Publications-Theses

題名 聯合國人權委員會組織及其運作之研究
The organization and function of United Nations Commission on Human Rights
作者 林季蓉
Lin,Vela
貢獻者 李明
Lee,Ming
林季蓉
Lin,Vela
關鍵詞 聯合國
聯合國人權委員會
United Nations
Commission on Human Rights
日期 2002
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 17:46:27 (UTC+8)
摘要 自十七世紀英國革命後,人權在西方政治思想和政治制度兩方面都有長足的發展,惟在二次世界大戰結束之前,國際關係中並沒有明顯的人權主題,直到第二次大戰後,聯合國企圖以「國際人權組織」的方式,打造人權保護的全球性機制。
聯合國經社理事會於一九四六年四月通過決議設立人權委員會(Commission on Human Rights),在當時此一機構僅有研究及起草條約的功能,「世界人權宣言」、「政治與公民權利公約」及「經濟、社會和文化權利公約」等一系列重要聯合國文件皆由該委員會所起草,惟在一九六0年以前聯合國會員國對於人權議題表現並不積極,對於利用聯合國解決人權議題,更抱持極低的期望。
此一情況在一九五九年後有了顯著的改善。經社理事會於一九五九年、一九六七年及一九七九年三次通過決議,為人權委員會擴張了權力。人權委員會權限的擴大,反映了一九七0年代後聯合國對於人權事務態度的轉變,此一特點是聯合國對於人權事務,採取了更為主動與積極整合的態度。
聯合國人權委員會除設立「防止歧視及保護少數小組委員會」(Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities)為其附屬機構外,並透過設置人權問題「特別報告員制度」(Special Rapporteur)及「工作小組制度」(working group),以專題方式處理某項受侵害人權案件,或在特定國家或地區調查侵害人權的狀況,並積極以各種方式達到保護人權的目的。人權委員會權限的擴大,也使得該委員會在聯合國人權機構的地位及作用不斷提升,並成為已開發與開發中國家意見對立的場所。
本論文試圖以聯合國人權委員會為研究對象,探討其組織、職權及運作,除希望作為瞭解聯合國人權組織在該領域所做的努力與貢獻外,更期望藉由人權委員會運作方式,檢視人權保護實際狀況及未來可能之發展。
This thesis focuses on the Commission on Human Rights in United Nations, intending to explore its organizations, functions and processes. In addition to understanding its efforts and contribution of worldwide human rights, it is expected to examine and understand the current situation of human rights and ongoing development.

There were no human rights themes before the World War II in international relations, until the UN tried to create its organization to protect the universal human rights after the war. The UN Economic and Social Council approved a resolution to set up the Commission on Human Rights in April 1946.Despites of having only the functions of researching and drafting, the Commission on Human Rights drafted a series of important documents including “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, “International Covenant on Civil and political Rights” and “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Culture Rights” after that. Before 1960, the UN members were not interested in this issue and therefore didn’t expect to resolve such human rights controversies through the UN system.

The situation had improved greatly after 1959. The UN Economic and Social Council reached three resolutions in 1959, 1967 and 1979 to empower the Commission on Human Rights, showing that the UN attitude towards the human rights had greatly changed.

