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題名 小布希政府對拉丁裔移民政策之研究：以古巴裔與墨西哥裔為例
George W. Bush`s Immigration Policy Toward Latinos: a Focus on Cubans, and Mexicans in the U.S.
作者 莊博智
Chuang, Po-chih
貢獻者 邱稔壤<br>向駿
Chyou, Ren-ran<br>Hsiang, Antonio C.
莊博智
Chuang, Po-chih
關鍵詞 布希
古巴裔
拉丁裔
移民
墨西哥裔
George W. Bush
Cuban
Latino
Immigrant
Mexican
日期 2006
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 17:50:41 (UTC+8)
摘要 拉丁裔的人口數量已於2002年凌駕非洲裔成為美國最大的少數族群，2004年杭廷頓（Samuel P. Huntington）在《我們是誰？對美國國家認同的挑戰》（Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity）ㄧ書中嚴厲譴責拉丁裔移民進入美國後，倡議兩種語言與兩種文化，此將危及美國國家「盎格魯－新教」（Anglo-Protestantism）文化，更將侵蝕美國的國家利益與威脅美國在國際社會的霸權地位。由於目前國內學界對拉丁裔研究多為單一族裔的研究，本文藉由比較性研究呈現古巴裔與墨西哥裔的不同發展歷程。研究內容涵蓋古巴裔與墨西哥裔對美國的影響，以及布希政府對不同族裔的移民政策研究。研究結果可發現古巴裔與墨西哥裔的影響能力與影響層面有所不同，而布希政府看待古巴裔與墨西哥裔的態度也有不同。

針對古巴裔與墨西哥裔影響的研究，超過六成的古巴裔集中在佛州，因此古巴裔在佛州的影響力明顯，而分佈廣闊的墨西哥裔卻能挾人數之眾影響全國性議題。此外，重視外交議題的古巴裔也與重視內政議題（教育為主）的墨西哥裔不同。另就古巴裔與墨西哥裔的身分、認同與母國關係也有不同的發展歷程，因而導引出布希政府不同的移民政策。古巴裔部分，因為古巴裔的公民身分與美古雙邊關係發展，使得古巴裔在移民過程中擁有較多的優惠；墨西哥裔部分，墨西哥裔美國人重視雙語教育政策，而墨西哥裔非法移民則期待移民大赦與臨時工計畫。然而，布希政府不僅反對雙語教育與全面的移民大赦，表態支持的臨時工計畫卻受到參眾兩院無法達成協議而停滯。
The population of Latinos has exceeded African American and become the largest minority group in the U.S in 2002. In the book “Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity,” Samuel P. Huntington condemn Latinos as advocating double language and double culture, and this will ultimately endanger the Anglo-Protestantism culture of U.S. Moreover, the increasing entrance of Latinos into the U.S will erode America`s national interest and influence America`s hegemony in international society. Since domestic research has focused on studying single ethnic group-Latinos, this research tries to present the different developmental process of Cubans and Mexicans via comparative studies. This paper discusses Cubans and Mexicans` impact on America, and George W. Bush`s immigration policy toward different ethnic groups. From my research result, I have found that Cubans and Mexicans’ influential power and level as being different, and President Bush’s policy toward Cubans and Mexicans is different as well.

More than sixty percent Cubans lives in Florida, which implies that Cubans has strong impact on Florida. On the other side, the massive number of Mexicans can influence national policy with its national wide population distribution. In addition, Cubans is more concerned about foreign policy toward Castro regime, while Mexicans concerns more about internal issues, especially education. Cubans and Mexicans also have different development process regarding their status, identity, and relationship with home countries, thus leading Bush’s distinct policy toward this two groups. For the Cubans, because of citizenship rate and U.S.-Cuba relationship, Cubans has more privileges during immigration. To the Mexicans, Mexican American is concerned about bilingual education, and Mexican illegal labors have focus on amnesty temporary worker program. However, Bush administration not only opposes bilingual education and a comprehensive immigration amnesty, but the temporary worker program is also delayed by the Senate and the House of Representative.
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Huntington, Samuel P., “The Erosion of American National Interests,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No.5 (September/October, 1997), pp.28-49.
─────, “The Hispanic Challenge,” Foreign Policy, No.141 (March/April, 2004), pp.30-45.
─────, “Creedal Passions: Immigration and American Identity,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.83, No.5 (September/October, 2004), pp. 155-159.
