1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of International Affairs
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 喬治亞(2003)、烏克蘭(2004)與吉爾吉斯(2005)政權替換之研究
A Study of Regime Change in Georgia(2003), Ukraine(2004) and Kyrgyzstan(2005)
作者 王正廷
Wang, Cheng Ting
貢獻者 林永芳
Lin, Yung Fang
王正廷
Wang, Cheng Ting
關鍵詞 政權替換
競爭選舉
喬治亞
烏克蘭
吉爾吉斯
regime change
competitive election
Georgia
Ukraine
Kyrgyzstan
日期 2007
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 17:43:33 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文目的在於探討喬治亞、烏克蘭與吉爾吉斯等三國，其政權替換的經過。政權替換為什麼會發生？這三個國家政權替換發生的情況有何不同？而反對勢力又是如何出現？一些共同的成功因素在個別國家有無程度上的不同？經由文獻回顧，作者指出這一波政權替換發生的主要因素：選舉競爭性的來源、反對勢力與政權正當性危機的出現、外國影響與獲得資訊能力。

本文認為這三個國家在面臨不同的背景條件與政治環境之下，透過選舉的舉行，使各個國家出現不同的反對勢力起源，形成對當權者的挑戰。而選舉舞弊造成統治者的正當性危機，加上在不同程度的資訊獲得能力影響下的群眾示威，導致政權危在旦夕。最後，示威群眾的策略與統治者的個人決斷，促成了政權替換。
The purpose of this study is to explore the process of regime change in Georgia, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan. Why did regime change happen? What are the differences between these three cases? How did the opposition emerge? Did the common factors of successful regime change have varied degree in each country? Through a literature review, the author points out the main factors of this wave of regime change: the source of election competitiveness, the emergence of opposition vis-à-vis the regime legitimacy crisis, and foreign influence of information accessibility.

The thesis argues that the elections held in these three countries with different backgrounds and political environments contributed to various origins of opposition forces against the authorities. Electoral frauds led to the crisis of regime legitimacy. In addition, under the influence of different level of information accessibility, public demonstration put the ruling regime into an imminent crisis. Finally, the strategies of mass protest and the incumbents’ decisions resulted in regime change.
參考文獻 一、專書
王玉民，社會科學研究方法原理 (臺北市: 洪葉文化，民83)。
呂亞力，政治學方法論 (台北市: 三民書局，民86)。
Andrew Heywood 著，楊日青等 譯，最新政治學新論 (台北市，韋伯出版社，民91)。

Anderson, John, Kyrgyzstan: central asia"s island of democracy? (HarwoodAcademic Publishers,Amsterdam, 1999).
Åslund, Anders and Mcfaul, Michael (eds.), Revolution in Orange: The Origins of
Ukraine"s Democratic Breakthrough (Washington D.C, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006).
Beetham, David, The legitimation of power (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and London : Macmillan Education, 1991).
Birch, Sarah, Election and Democratization in Ukraine (Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 2000).
Dahl, Robert A., Polyarchy, Participation and Opposition (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 1971).
Dawisha, Karen and Parrott, Bruce (eds.),Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
Doorenspleet, Renske, Democratic Transitions :Eexploring the Structural Sources of
the Fourth Wave (Boulder, Colo. : Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005).
Huntington, Samuel P., The Third Wave: Democratization in the Last Twentieth Century (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
Karumidze, Zurab and Wertsch, James V. (eds.), “Enouth!” The Rose Revolution in the Republic of Georgia 2003(New York: New Science, 2005).
Kuzio, Taras, Ukraine : perestroika to independence, 2nd ed. (Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 2000) .
Linz, Juan and Stepan, Alfred, Problems of democratic transition and consolidation : southern Europe, South America, and post-communist Europe (Baltimore, Md. : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
Lipset, Seymour Martin, Political Man：The Social Bases of Politics, Expanded ed .(Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
Luong, Pauline Jones, Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
McFaul, Michael and Stoner-Weiss, Kathryn (eds.), After the Collapse of Communism: Comparative Lessons of Transition (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Mommsen, Wolfgang J., The Political and Social Theory of Max Weber: Collected Essays (UK : Polity Press, 1989).
Schedler, Andres (eds.), Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition (Boulder, Colo. : L. Rienner Publishers, 2006).
Wheatley, Jonathan, Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution: Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union (Burlington, Vt. : Ashgate, 2005).
Wilson, Andrew, Ukraine`s Orange Revolution (London : Yale University Press, 2005).
二、期刊文章
陳美芬，「文獻評論：“Russia, USA, and the ‘Color Revolutions’ ”by V.I. Batyuk」，臺灣民主季刊，第4卷第1期(2007年3月)， 頁：213~216。
龍舒甲，「格魯吉亞的政局發展：民主選舉與民族衝突」，問題與研究，第35卷第5期(1996)， 頁：63-72。
吳玉山，「顏色革命的許諾與侷限」，臺灣民主季刊，第4卷第2期(2007)， 頁：67~112。
Abazov, Rafis, “The parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan, February 2000”, Electoral Studies, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Sep. 2003), pp. 545-552.
Alisson, Lincoln, “The Georgian Elections of November 1995”, Electoral Studies,
Vol. 15, Iss. 2 (May 1998), p. 275-280.
Anable, David, “The Role of Georgia"s Media- and Western Aid - in the Rose
Revolution”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol.11, No. 3 (Summer
2006), pp. 7-43.
Beissinger, Mark R., “Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The
Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions”, Perspectives on Politics,
Vol. 5, No. 2 (June 2007), pp. 259-276.
Bielasiak, Jack, “Regime Diversity and Electoral Systems in Post-Communism”,
Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Dec. 2006),
pp. 407-430.
Binnendijk, Anika Locke, and Marovic, Ivan, “Power and persuasion: Nonviolent
strategies to influence state security forces in Serbia (2000) and Ukraine (2004)”,
Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 39, Iss. 3 (Sep. 2006), pp.411-429.
Birch, Sarah, “Interpreting the Regional Effect in Ukrainian Politics”, Europe-Asia
Studies, Vol. 52, No. 6 (Sep. 2000), pp. 1017-1041.
Birch, Sarah, “The parliamentary elections in Ukraine, March 2002”, Electoral
Studies, Vol.22 , No. 3, pp. 524-531.
Birch, Sarah, ” The presidential election in Ukraine, October 1999”, Electoral Studies,
Vol. 21, No. 2 (June 2003), pp. 339-345.
Birch, Sarah, ”The Ukrainian Parliamentary and Presidential Elections of 1994”,
Electoral Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1(March 1995), pp. 93-99.
Birch, Sarah, “The Ukrainian Repeat Elections of 1995”, Electoral Studies, Vol.15,
No. 2 ( May 1996), pp. 281-282.
