and Latvian languages, therefore, they had difficulties to acquire the citizenship and they also did poorly financially and politically within these two nations. As for the notion of the Russian identity, it was a very complicated issue. Most Russians are politically royal to the Republics they reside, but culturally they still considered themselves as part of the Russian culture. In Lithuania, it granted most of the Russians that reside in its nation the citizenship; therefore, the ethnic relationship within the country was less tense comparatively.Russian government always views itself as the protector of the rights of its people that reside in other countries. However, this does not affect the policies regarding the minority in the Baltic States. On the other hand, the criticism and suggestions from the western governments can often affect the process of the policy-making in the Baltic States. The main reason is that the Baltic States are eager to return to Europe, and they can acquire aids from the western governments and organizations, securing their nations. Another reason is Estonia and Latvia hopefully get rid of the representatives from OSCE as soon as possible. | en_US |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 內 容 目 錄第一章 緒論•••••••••••••••••••••1第一節 研究動機與目的••••••••••••••3第二節 研究方法與限制••••••••••••••4第三節 研究範圍與架構••••••••••••••5第四節 文獻分析•••••••••••••••••6第五節 名詞解釋•••••••••••••••••10第二章 蘇聯解體前波海三國境內的俄羅斯人及其處境•••13第一節 帝俄與蘇聯的民族政策•••••••••••15第二節 1940年以前波海三國與俄羅斯的關係•••••27第三節 1940年到1985年波海三國與蘇聯的關係••••37第四節 小結•••••••••••••••••••59第三章 蘇聯解體與波海三國的獨立運動•••••••••61第一節 戈巴契夫改革與波海三國的民族問題•••••63第二節 立陶宛的獨立運動•••••••••••••72第三節 愛沙尼亞的獨立運動••••••••••••77第四節 拉脫維亞的獨立運動••••••••••••82第五節 小結•••••••••••••••••••85第四章 波海三國獨立後的俄羅斯人處境•••••••••87第一節 政治地位與公民身份••••••••••••89第二節 經濟與社會處境••••••••••••••103第三節 語言與文化氛圍••••••••••••••118第四節 民族與國家認同••••••••••••••126第五節 小結•••••••••••••••••••135第五章 國際反應與波海三國各國的回應態度•••••••137第一節 俄國的態度••••••••••••••••139第二節 歐盟的態度••••••••••••••••143第三節 小結•••••••••••••••••••149第六章 結論•••••••••••••••••••••151參考文獻•••••••••••••••••••••••157附錄•••••••••••••••••••••••••165 附錄一：蘇聯各加盟共和國中，俄羅斯人所佔的比••••167 附錄二：波海三國與俄羅斯的位置圖••••••••••168附錄三：波羅的海三國概況••••••••••••••169附錄四：三國重要城市位置圖•••••••••••••171附錄五：蘇聯、俄羅斯聯邦與波海三國的國旗與國徽•••173表 目 錄表1-1 「離散民族」的一般特點和各共和國境內俄羅斯人的情況••••••••••••••••••••••• 12表2-1 蘇聯各共和國內本地人（indigenous）與俄羅斯人(Russians)組成的比例••••••••••••••••••• 25表2-2 波海三國，1989年各國境內主要民族的數量；1930年代、1959年、1970年、1979年、1989年各國主要民族在全國人口中所佔的比例以及1959年到1989年該比例的變化。•••••••••••••••••••••••39表2-3 1930年-1980年波海三國共黨規模與三國本國人在黨中所佔的比例••••••••••••••••••••••43表2-4 波海三國1950-1979年人口的增加••••••••••46表2-5 波海三國1939-1980年全國總人口數與本國族人所佔的比例••••••••••••••••••••••••46表2-6 波海三國人民以俄文為第二語言的比例••••••••48表2-7 1945-55年波海三國人口的改變•••••••••••54表2-8 蘇聯和波海三國的出生率和死亡率，1940-1980年•••55表4-1 2000年愛沙尼亞境內各族群擁有公民權的人數比例••••••••••••••••••••••••94表4-2 拉脫維亞境內各族群中公民與非公民的人數與比例(1994年1月) •••••••••••••••••••••••96表4-3 波海三國公民權法的比較••••••••••••••102表4-4 愛沙尼亞淨移民人數(1985-1994年) •••••••••106表4-5 愛沙尼亞境內主要民族組成狀況與比例變化(1989年與2000年) •••••••••••••••••••••••108表4-6 拉脫維亞境內族群比例的消長(1989年與2000年) •••110表4-7 立陶宛境內族群組成情況比較••••••••••••111表4-8本地人口與俄化人口的勞動市場參與率與失業率••••••••••••••••••••••••113表4-9 在過去一年當中（1994），波海三國中本國人與俄羅斯家庭收支狀況••••••••••••••••••••••114表4-10 累計的社會排斥指數（Additive Index of Social Exclusion）••••••••••••••••••••116表 4-11 愛沙尼亞與拉脫維亞兩國境內，俄語人口(主要是俄羅斯人)在蘇聯解體前(1990年6-8月)、後(1992年)，國家認同的比較•••••••••••••••••••••••128表4-12 波海三國境內俄羅斯人對俄羅斯政府及其所居住的政府的評價•••••••••••••••••••••••129表 4-13 境外俄羅斯人可能產生的認同•••••••••••132圖 目 錄圖2-1 愛沙尼亞與拉脫維亞境內俄羅斯人大量聚集居住的區域••• •••••••••••••••••••••••• 57圖3-1 1989年4月、9月及1990年5月愛沙尼亞人與非愛沙尼亞人對「愛沙尼亞自蘇聯完全獨立出來」的支持度調查••••••••••••••••••••••••78圖4-1 波海三國境內俄羅斯人的居住年數(1993年末所做的調查) •••••••••••••••••••••••105圖4-2 自愛沙尼亞移民到俄羅斯的人數(1990-1992) •••••107圖4-3 拉脫維亞移民狀況（1961年-1992年）••••••••109圖4-4 自拉脫維亞移民到俄羅斯的人數(1990-1992) •••••109圖4-5 自立陶宛移民到俄羅斯的人數(1990-1992) ••••••110圖4-6 1989年與2000年拉脫維亞境內各民族會脫維亞語的比例•••••••••••••••••••••••124圖4-7 波海三國的地方自治•••••••••••••••131 | zh_TW |
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| dc.language.iso | en_US | - |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0086263009 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 波海三國 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 愛沙尼亞 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 拉脫維亞 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 立陶宛 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 蘇維埃化 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 俄化 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 境外俄羅斯人 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 俄羅斯少數民族 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 公民權 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 民族認同 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Baltic States | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Estonia | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Latvia | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Lithuania | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Sovietization | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Russification | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Russian Abroad | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Russian Minority | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Russian Diaspora | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Citizenship | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | National Identity | en_US |
| dc.title (題名) | 波羅的海三國中俄羅斯人地位的轉變─蘇聯解體前後的比較分析 | zh_TW |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 一､中文文獻 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 書籍： | zh_TW |
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| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 李邁先，俄國史（上卷），國立編譯館出版，正中書局發行，民國84年初版九刷。 | zh_TW |
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| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 期刊： | zh_TW |
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| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 博碩士論文： | zh_TW |
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