Johnson Jr., James H. & Walter C. Farrell, Jr. & Chandra Guinn, “Immigration Reform and the Browning of America: Tensions, Conflicts and Community Instability in Metropolitan Los Angeles,” International Migration Review, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Winter, 1997), pp.1055-1095.
Keohane, Robert O. & Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Globalization: What’s New? What’s Not? (And So What?)”, Foreign Policy, No.118 (Spring, 2000), pp.104-119.
King, Desmond S. & Rogers M. Smith, “Racial Orders in American Political Development,” American Political Science Review, Vol.99, No.1 (February, 2005), pp.75-92.
Klare, Michael T., “The New Geography of Conflict,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.80, No.3 (May/June, 2001), pp.49-61.
Leal, David L. & Matt A. Barreto & Jongho Lee & Rodolfo O. de la Garza, “The Latino Vote in the 2004 Election,” PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol. 38 (January, 2005), pp.41-49.
Marino, Soraya M. Castro, “U.S.-Cuban Relations During the Clinton Administration,” Latin American Perspective, Vol.29, No.4 (July, 2002), pp.47-76
Martin, Philip L. “Immigration in the United States,” working paper CIIP-2, prepared for Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, the 2nd edition, April 30, 2002, pp.1-20.
Massey, Douglas S., “Backfire at the Border: Why Enforcement Without Legalization Cannot Stop Illegal Immigration,” Trade Policy Analysis, No. 29 (June, 2005), pp.1-14.
─────, & Luin Goldring & Jorge Durand, “Continuities in Transnational Migration: an Analysis of Nineteen Mexican Communities,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 99, No. 6 (May, 1994), pp. 1492-1533.
McGray, Douglas, “Lost in America,” Foreign Policy, Vol.2006, No.154 (May/June, 2006), pp.40-48.
Naim, Moisés, “The Five Wars of Globalization,” Foreign Policy, No.134 (January/February, 2003), pp.28-36.
Orozco, Manuel, “Remittances and Markets: New Players and Practices,” working paper, Inter-American Dialogue and Tomás Rivera Policy Institute (June, 2000), pp.1-19.
Pedace, Roberto, “Immigration, Labor Market Mobility, and the Earnings of Native–Born Workers: An Occupational Segmentation Approach,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol.65, No.2 (April, 2006), pp.313-345.
Radelat, Ana, “Crunch Time,” Hispanic, Vol.13, No.10 (October, 2000), pp.24-30.
Rudolph, Christopher “Security and the Political Economy of International Migration,” American Political Science Review, Vol.97, No.4 (November, 2003), pp.603-620.
Shain, Yossi, “The Mexican-American Diaspora’s Impact on Mexico,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol.114, No.4 (Winter, 1999-2000), pp.661-691.
Smith, James P., “Assimilation Across the Latino Generations,” The American Economic Review, Vol. 93, No. 2 (May, 2003), pp.315-319.
Wolfe, Alan, “Native Son,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.83, No.3 (May/June, 2004), pp. 120-125.
“US Senate on Collision Course with House,” Latin American Regional Reports – Mexico and NAFTA, Vol.2006, No.6 (June, 2006), pp.12-16.
（三）學位論文
Chau, Shu-Chieh, “From Motherland to Promised Land: The Cuban-American Political Attachment,” Tansui, Taipei: Master dissertation, Tamkang University, 2004.
（四）新聞
CNN（http://www.cnn.com）
Miami Herald（http://www.miami.com）
New York Times（http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald）
South Florida Sun-Sentinel（http://www.sun-sentinel.com）
Washington Post（http://www.washingtonpost.com）
（五）網站
Center for Comparative Immigration Studies (CCIS)
（http://www.ccis-ucsd.org）
Central Intelligence Agency: The World Factbook
（http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook）
Embassy the Republic of Haiti in Washington D.C.
（http://www.haiti.org/general_information/keyhisdates.htm）
Inter-American Dialogue
（http://www.thedialogue.org）
International Organization for Migration
（http://www.iom.int/jahia/page2.html）
Pew Hispanic Center
（http://pewhispanic.org）
Tomás Rivera Policy Institute
（http://www.trpi.org）
Third World County
（http://thirdworldcounty.us）
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
（http://www.unhcr.org）
Urban Dictionary
（http://www.urbandictionary.com）
U.S. Census Bureau
（http://www.census.gov）
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
（http://www.uscis.gov）
U.S. House of Representatives
（http://www.house.gov）
U.S. Senate
（http://www.senate.gov）
White House
（http://www.whitehouse.gov）
三、電子文獻部分
“America’s National Interests,” Nixon Center, July, 2000, <http://www.nixoncenter.org/publications/monographs/nationalinterests.pdf>.