Broers, Laurence, “After the ‘revolution’: civil society and the challenges of
consolidating democracy in Georgia”, Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Sep. 2005), pp. 333-350.
Bunce, Valerie and Wolchik, Sharon L., “Favorable Conditions and Electoral Revolutions”, Journal od Democracy, Vol. 17, Iss. 4 (Oct. 2007), pp. 5-18.
Bunce, Valerie and Wolchik, Sharon L., “International Diffusion and Postcommunist Electoral Revolutions”, Communist and Post- communist Studies, Vol. 29, Iss. 3 (Sep. 2006), pp. 283-204.
Bunce, Valerie and Wolchik, Sharon L., “Transnational Networks, Diffusion Dynamics, and Electoral Revolutions in Postcommunist World”, Physica A, Vol. 378, Iss. 1 (1 May 2007) , pp. 92-99.
Bunce, Valerie and Wolchik, Sharon, “Youth and Electoral Revolutions in Slovakia, Serbia, and Georgia”, SAIS Review, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Summer-Fall 2006), pp. 55-65.
Calingaert, Daniel, “Election Rigging and Hoe to Fight It’, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 17, Iss. 3 (July 2006), pp.138-151.
Collins, Kathleen, “The Logic of Clan Politics: Evidence from the Central Asian Trajectories”, World Poitics, Vol. 56, No. (Jan. 2004), pp. 224-261.
Cornell, Svante E., “Autonomy as A Source of Conflict: Caucasian Conflicts in Theoretical Perspective,” World Politics, Vol. 54, No. 2 (Jan. 2002), pp. 245-276.
Cornell, Svante E. and Swanström, Niklas L.P., “The Eurasian Drug Trade: A Challenge to Regional Security”, Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 53, No. 4(July-August 2006), pp. 10-28.
Diamond, Larry, “Thinking about Hybrid Regimes”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 2 (April 2002), pp. 21-35.
Devdariani, Joba, “Georgia: Rise and Fall of the Façade Democracy”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Winter 2004), pp. 79-115.
Dycok, Marta, “Breaking Through the Information Blockade: Election and Revolution in Ukraine 2004 ”, Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. 47, No. 3-4 (Sep. – Dec. 2005), pp. 241-264.
Fairbanks Jr., Charles H., “Georgia’s Rose Revolution.” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 15, No. 2 (April 2004), pp. 110-124.
Fairbanks Jr., Charles H., “Revolution Reconsidered”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan. 2007), pp.42-57.
Fenger, Menno, ”The Diffusion of Revolutions: Comparing Recent Regime Turnovers in Five Post-Communist Countries”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Winter 2007), pp. 5-27.
Fuhrmann, Matthew, “A Tale of Two Social Capitals: Revolutionary Collective Action in Kyrgyzstan", Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 53, No. 6 (Nov/Dec2006), pp.16-29.
Hale, Henry E., “Democracy or autocracy on the march? The colored revolutions as
normal dynamics of patronal presidentialism.", Communist and Post-Communist
Studies, Vol. 39, Iss.3 (Aug. 2006), pp. 305-329.
Hale, Henry E., "REGIME CYCLES: Democracy, Autocracy, and Revolution in Post-Soviet Eurasia", World Politics, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Oct. 2005), pp. 133-165.
Helbig, Adriana, “The Cyberpolitics of Music in Ukraine’s 2004 Orange Revolution”, Current Musicology, No. 82 (Fall 2006), pp. 81-102.
Herd, Graeme P., "Colorful Revolutions and the CIS : "Manufactured" Versus
"Managed" Democracy? ", Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 52, No. 2
(March/April 2005), pp. 3-18.
Huskey, Eugene, “Kyrgyzstan"s Tulip Revolution ”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Fall 2005), p. 483-489.
Huskey, Eugene, “The Rise of Contested Politics in Central Asia: Elections in Kyrgyzstan, 1989-90”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 47, No. 5 (Jul. 1995), pp. 813-833.
Khamidov, Alisher, “Kyrgyzstan"s Revolutionary Youth: Between State and Opposition”, SAIS Review, Vol. 26, No. 2(Summer 2006), pp. 85-93.
Klid, Bohdan, “Rock, Pop and Politics in Ukraine`s 2004 Presidential Campaign and Orange Revolution”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 23, No.1 (March 2007), pp. 118-137.
Kulikova, Svetlana V., and Perlmutter, David D., “Blogging Down the Dictator? : The
Kyrgyz Revolution and Samizdat Websites”, International Communication Gazette,
Vol. 69, No. 1 (2007), pp. 29-50.
Kuzio, Taras, “Civil society, youth and societal mobilization in democratic revolutions”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Sep. 2006), pp. 365-386.
Kuzio, Taras, “Democratic Breakthroughs and Revolutions in Five Postcommunist
Countries: Comparative Perspectives on the Fourth Wave”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Winter 2008), pp. 97-109.
Kuzio, Taras, “From Kuchma to Yushchenko: Ukraine" s 2004 Presidential Elections and the Orange Revolution”, Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 52, No. 2 ( March/April 2005), pp. 29-44.
Kubicek, Paul,“Regional Polarisation in Ukraine: Public Opinion, Voting and Legislative Behaviour”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Mar. 2000), pp. 273-294.
Kravchuk, Robert S.and Chudowsky, Victor, “Ukraine’s 1994 elections as an economic event”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 38, No.2 (June 2005), pp. 131-165
Kyj, Myroslaw J., “Internet use in Ukraine"s Orange Revolution”, Business Horizons, Vol. 49, No. 1 (Jan.-Feb. 2006), pp. 71-80.
Levitsky, Steve and Way, Lucan A., “International Linkage and Democratization”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 16, Iss. 3 (July 2005), pp. 20-34.
Levitsky, Steve and Way, Lucan A., “Linkage and Leverage: How Do International Factors Change Domestic Balances of Power?”, in Andres Schedler, eds., Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition (Boulder, Colo. : L. Rienner Publishers, 2006), ch. 12.
Levitsky, Steve and Way, Lucan A., “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 2 (April 2002), pp. 51-65.
Michael McFaul, “The Forth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Noncooperative Transitions in the Post-Communism World”, in Michael McFaul and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, eds., After the Collapse of Communism: Comparative Lessons of Transition (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004), ch. 2.
McFaul, Michael, “Transitions From Postcommunsim”, Journal of Democracy, Vol.12, Iss. 3 (July 2005) , pp. 5-19.
McFaul, Michael, “Ukraine Imports Democracy: External Influences on the Orange Revolution”, International Security, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Fall 2007), pp. 45–83.
Mitchell, Lincoln, “Georgia"s Rose Revolution”, Current History, Vol. 103, No. 675 (Oct. 2004), pp. 342-348.