Presently, the Commission on Human Rights has already set up “Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities” to be its sub-organization as well as “Special Rapporteur”, “working group” to deal with the cases of invading human rights in specific countries. The more the Commission on Human Rights is empowered, the more enhancements of status and functions it acquires. Nowadays it has become an arena of developing countries and developed countries.
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五、網路資源:
聯合國網站: http://www.un.org/rights/
聯合國人權委員會網站:http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/commission/commission.htm
明尼蘇達大學人權圖書館網站:http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/
人權網站Human Rights Internet: http://www.hri.ca/
人權觀察網站Human Rights Watch:http://www.humanrightswatch.org/
亞洲國家人權機構論壇:http://www.apf.hreoc.gov.au/
國際人道法網站:http://www.icrc.org/
國際特赦組織:http://www.amnesty.org/
國際紅十字會:http://www.icrc.org/
中國人權新聞網:http://www.hrichina.org/index.html
中國人權研究會:http://www.humanrights-china.org/
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
85253014
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0085253014
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李明zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lee,Mingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林季蓉zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin,Velaen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林季蓉zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin,Velaen_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 17:46:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 17:46:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 17:46:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0085253014en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33643-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 85253014zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 自十七世紀英國革命後,人權在西方政治思想和政治制度兩方面都有長足的發展,惟在二次世界大戰結束之前,國際關係中並沒有明顯的人權主題,直到第二次大戰後,聯合國企圖以「國際人權組織」的方式,打造人權保護的全球性機制。
聯合國經社理事會於一九四六年四月通過決議設立人權委員會(Commission on Human Rights),在當時此一機構僅有研究及起草條約的功能,「世界人權宣言」、「政治與公民權利公約」及「經濟、社會和文化權利公約」等一系列重要聯合國文件皆由該委員會所起草,惟在一九六0年以前聯合國會員國對於人權議題表現並不積極,對於利用聯合國解決人權議題,更抱持極低的期望。
此一情況在一九五九年後有了顯著的改善。經社理事會於一九五九年、一九六七年及一九七九年三次通過決議,為人權委員會擴張了權力。人權委員會權限的擴大,反映了一九七0年代後聯合國對於人權事務態度的轉變,此一特點是聯合國對於人權事務,採取了更為主動與積極整合的態度。
聯合國人權委員會除設立「防止歧視及保護少數小組委員會」(Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities)為其附屬機構外,並透過設置人權問題「特別報告員制度」(Special Rapporteur)及「工作小組制度」(working group),以專題方式處理某項受侵害人權案件,或在特定國家或地區調查侵害人權的狀況,並積極以各種方式達到保護人權的目的。人權委員會權限的擴大,也使得該委員會在聯合國人權機構的地位及作用不斷提升,並成為已開發與開發中國家意見對立的場所。
本論文試圖以聯合國人權委員會為研究對象,探討其組織、職權及運作,除希望作為瞭解聯合國人權組織在該領域所做的努力與貢獻外,更期望藉由人權委員會運作方式,檢視人權保護實際狀況及未來可能之發展。
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dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis focuses on the Commission on Human Rights in United Nations, intending to explore its organizations, functions and processes. In addition to understanding its efforts and contribution of worldwide human rights, it is expected to examine and understand the current situation of human rights and ongoing development.

There were no human rights themes before the World War II in international relations, until the UN tried to create its organization to protect the universal human rights after the war. The UN Economic and Social Council approved a resolution to set up the Commission on Human Rights in April 1946.Despites of having only the functions of researching and drafting, the Commission on Human Rights drafted a series of important documents including “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, “International Covenant on Civil and political Rights” and “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Culture Rights” after that. Before 1960, the UN members were not interested in this issue and therefore didn’t expect to resolve such human rights controversies through the UN system.

The situation had improved greatly after 1959. The UN Economic and Social Council reached three resolutions in 1959, 1967 and 1979 to empower the Commission on Human Rights, showing that the UN attitude towards the human rights had greatly changed.

Presently, the Commission on Human Rights has already set up “Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities” to be its sub-organization as well as “Special Rapporteur”, “working group” to deal with the cases of invading human rights in specific countries. The more the Commission on Human Rights is empowered, the more enhancements of status and functions it acquires. Nowadays it has become an arena of developing countries and developed countries.
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dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與目的…………………………………………5
第二節 研究方法與限制…………………………………………8

第二章 人權議題在國際關係中的起源與發展
第一節 二次世界大戰前國際人權保障之發展…………………10
第二節 二次世界大戰後國際人權保障之發展…………………21
第三節 國際人權保障之爭議性因素……………………………27

第三章 聯合國人權建制之內涵與發展
第一節 互賴的國際環境與國際人權建制的發展………………38
第二節 國際人權建制的規範與執行……………………………44
第三節 聯合國人權組織的建立-憲章機構與條約機構………51

第四章 聯合國人權委員會的組織結構與運作模式
第一節 聯合國人權委員會的成立與發展………………………75
第二節 聯合國人權委員會的職權與功能………………………79
第三節 聯合國人權委員會的內部運作…………………………97

第五章 聯合國人權委員會的行動策略暨個案分析
第一節 聯合國人權委員會的對外運作模式……………………109
第二節 「國家監督機制」個案分析……………………………115
第三節 「專題式監督機制」個案分析…………………………129
第六章 代結論:人權委員會成效評估
第一節 影響人權委員有效性之因素……………………………141
第二節 人權委員會成效評估……………………………………149

附 錄………………………………………………………………153

參考書目………………………………………………………………188

表目錄
表3-1:一九四八年至一九九六年國際間通過之聯合國人權公約…62
表3-2:聯合國憲章機構與條約機構特性區別表……………………71
表3-3:經社理事會對於人權委員會重要決議案……………………92