“Cubans in the United States,” Pew Hispanic Center, August 25, 2006, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/23.pdf>.
“Estimates of the Unauthorized Migrant Population for States based on the March 2005 CPS,” Pew Hispanic Center, April 26, 2006, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/17.pdf>.
“Hispanic Attitudes Toward Learning English,” Pew Hispanic Center, June 7, 2006, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/20.pdf>.
“Modes of Entry for the Unauthorized Migrant Population,” Pew Hispanic Center, May 22, 2006, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/19.pdf>.
“Naturalization of Persons From Selected Latin American Countries,” Tomás Rivera Policy Institute, <http://www.trpi.org/facts_stats%20tables/Table%205.gif>.
“President Bush Proposes New Temporary Worker Program,” White House, January 7, 2004, <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040107-3.html>.
“The Labor Force Status of Short-Term Unauthorized Workers,” Pew Hispanic Center, April 13, 2006, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/16.pdf>,
“The State of the Union Address,” White House, February 2, 2005, <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/02/20050202-11.htm>.
“U.S. House of Representatives Passes NAACP-Supported Voting Rights Reauthorization Legislation,” National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, July 17, 2006, <http://www.naacp.org/inc/docs/washington/109/109_aa-2006-07-13.pdf>.
“What are the Top Occupations of the U.S. Latino Population,” Tomás Rivera Policy Institute, <http://www.trpi.org/facts_stats%20tables/Table%209.gif >.
Cortina, Jeronimo & Rodolfo de la Garza, “Immigration Remitting Behavior and its Developmental Consequences for Mexico and El Salvador,” Tomás Rivera Policy Institute, December, 2004, <http://www.trpi.org/PDFs/remit.pdf>.
Domínguez, Jorge I. “Latinos and U.S. Foreign Policy,” working paper No. 06-05, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, May, 2006, <www.wcfia.harvard.edu/papers/1091__JD_Latino.pdf>.
Kochhar, Rakesh, “Survey Mexican Migrants Part Three: The Economic Transition to America”, Pew Hispanic Center, December 6, 2005, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/58.pdf>.
Padgett, Tim, “Will Latin America Turn Left?” Time, January 6, 2006, <http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1146794,00.html>.
Passel, Jeffrey S., “The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.: Estimates Based on the March 2005 Current Population Survey,” Pew Hispanic Center, March 7, 2006, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/61.pdf>.
─────, & Roberto Suro, “Rise, Peak, and Decline: Trends in U.S. Immigration 1992-2004,” Pew Hispanic Center, September 27, 2005, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/53.pdf>.
─────, “Unauthorized Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics,” Pew Hispanic Center, June 14, 2005, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/46.pdf>.
Suro, Roberto “Remittance Senders and Receivers: Tracking The Transnational Channels,” Pew Hispanic Center, November, 2003, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/23.pdf>.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
93253024
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093253024
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 邱稔壤<br>向駿zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chyou, Ren-ran<br>Hsiang, Antonio C.en_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 莊博智zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chuang, Po-chihen_US
dc.creator (作者) 莊博智zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chuang, Po-chihen_US