.
Nikolayenko, Olena, “The Revolt of Post- Soviet Generation: Youth Movement in Serbia, Georgia, and Ukraine”, Comparative Politics, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Jan. 007), pp. 169-188.
Osipian, Ararat L., and Osipian, Alexandr L., “Why Donbass Votes for Yanukovych: Confronting the Ukrainian Orange Revolution”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Fall 2006), pp.495-517.
Papava, Vladimer, “The Political Economy of Georgia"s Rose Revolution”, Orbis, Vol. 50, Iss. 4 (Fall 2006), pp. 657-667.
Petric, Boris-Mathieu, “Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan or the birth of a globalized protectorate”, Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 3(Sep. 2005), pp.319-332.
Rustow, Dankwart A., “Transition to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model”, Comparative Politics, Vol. 2, No. 3 (April 1970), pp. 337-363.
Radnitz, Scott, “What Really Happened in Kyrgyzstan?”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 17, No. 2 ( April 2006), pp. 132-146.
Slider, Darrell, “Recent Election in Georgia: At Long Last, Stability?”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Fall 2000), pp. 517-532.
Tucker, Joshua A., “Enough! Electoral Fraud, Collective Action Problems, and the Post-Communist Colored Revolutions”, Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Sep. 2007), pp. 535-551.
Tudoroiu, Theodor, “Rose, Orange, and Tulip- The failed post-Soviet
revolutions”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 40, Iss. 2 (Sep. 2007), pp. 315-342.
Way, Lucan A., “Kuchma"s failed authoritarianism”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 16, No. 2 (April 2005), p. 131-145.
Way, Lucan A. and Levitsky, Steven, "Linkage , Leverage, and the Post-Communist
Divide", East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 21, No.1 (2007), pp. 48-66.
Whitmore, Sarah, “Faction institutionalization and parliamentary development in Ukraine”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Dec. 2003), pp. 41-64.
Wilen, William W., “The Revolution in Kyrgyzstan: A Social Studies Educator`s Eyewitness Account ”, Social Education, Vol. 69, No. 4 (May/June 2005), pp. 204-208.
三、網路資料
BRAMA：< http://www.brama.com/>.
”7/10/94 Presidential Election Results in Ukraine”, BRAMA,
<http://www.brama.com/ua-gov/el-94pre.html>.
Civil Georgia：< http://www.civil.ge/ >.
“Zhvania Criticizes President`s Decision”, Civil Georgia,
<http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=204>.
“Saakashvili Runs for MP”, Civil Georgia,
<http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=222> (20 Sep. 2001).
“Tbilisi Police Chief Refuses to Obey Shevardnadze"s Orders”, Civil Georgia,
< http://www.civil.ge/eng_/article.php?id=5618> (23 Nov. 2003).
“National Movement Leads in Parallel Vote Tabulation Results”, Civil Georgia,
< http://www.civil.ge/eng_/article.php?id=5380> (3 Nov. 2003).
“CEC Announced Final Results of Elections”, Civil Georgia,
<http://www.civil.ge/eng/article_elections.php?id=5571> (20 Nov. 2003).
“National Movement Leads Exit Polls”, Civil Georgia,
<http://www. civil.ge/eng_/article.php?id=5374> (2 Nov. 2003).
Central Election Commission of Ukraine：<http://www.cvk.gov.ua/>.
Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law：<http://cddrl.stanford.edu/>.
Channel 5：<http://5.ua/>.
Council of Europe：< http://www.coe.int/ >.
ElectionGuide：<http://www.electionguide.org/index.php>.
Freedom House：< http://www.freedomhouse.org/ >.
“Press Freedom 2006: Kyrgyzstan”, Freedom House,
<http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&country=6996&year=2006>.
Haran, Olexiy, “Nations in Transit 2004: Ukraine”, Freedom House, pp. 1-19.
<http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/nispacee/unpan017053.pdf>.
Nodia, Ghia “Nation in Transit 2001: Georgia”, Freedom House, pp.184-195, <http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/nispacee/unpan008108.pdf>.
GORBI：<http://www.gorbi.com >.
“Georgian Media Facts (GeoMedia) - March 2002”, GORBI,
<http://www.gorbi.com/cgi-bin/down.cgi?act=take&id=20030307_060500.ppt&vr=en> (10 June 2002)
International Monetary Fund：< http://www.imf.org >.
International Crisis Group：.< http://www.crisisgroup.org/ >
”Kyrgyzstan’s Political Crisis: An Exit Strategy”, International Crisis Group, pp. 1-30, <http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/report_archive/A400744_2
0082002.pdf> (20 Aug. 2002).
“Georgia: What Now? ”, ICG Europe Report N°151(3 Dec. 2003), pp. 1-19,
<http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/europe/caucasus/151_georgia_what_now.pdf>.
OSCE：< http://www.osce.org/ >.
“Final report on the parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan, 20 February and 12
March 2000”, OSCE/ODHIR, pp. 1-28, <http://www.osce.org/item/1543.html>.
“Final report on the parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan on 27 February and 13 March 2005”, OSCE/ODIHR, p. 9. < http://www.osce.org/item/14456.html > (20 May 2005).
“Final report on the parliamentary elections in Ukraine, 31 March 2002”, OSCE/ODIHR, pp. 1-32, <http://www.osce.org/item/1458.html> (27 May 2002).
“Final report on the presidential election in Kyrgyzstan, 29 October 2000”,
OSCE/ODHIR, pp.1-18, <http://www.osce.org/item/1542.html>.
“Final report on the 2004 presidential election in Ukraine”, OSCE/ODIHR, pp.1-49, <http://www.osce.org/item/14224.html> (11 May 2005).
“Part 1 of the final report on the parliamentary elections in Georgia, 2 November 2003”, OSCE/ODIHR, pp. 1-29, <http://www.osce.org/item/2194.html> (28 Jan. 2004).
“Preliminary statement on the first round of the presidential election in Ukraine, 31 October, 2004”, OSCE/ODIHR, pp. 1-15, <http://www.osce.org/item/3573.html> (1 Nov. 2005).
“Preliminary statement on the second round of the presidential election in Ukraine, 21 November, 2004”, OSCE/ODIHR, pp. 1-15,
<http://www.osce.org/item/1646.html> (22 Nov. 2004).
“Statement of preliminary findings and conclusions by the election observation mission on the parliamentary elections held in Kyrgyzstan on 27 February 2005”, OSCE/ODIHR, pp. 1-13, < http://www.osce.org/item/4317.html > (28 Feb. 2005).
President of Georgia：<http://www.president.gov.ge>.
Parliament of Georgia：<http://www.chairman.parliament.ge >.
RFE/RL：< http://www.rferl.org/ >.
