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題名 未盡的責任：聯合國人道干預之實踐
Unfulfilled Responsibility: The Practice of the United Nations on Humanitarian Intervention
作者 龔孟穎
Kung,Meng-Yin Lorelei
貢獻者 姜家雄
Chiang,Alex
龔孟穎
Kung,Meng-Yin Lorelei
關鍵詞 聯合國
人道干預
人權
盧安達
蘇丹
達佛
United Nations
humanitarian intervention
human rights
Rwanda
Sudan
Darfur
日期 2006
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 17:50:54 (UTC+8)
摘要 Humanitarian intervention becomes a focal point of international debate because it seems to be morally right but legally wrong. It challenges the principle of non-intervention and non-use of force encompassed in the Charter of the United Nations (UN), which was established in 1945 to prevent aggressions that led to the two world wars. However, since the 1990s, state practices of military intervention to protect human rights increased dramatically, many of which were even endorsed by the UN or in close cooperation with it. In other words, the UN is the most important, or insofar the only acceptable, body to authorize and legitimize any military operations with humanitarian rationale. This research aims at investigating the limitations of the UN in coordinating its responsibilities of maintaining peace and security and of protecting human rights. Two cases, Rwanda in 1994 and Sudan from 2003 on, are chosen as examples to probe into the practice of the UN and try to determine what has changed and what remains steadfast of the UN practice in humanitarian intervention in these ten years. By focusing on the cases of Rwanda and Sudan, this thesis is intended to address the following questions: (1) In the past decade, has the UN system become more comfortable with humanitarian intervention? (2) What are the limitations of the UN in conducting “humanitarian intervention”? What causes these limitations? And why? (3) What can be done to improve the incompetence of the UN in terms of humanitarian intervention? How to harmonize the UN’s conflicting responsibilities of upholding human rights and defending the principle of non-intervention? This research concludes that the new approach of the “responsibility to protect” that was created in recent years shows that a normative change is on the way. Besides, from Rwanda to Sudan, the UN has made progress in addressing grave humanitarian issues. However, all the efforts still have to depend on the political will of the member states of the UN. Since this issue is still more a political one than a legal one, in the years to come, the UN will still face the difficulty of fulfilling its responsibility.
參考文獻 UN/AU Documents
Report by Mr. B. W. Ndiaye, Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, on his mission to Rwanda from 8-17 April 1993. UN Commission on Human Rights (E/CN.4/1994/7/Add.I). 11 August 1993.
Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations during the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda (S/1999/1257). 15 December 1999.
Annan, Kofi. Speech to the UN Human Rights Commission. UN Press Release (SG/SM/9197 AFR/893 HR/CN/1077). Geneva, 7 April 2004.
A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility. Report of the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. New York: United Nations, 2004.
Report of the Ceasefire Commission on the situation in Darfur at the Joint Committee Emergency Meeting in Abuja, Nigeria. African Union, 27 December 2004.
Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General. Geneva, 25 January 2005.
In larger freedom: toward development, security and human rights for all. Report of the Secretary-General to United Nations General Assembly (A/59/2005). 21 March 2005.
Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons. UN Commission on Human Rights, Mission to the Sudan (E/CN.4/2006/71/Add.6). 13 February 2006.
Report of the High-Level Mission on the situation of human rights in Darfur pursuant to Human Rights Council decision S-4/101. Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006 Entitled “Human Rights Council” (A/HRC/4/80). 7 March 2007.
Books
Annan, Kofi A. Prevention of Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General. New York: United Nations, 2001.
Arend, Anthony Clark, and Robert J. Beck. International Law and the Use of Force. London: Routledge, 1993.
Belgrad, Eric A., and Nitza Nachmias, eds. The Politics of International Humanitarian Aid Operations. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1997.
Bull, Hedley, ed. Intervention in World Politics. Oxford: Clarendon, 1984.
Chatterjee, Deen K., and Don E. Scheid, eds. Ethics and Foreign Intervention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Chesterman, Simon. Just War or Just Peace? Humanitarian Intervention and International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Davis, Michael C., Wolfgang Dietrich, Bettina Scholdan, and Dieter Sepp, eds. International Intervention in the post-Cold War World: Moral Responsibility and Power Politics. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004.
Dorff, Robert H. “The Future of Peace Support Operations.” In Max G. Manwaring and John T. Fishel, eds. Toward Responsibility in the New World Disorder: Challenges and Lessons of Peace Operations. London: Frank Cass, 1998, pp. 160-178.