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 17:50:41 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 17:50:41 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 17:50:41 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0093253024en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33672-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93253024zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 拉丁裔的人口數量已於2002年凌駕非洲裔成為美國最大的少數族群，2004年杭廷頓（Samuel P. Huntington）在《我們是誰？對美國國家認同的挑戰》（Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity）ㄧ書中嚴厲譴責拉丁裔移民進入美國後，倡議兩種語言與兩種文化，此將危及美國國家「盎格魯－新教」（Anglo-Protestantism）文化，更將侵蝕美國的國家利益與威脅美國在國際社會的霸權地位。由於目前國內學界對拉丁裔研究多為單一族裔的研究，本文藉由比較性研究呈現古巴裔與墨西哥裔的不同發展歷程。研究內容涵蓋古巴裔與墨西哥裔對美國的影響，以及布希政府對不同族裔的移民政策研究。研究結果可發現古巴裔與墨西哥裔的影響能力與影響層面有所不同，而布希政府看待古巴裔與墨西哥裔的態度也有不同。

針對古巴裔與墨西哥裔影響的研究，超過六成的古巴裔集中在佛州，因此古巴裔在佛州的影響力明顯，而分佈廣闊的墨西哥裔卻能挾人數之眾影響全國性議題。此外，重視外交議題的古巴裔也與重視內政議題（教育為主）的墨西哥裔不同。另就古巴裔與墨西哥裔的身分、認同與母國關係也有不同的發展歷程，因而導引出布希政府不同的移民政策。古巴裔部分，因為古巴裔的公民身分與美古雙邊關係發展，使得古巴裔在移民過程中擁有較多的優惠；墨西哥裔部分，墨西哥裔美國人重視雙語教育政策，而墨西哥裔非法移民則期待移民大赦與臨時工計畫。然而，布希政府不僅反對雙語教育與全面的移民大赦，表態支持的臨時工計畫卻受到參眾兩院無法達成協議而停滯。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The population of Latinos has exceeded African American and become the largest minority group in the U.S in 2002. In the book “Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity,” Samuel P. Huntington condemn Latinos as advocating double language and double culture, and this will ultimately endanger the Anglo-Protestantism culture of U.S. Moreover, the increasing entrance of Latinos into the U.S will erode America`s national interest and influence America`s hegemony in international society. Since domestic research has focused on studying single ethnic group-Latinos, this research tries to present the different developmental process of Cubans and Mexicans via comparative studies. This paper discusses Cubans and Mexicans` impact on America, and George W. Bush`s immigration policy toward different ethnic groups. From my research result, I have found that Cubans and Mexicans’ influential power and level as being different, and President Bush’s policy toward Cubans and Mexicans is different as well.

More than sixty percent Cubans lives in Florida, which implies that Cubans has strong impact on Florida. On the other side, the massive number of Mexicans can influence national policy with its national wide population distribution. In addition, Cubans is more concerned about foreign policy toward Castro regime, while Mexicans concerns more about internal issues, especially education. Cubans and Mexicans also have different development process regarding their status, identity, and relationship with home countries, thus leading Bush’s distinct policy toward this two groups. For the Cubans, because of citizenship rate and U.S.-Cuba relationship, Cubans has more privileges during immigration. To the Mexicans, Mexican American is concerned about bilingual education, and Mexican illegal labors have focus on amnesty temporary worker program. However, Bush administration not only opposes bilingual education and a comprehensive immigration amnesty, but the temporary worker program is also delayed by the Senate and the House of Representative.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 2
一、 研究動機 2
二、 研究目的 12
第二節 文獻探討 13
一、 拉丁裔或西班牙語裔 13
二、 拉丁美洲與拉丁裔研究 16
（一） 國家利益與學術發展 17
（二） 拉丁裔與美國外交政策 19
第三節 研究範圍與限制 20
一、 研究範圍 20
（一） 研究時間 21
（二） 研究區域 21
（三） 研究對象 21
二、 研究限制 22
第四節 研究問題與方法 23
一、 研究問題 23
二、 研究方法 24
(一) 文獻分析法 24
(二) 歷史研究法 24
(三) 比較研究法 24
第五節 研究架構與章節安排 25
一、 研究架構 25
二、 章節安排 26
第二章 移民與國家安全 29
第一節 移民與國家認同 29
一、 自由主義與社群主義的認同觀 30
二、 美國國家認同的爭議 33
第二節 全球化與移民理論 35
一、 全球化與人類安全 36
（一） 全球化下的國家、社會與個人 36
（二） 國際社會與人類安全 38
二、 移民理論 42