“Independent Exit Polls Show Yushchenko Ahead In Ukrainian Election”, RFE/RL,<http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/11/B4BAF891-876D-4E16-A244-75962B28D472.html > (21 Nov. 2004).
“Kyrgyzstan: Hunger Striker Dies In Bishkek”, RFE/RL,
< http://www.rferl.org/features/2002/02/07022002014233.asp> (7 Feb. 2002).
“Kyrgyz Opposition Leaders Establish New Movement”, RFE/RL,
<http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/5/066D96B3-A928-4E9A-A867-F965D22235AA.html > (20 May 2004).
“Kyrgyzstan: Twelve People Taken Hostage In Protests”, RFE/RL,
< http://www.rferl.org/features/2002/02/19022002035153.asp> (19 Feb. 2002).
“New Political Bloc Formed In Kyrgyzstan”, RFE/RL,
<http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/9/3F99824C-F1B3-4C64-B691-C2D44754515A.html> (23 Sep. 2004).
“Pro-Akaev Candidates Win Majority In Kyrgyz Parliament”, RFE/RL,
<http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/3/8B0B3D7C-AD38-45FB-8DE6-1395B24AEACE.html> (15 Mar. 2005).
“Ukraine: Media Organization Can`t Authenticate Tapes”, RFE/RL,
<http://www.rferl.org/features/2001/02/28022001112333.asp> (28 Feb. 2001).
“Ukraine`s Yanukovych Denies Calling For Force”, RFE/RL, <http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/12/44766604-1F07-4556-B2F9-4536AB30E448.html> (14 Dec. 2004).
Blua, Antoine, “Kyrgyzstan: Government Resigns Following Protests Over March Violence”, RFE/RL, <http://www.rferl.org/features/2002/05/22052002091711asp>
(22 May 2002).
Hyde, Lily, “Ukraine: Monitors Say Election Fair, Campaigns Flawed”, RFE/RL.
< http://www.rferl.org/features/1999/11/F.RU.991102135834.asp > (2 Nov. 1999).
Krushelnycky, Askold, “Ukraine: 15 Candidates Race For Ukrainian Presidency”,
RFE/RL. <http://www.rferl.org/features/1999/10/F.RU.991026140154.asp> (26 Oct. 1999).
Krushelnycky, Askold, “Ukraine: Yushchenko Fails Confidence Vote” RFE/RL,
<http://www.rferl.org/features/2001/04/26042001113707.asp> (26 April 2001).
Krushelnycky , Askold, “Ukraine: Former PM Announces Formation Of `Our Ukraine` Opposition Bloc”, RFE/RL, <http://www.rferl.org/features/2002/01/18012002090312.asp> (18 Jan. 2002).
Pannier, Bruce, “Kyrgyzstan: Protests Show Democracy Is Not Dead”, RFE/RL,
<http://www.rferl.org/features/2000/03/F.RU.000322144313.asp> (22 March 2002).
Pannier, Bruce, “Opposition Leader Sentenced To Jail Term”, RFE/RL,
< http://www.rferl.org/features/2001/01/24012001120021.asp> (24 Jan. 2001).
Peuch, Jean-Christophe, “Georgia: Corruption Seen As The `Norm`”, RFE/RL,
<http://www.rferl.org/features/2001/05/10052001115630.asp> (10 May 2001).
Peuch, Jean-Christophe, “2001 In Review: Shevardnadze Loses Room To Maneuver”, RFE/RL, <http://www.rferl.org/features/2001/12/18122001095809.asp> (18 Dec. 2001).
Peuch, Jean-Christophe, “2002 In Review: Georgia Accelerates NATO Bid Amid Ongoing Dispute With Russia”, RFE/RL,
< http://www.rferl.org/features/2002/12/17122002173829.asp > (17 Dec. 2002).
Reporters Without Borders：< www.rsf.org >.
Rustavi-2：< http://www.rustavi2.com.ge/>.
Georgia - Modern History: Rose revolution", Rustavi-2,
<http://www.rustavi2.com.ge/news/video_progs.php?id_clip=62&pr=Toma&lang=eng&l=17&ftp1=1&ftp2=0&ftp3=0> (2 Jan. 2004).
The International Research & Exchanges Board：< http://www.irex.org/index.asp >.
“Media Sustainability Index 2004”, IREX,
<http://www.irex.org/programs/MSI_EUR/2004.asp>.
Media Sustainability Index 2001”, IREX,
<http://www.irex.org/programs/MSI_EUR/2001.asp>.
The Moscow Times：<http://www.themoscowtimes.com/>.
Abdullaev, Nabi, “Tracking U.S. Money for Democracy”, The Moscow Times,
<http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2007/05/18/001.html> (18 May 2007).
Transparency International：<http://www.transparency.org/>.
United State Institute of Peace：<http://www.usip.org/ >.
Kandelaki, Giorgi, “Georgia"s Rose Revolution: A Participant"s Perspective”, USIP Special Report No. 167, pp. 1-12, <http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr167.pdf> (July 2006).
United States Agency for International Development：< http://www.usaid.gov/ >
”Democracy Rising”, USAID, pp. 1-24, <http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/
democracy_and_governance/publications/pdfs/democracy_rising.pdf> (Sep. 2005)
U.S. Department of State：<http://www.state.gov/>。
World Socialist Web Site：<http://www.wsws.org >.
Peters, Andrea, “US money and personnel behind Kyrgyzstan`s Tulip Revolution”, WSWS, <http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/mar2005/tulp-m28.shtml> (28 Mar. 2005).
World Resources Institute：< http://earthtrends.wri.org/index.php>.
Телекритика：< http://www.telekritika.ua>.
“5 канал вышел на третье место по рейтингу телеканалов в Украине”, Телекритика, < http://www.telekritika.ua/news/print/22097> (2004 12 6).
Українська правда：< http://www.pravda.com.ua >.
“How Yanukovich Forged the Elections. Headquarters’ Telephone Talks Intercepted”, Українська правда, <http://www.pravda.com.ua/en/news/2004/11/24/4651.htm> (24 Nov. 2004).
“1+1" догоняют "Интер”, Українська правда,
< http://www.pravda.com.ua/ru/news/2005/9/16/32674.htm > (2005 9 16).