圖目錄
圖3-1:聯合國人權機構結構圖………………………………………52
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0085253014en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聯合國zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聯合國人權委員會zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) United Nationsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Commission on Human Rightsen_US
dc.title (題名) 聯合國人權委員會組織及其運作之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The organization and function of United Nations Commission on Human Rightsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Parra. Alan Mitchell. The Human Rights Committee : A Regime Analysis. Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms International Disssertation Services, A Bell & Howell Co., 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Riggs, Robert Edwon. The United Nations : International Organization and World Politics. Belmont, Calif. : Wadsworth Pub., 1994.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Robertston, A. H. Human Rights in the World : An Introduction to the Study of the International Protection of Human Rights. New York : Manchester University Press .zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schifter, Richard. Human rights : A Western Cultural Bias? Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1988.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schwab, Peter and Adamantia Pollis eds. Toward a Human Rights Framework. New York : Praeger Publisher, 1982.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Susan, Hall and Amy Litt, Michael Schwarz eds., Enhancing Global Human Rights. New York : McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1979.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thoolen, Hans. Human Rights Missions : A Study of the Fact-finding Practice of Non-governmental Organizations. Boston : M. Nijhoff, 1986.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vincent, R. J. Human Rights and International Relations. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] : New York : Cambridge University Press, 1986.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Whittaker, David J. United Nations in Action. London : UCL Press. 1995.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Whalen, Lucille. Human rights : A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-CLIO, 1989.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Whittaker, David J. United Nations in the Contemporary World. London ; New York : Routledge, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Whitehead, John C. Human Rights and Change in Eastern Europe. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division, 1988.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 四、英文期刊:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bayefsky, Anne F. “ The Place and Role of Universal Human Rights in the Contemporary World.” Ethiek & Maatschappij,vol. 3, no. 1, March 2000, pp. 40-50.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Chickens and foxes: membership of Human Rights Commission.” Economist, vol. 359, April 21 2001, pp. 41.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eide, Asbjorn. “The Historical Significance of the Universal Declaration.” International Social Science Journal, vol. 50, no. 4, December 1998, pp. 475-497.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hochstetler, Kathryn. “Sovereignty in the Balance: Claims and Bargains at the UN Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 4, December 2000, pp. 591-614.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kent, Ann. “China, the United Nations and human rights.” Pacific Affairs, vol. 74, no. 1, Spring 2001, pp. 103-4.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lawrence, Susan V.“ Behind the lines: more strain in U.S.-China relations.” Far Eastern Economic Review, vol. 162, no. 14, April 8 1999, pp. 18-20.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lindgren Alves, Jose A. “The Declaration of Human Rights in post-modernity.” Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 2, May 2000, pp.478-500.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pace, John P. “The Development of Human Rights Law in the United Nations, Its Control and Monitoring Machinery.” International Social Science Journal, vol. 50, no. 4, December 1998, pp. 499-511.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Skirbekk, Sigurd N. “Future Predictions-Human Rights.” Forum for Development Studies, no. 1, 1999, pp. 151-158.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Semb, Anne Juli. “The New Practice of UN-Authorized Interventions: A Slippery Slope of Forcible Interference?.” Journal of Peace Research, vol. 37, no. 4, July 2000, pp. 469-488.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Umozurike, U. O. “Human Rights and Development.”International Social Science Journal, vol. 50, no. 4, December 1998, pp. 535-543.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Udombana, N. J. “The Third World and the Right to Development: Agenda for the Next Millennium.”Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 3, August 2000, pp. 753-787.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Van Tuijl, Peter. “Entering the Global Dealing Room: Reflections on a Rights-Based Framework for NGOs in International Development.” Third World Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 4, August 2000, pp. 617-626.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vest, Jason. “Humble pie.” American Prospect, vol. 12 , June 18 2001, pp. 12-13.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Shameful all around: voting the US off the Human Rights Commission.” Economist, vol. 359, May 12 2001, pp. 14.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weissbrodt, David. “An Analysis of the Fifty-First Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights.” Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 3, August 2000, pp. 788-837.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yamin, Alicia Ely. “Maternal Mortality as a Human Rights Issue: Measuring Compliance with International Treaty Obligations.” Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 3, August 1999, pp. 563-607.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 五、網路資源:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 聯合國網站: http://www.un.org/rights/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 聯合國人權委員會網站:http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/commission/commission.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 明尼蘇達大學人權圖書館網站:http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 人權網站Human Rights Internet: http://www.hri.ca/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 人權觀察網站Human Rights Watch:http://www.humanrightswatch.org/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 亞洲國家人權機構論壇:http://www.apf.hreoc.gov.au/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 國際人道法網站:http://www.icrc.org/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 國際特赦組織:http://www.amnesty.org/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 國際紅十字會:http://www.icrc.org/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中國人權新聞網:http://www.hrichina.org/index.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中國人權研究會:http://www.humanrights-china.org/zh_TW