（一） 推拉理論 42
（二） 核心－邊陲體系 43
（三） 社會網絡 44
（四） 理論評估 45
第三節 移民對國家的影響 47
一、 移民與經濟 48
（一） 已開發國家的人口危機 48
（二） 移民的經濟性效果 51
二、 移民與安全 57
三、 經濟發展與國家安全的考量 61
第四節 小結 63
第三章 美國移民政策的演變與發展 67
第一節 拉丁美洲人民移入美國的方式與類型 67
一、 移入的方式 68
二、 移入的類型 71
（一） 勞工移民 71
（二） 難民與流亡人士 71
（三） 美國公民 76
第二節 美國移民政策與改革法案 78
一、 美國的移民歷史 79
二、 移民法與移民控制政策 80
（一） 國籍法與移民控制 81
（二） 勞工計劃與移民政策 85
（三） 移民驅逐與大赦 86
第三節 非法移民與國家發展 88
一、 非法移民問題 89
二、 經濟發展與國土安全考量 95
第四節 小結 99
第四章 古巴裔與墨西哥裔對美國的影響 103
第一節 邁阿密古巴與古巴流亡人士 103
一、 古巴革命後的難民潮（1959年~1962年） 106
二、 自由航班時期（1965年~1973年） 107
三、 1980年馬列爾事件 108
四、 1989年後的難民潮 112
第二節 墨西哥裔海外匯款與影響 115
一、 墨西哥裔海外匯款與影響 116
二、 拉丁裔匯款對國家的影響 121
第三節 伊利安事件與2000年總統選舉 123
一、 拉丁裔移民團體 123
（一） 古巴裔美國人全國基金會 123
（二） 美國拉丁裔公民聯盟 125
二、 伊利安事件與佛州選票 126
（一） 伊利安事件 127
（二） 伊利安事件對佛州選舉的影響 128
第四節 拉丁裔對美國的政治影響 131
一、 拉丁裔的政治參與 131
二、 投票權法與雙語服務 137
第五節 小結 138
第五章 小布希政府移民政策與改革法案 143
第一節 古巴裔與墨西哥裔的身分與認同 144
一、 古巴裔與墨西哥裔的身分比較 145
二、 古巴裔與墨西哥裔與母國關係 147
三、 古巴裔與墨西哥裔的同化與認同 150
第二節 小布希政府對古巴裔政策 156
一、 小布希政府對古巴政策 156
二、 小布希政府與古巴裔 161
第三節 小布希政府對墨西哥裔政策 166
一、 小布希政府對墨西哥政策 167
二、 小布希政府與墨西哥裔 170
（一） 雙語教育政策 170
（二） 非法移民政策 171
（三） 移民政治 174
第四節 美國國會移民改革法案（2005年~2006年）及其影響 177
一、 參眾兩院的改革法案 178
二、 移民改革法案的影響 182
三、 移民改革法案的後續發展 184
第五節 小結 186
第六章 結論 191
第一節 研究成果與發現 191
第二節 研究反思與建議 195
一、 研究反思 196
二、 研究建議 197

參考書目 ……………………………………………………………..199
一、中文部分 199
（一）專書 199
（二）期刊 200
（三）學位論文 202
（四）報章媒體 202
二、西文部分 204
（一）專書 204
（二）期刊論文 211
（三）學位論文 216
（四）新聞 216
（五）網站 216
三、電子文獻部分 219
附錄一 美國參議院通過英語為官方語言 223		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093253024en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 布希zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 古巴裔zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 拉丁裔zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 移民zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 墨西哥裔zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) George W. Bushen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cubanen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Latinoen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Immigranten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mexicanen_US
dc.title (題名) 小布希政府對拉丁裔移民政策之研究：以古巴裔與墨西哥裔為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) George W. Bush`s Immigration Policy Toward Latinos: a Focus on Cubans, and Mexicans in the U.S.en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （一）專書zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王振寰，瞿海源編，社會學與臺灣社會，台北：巨流，2000。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 布里辛斯基（Zbigniew Brzezinski），郭希誠譯，美國的抉擇（The Choice），台北：左岸文化，2004。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 布隆、龐珍等（Leonard Broom & Charles M. Bonjean & Dorothy H. Broom），張承漢譯，社會學（Sociology: a Core Text with Adapted Readings），台北：巨流，1993。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 向駿編，拉丁美洲研究，台北：五南，2001。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 向駿，拉丁美洲軍人政權之回顧與前瞻，台北：韋伯，2004。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 杭廷頓（Samuel P. Huntington），程克雄譯，我們是誰？美國國家特性面臨的挑戰（Who are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity），北京：新華，2005。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 周煦，聯合國與國際政治，台北：黎明文化，1993。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 邵宗海、楊逢泰、洪泉湖編，族群問題與族群關係，台北：幼獅，1995。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ─────，「美國總統布希在拉丁美洲之外交困境」，國際關係學報，第22期（2006年7月），頁177~184。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、西文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （一）專書zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ─────, & Pablo de Greiff eds., Hispanics/Latinos in the United States: Ethnicity, Race, and Rights, New York: Routledge, 2000.zh_TW
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