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
俄羅斯研究所
94263005
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094263005
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林永芳zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Yung Fangen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王正廷zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wang, Cheng Tingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 王正廷zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wang, Cheng Tingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 17:43:33 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 17:43:33 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 17:43:33 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094263005en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33625-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 俄羅斯研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94263005zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文目的在於探討喬治亞、烏克蘭與吉爾吉斯等三國，其政權替換的經過。政權替換為什麼會發生？這三個國家政權替換發生的情況有何不同？而反對勢力又是如何出現？一些共同的成功因素在個別國家有無程度上的不同？經由文獻回顧，作者指出這一波政權替換發生的主要因素：選舉競爭性的來源、反對勢力與政權正當性危機的出現、外國影響與獲得資訊能力。

本文認為這三個國家在面臨不同的背景條件與政治環境之下，透過選舉的舉行，使各個國家出現不同的反對勢力起源，形成對當權者的挑戰。而選舉舞弊造成統治者的正當性危機，加上在不同程度的資訊獲得能力影響下的群眾示威，導致政權危在旦夕。最後，示威群眾的策略與統治者的個人決斷，促成了政權替換。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this study is to explore the process of regime change in Georgia, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan. Why did regime change happen? What are the differences between these three cases? How did the opposition emerge? Did the common factors of successful regime change have varied degree in each country? Through a literature review, the author points out the main factors of this wave of regime change: the source of election competitiveness, the emergence of opposition vis-à-vis the regime legitimacy crisis, and foreign influence of information accessibility.

The thesis argues that the elections held in these three countries with different backgrounds and political environments contributed to various origins of opposition forces against the authorities. Electoral frauds led to the crisis of regime legitimacy. In addition, under the influence of different level of information accessibility, public demonstration put the ruling regime into an imminent crisis. Finally, the strategies of mass protest and the incumbents’ decisions resulted in regime change.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論..................................................................................................................1
第一節 研究動機與目的......................................................................................2
第二節 研究範圍、研究途徑與研究方法、研究限制..........................................3
第三節 文獻述評................................................................................................12
第四節 研究架構與章節安排............................................................................20

第二章 政治競爭：選舉與政治環境..........................................................................29
第一節 喬治亞的競爭選舉................................................................................29
第二節 烏克蘭的競爭選舉................................................................................36
第三節 吉爾吉斯的競爭選舉............................................................................46
第四節 小結........................................................................................................52

第三章 政治競爭性的改變與政權替換....................................................................54
第一節 喬治亞：多數執政黨的分裂..................................................................54第二節 烏克蘭：議會政黨光譜的兩極化..........................................................62
第三節 吉爾吉斯：地方氏族勢力的反撲..........................................................72
第四節 小結........................................................................................................77

第四章 群眾動員：選舉舞弊與獲得資訊能力..........................................................79
第一節 選舉舞弊與媒體環境............................................................................79
第二節 獨立媒體的角色....................................................................................84
第三節 外國影響的作用....................................................................................89
第四節 小結........................................................................................................96

第五章 結論................................................................................................................99
第一節 研究發現................................................................................................99
第二節 未來研究議題......................................................................................103

參考文獻....................................................................................................................108		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 48312 bytes-
dc.format.extent 64664 bytes-
dc.format.extent 95201 bytes-
dc.format.extent 432100 bytes-
dc.format.extent 451556 bytes-
dc.format.extent 433347 bytes-
dc.format.extent 433687 bytes-
dc.format.extent 197449 bytes-
dc.format.extent 224273 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094263005en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政權替換zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 競爭選舉zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 喬治亞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 烏克蘭zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 吉爾吉斯zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) regime changeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) competitive electionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Georgiaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ukraineen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Kyrgyzstanen_US
dc.title (題名) 喬治亞(2003)、烏克蘭(2004)與吉爾吉斯(2005)政權替換之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Study of Regime Change in Georgia(2003), Ukraine(2004) and Kyrgyzstan(2005)en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、專書zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王玉民，社會科學研究方法原理 (臺北市: 洪葉文化，民83)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 呂亞力，政治學方法論 (台北市: 三民書局，民86)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Andrew Heywood 著，楊日青等 譯，最新政治學新論 (台北市，韋伯出版社，民91)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, John, Kyrgyzstan: central asia"s island of democracy? (HarwoodAcademic Publishers,Amsterdam, 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Åslund, Anders and Mcfaul, Michael (eds.), Revolution in Orange: The Origins ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ukraine"s Democratic Breakthrough (Washington D.C, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beetham, David, The legitimation of power (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and London : Macmillan Education, 1991).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Birch, Sarah, Election and Democratization in Ukraine (Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dahl, Robert A., Polyarchy, Participation and Opposition (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 1971).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dawisha, Karen and Parrott, Bruce (eds.),Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Doorenspleet, Renske, Democratic Transitions :Eexploring the Structural Sources ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) the Fourth Wave (Boulder, Colo. : Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huntington, Samuel P., The Third Wave: Democratization in the Last Twentieth Century (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Karumidze, Zurab and Wertsch, James V. (eds.), “Enouth!” The Rose Revolution in the Republic of Georgia 2003(New York: New Science, 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kuzio, Taras, Ukraine : perestroika to independence, 2nd ed. (Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 2000) .zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Linz, Juan and Stepan, Alfred, Problems of democratic transition and consolidation : southern Europe, South America, and post-communist Europe (Baltimore, Md. : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lipset, Seymour Martin, Political Man：The Social Bases of Politics, Expanded ed .(Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Luong, Pauline Jones, Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McFaul, Michael and Stoner-Weiss, Kathryn (eds.), After the Collapse of Communism: Comparative Lessons of Transition (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mommsen, Wolfgang J., The Political and Social Theory of Max Weber: Collected Essays (UK : Polity Press, 1989).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schedler, Andres (eds.), Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition (Boulder, Colo. : L. Rienner Publishers, 2006).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wheatley, Jonathan, Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution: Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union (Burlington, Vt. : Ashgate, 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wilson, Andrew, Ukraine`s Orange Revolution (London : Yale University Press, 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、期刊文章zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳美芬，「文獻評論：“Russia, USA, and the ‘Color Revolutions’ ”by V.I. Batyuk」，臺灣民主季刊，第4卷第1期(2007年3月)， 頁：213~216。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 龍舒甲，「格魯吉亞的政局發展：民主選舉與民族衝突」，問題與研究，第35卷第5期(1996)， 頁：63-72。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳玉山，「顏色革命的許諾與侷限」，臺灣民主季刊，第4卷第2期(2007)， 頁：67~112。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abazov, Rafis, “The parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan, February 2000”, Electoral Studies, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Sep. 2003), pp. 545-552.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alisson, Lincoln, “The Georgian Elections of November 1995”, Electoral Studies,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vol. 15, Iss. 2 (May 1998), p. 275-280.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anable, David, “The Role of Georgia"s Media- and Western Aid - in the Rosezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Revolution”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol.11, No. 3 (Summerzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2006), pp. 7-43.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beissinger, Mark R., “Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: Thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions”, Perspectives on Politics,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vol. 5, No. 2 (June 2007), pp. 259-276.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bielasiak, Jack, “Regime Diversity and Electoral Systems in Post-Communism”,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Dec. 2006),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) pp. 407-430.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Binnendijk, Anika Locke, and Marovic, Ivan, “Power and persuasion: Nonviolentzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) strategies to influence state security forces in Serbia (2000) and Ukraine (2004)”,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 39, Iss. 3 (Sep. 2006), pp.411-429.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Birch, Sarah, “Interpreting the Regional Effect in Ukrainian Politics”, Europe-Asiazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Studies, Vol. 52, No. 6 (Sep. 2000), pp. 1017-1041.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Birch, Sarah, “The parliamentary elections in Ukraine, March 2002”, Electoralzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Studies, Vol.22 , No. 3, pp. 524-531.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Birch, Sarah, ” The presidential election in Ukraine, October 1999”, Electoral Studies,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vol. 21, No. 2 (June 2003), pp. 339-345.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Birch, Sarah, ”The Ukrainian Parliamentary and Presidential Elections of 1994”,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Electoral Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1(March 1995), pp. 93-99.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Birch, Sarah, “The Ukrainian Repeat Elections of 1995”, Electoral Studies, Vol.15,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) No. 2 ( May 1996), pp. 281-282.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Broers, Laurence, “After the ‘revolution’: civil society and the challenges ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) consolidating democracy in Georgia”, Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Sep. 2005), pp. 333-350.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bunce, Valerie and Wolchik, Sharon L., “Favorable Conditions and Electoral Revolutions”, Journal od Democracy, Vol. 17, Iss. 4 (Oct. 2007), pp. 5-18.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bunce, Valerie and Wolchik, Sharon L., “International Diffusion and Postcommunist Electoral Revolutions”, Communist and Post- communist Studies, Vol. 29, Iss. 3 (Sep. 2006), pp. 283-204.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bunce, Valerie and Wolchik, Sharon L., “Transnational Networks, Diffusion Dynamics, and Electoral Revolutions in Postcommunist World”, Physica A, Vol. 378, Iss. 1 (1 May 2007) , pp. 92-99.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bunce, Valerie and Wolchik, Sharon, “Youth and Electoral Revolutions in Slovakia, Serbia, and Georgia”, SAIS Review, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Summer-Fall 2006), pp. 55-65.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Calingaert, Daniel, “Election Rigging and Hoe to Fight It’, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 17, Iss. 3 (July 2006), pp.138-151.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Collins, Kathleen, “The Logic of Clan Politics: Evidence from the Central Asian Trajectories”, World Poitics, Vol. 56, No. (Jan. 2004), pp. 224-261.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cornell, Svante E., “Autonomy as A Source of Conflict: Caucasian Conflicts in Theoretical Perspective,” World Politics, Vol. 54, No. 2 (Jan. 2002), pp. 245-276.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cornell, Svante E. and Swanström, Niklas L.P., “The Eurasian Drug Trade: A Challenge to Regional Security”, Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 53, No. 4(July-August 2006), pp. 10-28.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Diamond, Larry, “Thinking about Hybrid Regimes”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 2 (April 2002), pp. 21-35.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Devdariani, Joba, “Georgia: Rise and Fall of the Façade Democracy”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Winter 2004), pp. 79-115.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dycok, Marta, “Breaking Through the Information Blockade: Election and Revolution in Ukraine 2004 ”, Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. 47, No. 3-4 (Sep. – Dec. 2005), pp. 241-264.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fairbanks Jr., Charles H., “Georgia’s Rose Revolution.” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 15, No. 2 (April 2004), pp. 110-124.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fairbanks Jr., Charles H., “Revolution Reconsidered”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan. 2007), pp.42-57.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fenger, Menno, ”The Diffusion of Revolutions: Comparing Recent Regime Turnovers in Five Post-Communist Countries”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Winter 2007), pp. 5-27.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fuhrmann, Matthew, “A Tale of Two Social Capitals: Revolutionary Collective Action in Kyrgyzstan", Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 53, No. 6 (Nov/Dec2006), pp.16-29.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hale, Henry E., “Democracy or autocracy on the march? The colored revolutions aszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) normal dynamics of patronal presidentialism.", Communist and Post-Communistzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Studies, Vol. 39, Iss.3 (Aug. 2006), pp. 305-329.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hale, Henry E., "REGIME CYCLES: Democracy, Autocracy, and Revolution in Post-Soviet Eurasia", World Politics, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Oct. 2005), pp. 133-165.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Helbig, Adriana, “The Cyberpolitics of Music in Ukraine’s 2004 Orange Revolution”, Current Musicology, No. 82 (Fall 2006), pp. 81-102.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Herd, Graeme P., "Colorful Revolutions and the CIS : "Manufactured" Versuszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "Managed" Democracy? ", Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 52, No. 2zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (March/April 2005), pp. 3-18.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huskey, Eugene, “Kyrgyzstan"s Tulip Revolution ”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Fall 2005), p. 483-489.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huskey, Eugene, “The Rise of Contested Politics in Central Asia: Elections in Kyrgyzstan, 1989-90”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 47, No. 5 (Jul. 1995), pp. 813-833.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Khamidov, Alisher, “Kyrgyzstan"s Revolutionary Youth: Between State and Opposition”, SAIS Review, Vol. 26, No. 2(Summer 2006), pp. 85-93.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Klid, Bohdan, “Rock, Pop and Politics in Ukraine`s 2004 Presidential Campaign and Orange Revolution”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 23, No.1 (March 2007), pp. 118-137.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kulikova, Svetlana V., and Perlmutter, David D., “Blogging Down the Dictator? : Thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kyrgyz Revolution and Samizdat Websites”, International Communication Gazette,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vol. 69, No. 1 (2007), pp. 29-50.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kuzio, Taras, “Civil society, youth and societal mobilization in democratic revolutions”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Sep. 2006), pp. 365-386.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kuzio, Taras, “Democratic Breakthroughs and Revolutions in Five Postcommunistzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Countries: Comparative Perspectives on the Fourth Wave”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Winter 2008), pp. 97-109.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kuzio, Taras, “From Kuchma to Yushchenko: Ukraine" s 2004 Presidential Elections and the Orange Revolution”, Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 52, No. 2 ( March/April 2005), pp. 29-44.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kubicek, Paul,“Regional Polarisation in Ukraine: Public Opinion, Voting and Legislative Behaviour”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Mar. 2000), pp. 273-294.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kravchuk, Robert S.and Chudowsky, Victor, “Ukraine’s 1994 elections as an economic event”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 38, No.2 (June 2005), pp. 131-165zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kyj, Myroslaw J., “Internet use in Ukraine"s Orange Revolution”, Business Horizons, Vol. 49, No. 1 (Jan.-Feb. 2006), pp. 71-80.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levitsky, Steve and Way, Lucan A., “International Linkage and Democratization”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 16, Iss. 3 (July 2005), pp. 20-34.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levitsky, Steve and Way, Lucan A., “Linkage and Leverage: How Do International Factors Change Domestic Balances of Power?”, in Andres Schedler, eds., Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition (Boulder, Colo. : L. Rienner Publishers, 2006), ch. 12.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levitsky, Steve and Way, Lucan A., “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 2 (April 2002), pp. 51-65.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Michael McFaul, “The Forth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Noncooperative Transitions in the Post-Communism World”, in Michael McFaul and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, eds., After the Collapse of Communism: Comparative Lessons of Transition (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004), ch. 2.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McFaul, Michael, “Transitions From Postcommunsim”, Journal of Democracy, Vol.12, Iss. 3 (July 2005) , pp. 5-19.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McFaul, Michael, “Ukraine Imports Democracy: External Influences on the Orange Revolution”, International Security, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Fall 2007), pp. 45–83.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mitchell, Lincoln, “Georgia"s Rose Revolution”, Current History, Vol. 103, No. 675 (Oct. 2004), pp. 342-348.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) .zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nikolayenko, Olena, “The Revolt of Post- Soviet Generation: Youth Movement in Serbia, Georgia, and Ukraine”, Comparative Politics, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Jan. 007), pp. 169-188.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Osipian, Ararat L., and Osipian, Alexandr L., “Why Donbass Votes for Yanukovych: Confronting the Ukrainian Orange Revolution”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Fall 2006), pp.495-517.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Papava, Vladimer, “The Political Economy of Georgia"s Rose Revolution”, Orbis, Vol. 50, Iss. 4 (Fall 2006), pp. 657-667.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Petric, Boris-Mathieu, “Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan or the birth of a globalized protectorate”, Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 3(Sep. 2005), pp.319-332.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rustow, Dankwart A., “Transition to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model”, Comparative Politics, Vol. 2, No. 3 (April 1970), pp. 337-363.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Radnitz, Scott, “What Really Happened in Kyrgyzstan?”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 17, No. 2 ( April 2006), pp. 132-146.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Slider, Darrell, “Recent Election in Georgia: At Long Last, Stability?”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Fall 2000), pp. 517-532.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tucker, Joshua A., “Enough! Electoral Fraud, Collective Action Problems, and the Post-Communist Colored Revolutions”, Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Sep. 2007), pp. 535-551.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tudoroiu, Theodor, “Rose, Orange, and Tulip- The failed post-Sovietzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) revolutions”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 40, Iss. 2 (Sep. 2007), pp. 315-342.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Way, Lucan A., “Kuchma"s failed authoritarianism”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 16, No. 2 (April 2005), p. 131-145.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Way, Lucan A. and Levitsky, Steven, "Linkage , Leverage, and the Post-Communistzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Divide", East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 21, No.1 (2007), pp. 48-66.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Whitmore, Sarah, “Faction institutionalization and parliamentary development in Ukraine”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Dec. 2003), pp. 41-64.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wilen, William W., “The Revolution in Kyrgyzstan: A Social Studies Educator`s Eyewitness Account ”, Social Education, Vol. 69, No. 4 (May/June 2005), pp. 204-208.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 三、網路資料zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) BRAMA：< http://www.brama.com/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ”7/10/94 Presidential Election Results in Ukraine”, BRAMA,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.brama.com/ua-gov/el-94pre.html>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Civil Georgia：< http://www.civil.ge/ >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Zhvania Criticizes President`s Decision”, Civil Georgia,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=204>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Saakashvili Runs for MP”, Civil Georgia,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=222> (20 Sep. 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Tbilisi Police Chief Refuses to Obey Shevardnadze"s Orders”, Civil Georgia,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.civil.ge/eng_/article.php?id=5618> (23 Nov. 2003).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “National Movement Leads in Parallel Vote Tabulation Results”, Civil Georgia,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.civil.ge/eng_/article.php?id=5380> (3 Nov. 2003).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “CEC Announced Final Results of Elections”, Civil Georgia,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.civil.ge/eng/article_elections.php?id=5571> (20 Nov. 2003).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “National Movement Leads Exit Polls”, Civil Georgia,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www. civil.ge/eng_/article.php?id=5374> (2 Nov. 2003).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Central Election Commission of Ukraine：<http://www.cvk.gov.ua/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law：<http://cddrl.stanford.edu/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Channel 5：<http://5.ua/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Council of Europe：< http://www.coe.int/ >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ElectionGuide：<http://www.electionguide.org/index.php>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freedom House：< http://www.freedomhouse.org/ >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Press Freedom 2006: Kyrgyzstan”, Freedom House,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&country=6996&year=2006>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haran, Olexiy, “Nations in Transit 2004: Ukraine”, Freedom House, pp. 1-19.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/nispacee/unpan017053.pdf>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nodia, Ghia “Nation in Transit 2001: Georgia”, Freedom House, pp.184-195, <http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/nispacee/unpan008108.pdf>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) GORBI：<http://www.gorbi.com >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Georgian Media Facts (GeoMedia) - March 2002”, GORBI,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.gorbi.com/cgi-bin/down.cgi?act=take&id=20030307_060500.ppt&vr=en> (10 June 2002)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) International Monetary Fund：< http://www.imf.org >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) International Crisis Group：.< http://www.crisisgroup.org/ >zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ”Kyrgyzstan’s Political Crisis: An Exit Strategy”, International Crisis Group, pp. 1-30, <http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/report_archive/A400744_2zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 0082002.pdf> (20 Aug. 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Georgia: What Now? ”, ICG Europe Report N°151(3 Dec. 2003), pp. 1-19,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/europe/caucasus/151_georgia_what_now.pdf>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) OSCE：< http://www.osce.org/ >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Final report on the parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan, 20 February and 12zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) March 2000”, OSCE/ODHIR, pp. 1-28, <http://www.osce.org/item/1543.html>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Final report on the parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan on 27 February and 13 March 2005”, OSCE/ODIHR, p. 9. < http://www.osce.org/item/14456.html > (20 May 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Final report on the parliamentary elections in Ukraine, 31 March 2002”, OSCE/ODIHR, pp. 1-32, <http://www.osce.org/item/1458.html> (27 May 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Final report on the presidential election in Kyrgyzstan, 29 October 2000”,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) OSCE/ODHIR, pp.1-18, <http://www.osce.org/item/1542.html>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Final report on the 2004 presidential election in Ukraine”, OSCE/ODIHR, pp.1-49, <http://www.osce.org/item/14224.html> (11 May 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Part 1 of the final report on the parliamentary elections in Georgia, 2 November 2003”, OSCE/ODIHR, pp. 1-29, <http://www.osce.org/item/2194.html> (28 Jan. 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Preliminary statement on the first round of the presidential election in Ukraine, 31 October, 2004”, OSCE/ODIHR, pp. 1-15, <http://www.osce.org/item/3573.html> (1 Nov. 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Preliminary statement on the second round of the presidential election in Ukraine, 21 November, 2004”, OSCE/ODIHR, pp. 1-15,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.osce.org/item/1646.html> (22 Nov. 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Statement of preliminary findings and conclusions by the election observation mission on the parliamentary elections held in Kyrgyzstan on 27 February 2005”, OSCE/ODIHR, pp. 1-13, < http://www.osce.org/item/4317.html > (28 Feb. 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) President of Georgia：<http://www.president.gov.ge>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Parliament of Georgia：<http://www.chairman.parliament.ge >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) RFE/RL：< http://www.rferl.org/ >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Independent Exit Polls Show Yushchenko Ahead In Ukrainian Election”, RFE/RL,<http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/11/B4BAF891-876D-4E16-A244-75962B28D472.html > (21 Nov. 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Kyrgyzstan: Hunger Striker Dies In Bishkek”, RFE/RL,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.rferl.org/features/2002/02/07022002014233.asp> (7 Feb. 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Kyrgyz Opposition Leaders Establish New Movement”, RFE/RL,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/5/066D96B3-A928-4E9A-A867-F965D22235AA.html > (20 May 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Kyrgyzstan: Twelve People Taken Hostage In Protests”, RFE/RL,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.rferl.org/features/2002/02/19022002035153.asp> (19 Feb. 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “New Political Bloc Formed In Kyrgyzstan”, RFE/RL,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/9/3F99824C-F1B3-4C64-B691-C2D44754515A.html> (23 Sep. 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Pro-Akaev Candidates Win Majority In Kyrgyz Parliament”, RFE/RL,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/3/8B0B3D7C-AD38-45FB-8DE6-1395B24AEACE.html> (15 Mar. 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Ukraine: Media Organization Can`t Authenticate Tapes”, RFE/RL,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.rferl.org/features/2001/02/28022001112333.asp> (28 Feb. 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Ukraine`s Yanukovych Denies Calling For Force”, RFE/RL, <http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/12/44766604-1F07-4556-B2F9-4536AB30E448.html> (14 Dec. 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blua, Antoine, “Kyrgyzstan: Government Resigns Following Protests Over March Violence”, RFE/RL, <http://www.rferl.org/features/2002/05/22052002091711asp>zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (22 May 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hyde, Lily, “Ukraine: Monitors Say Election Fair, Campaigns Flawed”, RFE/RL.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.rferl.org/features/1999/11/F.RU.991102135834.asp > (2 Nov. 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krushelnycky, Askold, “Ukraine: 15 Candidates Race For Ukrainian Presidency”,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) RFE/RL. <http://www.rferl.org/features/1999/10/F.RU.991026140154.asp> (26 Oct. 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krushelnycky, Askold, “Ukraine: Yushchenko Fails Confidence Vote” RFE/RL,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.rferl.org/features/2001/04/26042001113707.asp> (26 April 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krushelnycky , Askold, “Ukraine: Former PM Announces Formation Of `Our Ukraine` Opposition Bloc”, RFE/RL, <http://www.rferl.org/features/2002/01/18012002090312.asp> (18 Jan. 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pannier, Bruce, “Kyrgyzstan: Protests Show Democracy Is Not Dead”, RFE/RL,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.rferl.org/features/2000/03/F.RU.000322144313.asp> (22 March 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pannier, Bruce, “Opposition Leader Sentenced To Jail Term”, RFE/RL,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.rferl.org/features/2001/01/24012001120021.asp> (24 Jan. 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Peuch, Jean-Christophe, “Georgia: Corruption Seen As The `Norm`”, RFE/RL,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.rferl.org/features/2001/05/10052001115630.asp> (10 May 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Peuch, Jean-Christophe, “2001 In Review: Shevardnadze Loses Room To Maneuver”, RFE/RL, <http://www.rferl.org/features/2001/12/18122001095809.asp> (18 Dec. 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Peuch, Jean-Christophe, “2002 In Review: Georgia Accelerates NATO Bid Amid Ongoing Dispute With Russia”, RFE/RL,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.rferl.org/features/2002/12/17122002173829.asp > (17 Dec. 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reporters Without Borders：< www.rsf.org >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rustavi-2：< http://www.rustavi2.com.ge/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Georgia - Modern History: Rose revolution", Rustavi-2,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.rustavi2.com.ge/news/video_progs.php?id_clip=62&pr=Toma&lang=eng&l=17&ftp1=1&ftp2=0&ftp3=0> (2 Jan. 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) The International Research & Exchanges Board：< http://www.irex.org/index.asp >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Media Sustainability Index 2004”, IREX,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.irex.org/programs/MSI_EUR/2004.asp>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Media Sustainability Index 2001”, IREX,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.irex.org/programs/MSI_EUR/2001.asp>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) The Moscow Times：<http://www.themoscowtimes.com/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abdullaev, Nabi, “Tracking U.S. Money for Democracy”, The Moscow Times,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2007/05/18/001.html> (18 May 2007).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Transparency International：<http://www.transparency.org/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United State Institute of Peace：<http://www.usip.org/ >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kandelaki, Giorgi, “Georgia"s Rose Revolution: A Participant"s Perspective”, USIP Special Report No. 167, pp. 1-12, <http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr167.pdf> (July 2006).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States Agency for International Development：< http://www.usaid.gov/ >zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ”Democracy Rising”, USAID, pp. 1-24, <http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) democracy_and_governance/publications/pdfs/democracy_rising.pdf> (Sep. 2005)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) U.S. Department of State：<http://www.state.gov/>。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) World Socialist Web Site：<http://www.wsws.org >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Peters, Andrea, “US money and personnel behind Kyrgyzstan`s Tulip Revolution”, WSWS, <http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/mar2005/tulp-m28.shtml> (28 Mar. 2005).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) World Resources Institute：< http://earthtrends.wri.org/index.php>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Телекритика：< http://www.telekritika.ua>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “5 канал вышел на третье место по рейтингу телеканалов в Украине”, Телекритика, < http://www.telekritika.ua/news/print/22097> (2004 12 6).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Українська правда：< http://www.pravda.com.ua >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “How Yanukovich Forged the Elections. Headquarters’ Telephone Talks Intercepted”, Українська правда, <http://www.pravda.com.ua/en/news/2004/11/24/4651.htm> (24 Nov. 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “1+1" догоняют "Интер”, Українська правда,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.pravda.com.ua/ru/news/2005/9/16/32674.htm > (2005 9 16).zh_TW