Dorman, Andrew M., and Thomas G. Otte, eds. Military Intervention: From Gunboat Diplomacy to Humanitarian Intervention. Brookfield, Vermont: Dartmouth, 1995.
Fierke, K. M. Diplomatic Interventions: Conflict and Change in a Globalizing World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Finnemore, Martha. National Interests in International Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.
______. The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
Geldenhuys, Deon. Foreign Political Engagement: Remaking States in the Post-Cold War World. London: Macmillan, 1998.
Gourevitch, Philip. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. London: Picador, 1999.
Hawkins, Virgil. The Silence of the UN Security Council: Conflict and Peace Enforcement in the 1990s. Firenze, Italy: European Press Academic, 2004.
Holzgrefe, J. L., and Robert O. Keohane, eds. Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dilemmas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Lewis, Ioan, and James Mayall. “Somalia.” In James Mayall, ed. The New Interventionism 1991-1994: United Nations Experience in Cambodia, Former Yugoslavia and Somalia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 94-126
Melvern, Linda. Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide. London: Verso, 2004.
Murphy, Sean D. Humanitarian Intervention: The United Nations in an Evolving World Order. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.
Power, Samantha. A Problem from Hell: America in the Age of Genocide. New York: Random House, 2003).
Roberts, Adam, and Benedict Kingsbury, eds. United Nations, Divided World: The UN’s Roles in International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Sahnoun, Mohamed. Somalia: The Missed Opportunity. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1994.
Sarooshi, Danesh. The United Nations and the Development of Collective Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Tanca, Antonio. Foreign Armed Intervention in Internal Conflict. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993.
Tesón, Fernando R. Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality, 2nd edn. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Transnational Publishers, 1997.
Thakur, Ramesh. The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security to the Responsibility to Protect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Weisburd, A. Mark. Use of Force: The Practice of States Since World War II. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997.
Weiss, Thomas G., David P. Forsythe, and Roger A. Coate. The United Nations and Changing World Politics, 4th edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 2004.
Welsh, Jennifer M., ed. Humanitarian Intervention and International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Wheeler, Nicholas J. Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Journal Articles
Adebajo, Adekeye. “Collective Security and Humanitarian Intervention.” United Nations & Global Security, at http://www.un-globalsecurity.org/pdf/Adebajo_paper_hum_intervention.pdf.
Annan, Kofi. “‘In Larger Freedom’: Decision Time at the UN.” Foreign Affairs (May/June 2005): 63-74.
Barnett, Michael. “Partner in Peace? The United Nations, Regional Organizations, and Peacekeeping.” Review of International Studies 21 (1995): 411-433.
_____. “The UN Security Council, Indifference, and Genocide in Rwanda.” Cultural Anthropology 12 (November 1997): 551-578.
Belknap, Margaret H. “The CNN Effect: Strategic Enabler or Operational Risk?” Strategic Research Project, 30 March 2001, at http://www.iwar.org.uk/psyops/resources/cnn-effect/Belknap_M_H_01.pdf
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. “Empowering the United Nations.” Foreign Affairs 71 (Winter 1992/1993): 89-102.
Clapham, Christopher. “Rwanda: The Perils of Peacemaking.” Journal of Peace Research 35 (March 1998): 193-210.
De-Waal, Alex. “Counter-Insurgency on the Cheap.” London Review of Books 26 (15), 5 August 2004, at http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n15/waal01_.html.
Doane, Stephen M. “Responding to Genocide in Sudan: Barriers to Peace, International Indifference, and the Need for Tough Diplomacy.” Stanford Journal of International Relations 3 (April-June 2001), at http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.2.10_doane.html.
Geraci, Antonino “The Use of the UN as Scapegoat: The Peacekeeping Missions in Somalia and the Political Blame Games.” Paper presented at the 2001 Hong Kong International Convention of the International Studies Association, 26-28 July 2001, at http://www.isanet.org/archive/geraci.pdf
Gilligan, Michael, and Stephen John Stedman. “Where Do the Peacekeepers Go?” International Studies Review 5 (December 2003): 37-54.
Hettne, Björn, and Fredrik Söderbaum. “The UN and Regional Organizations in Global Security: Competing or Complementary Logics?” Global Governance 12 (July-September 2006): 227-232.
Hurd, Ian. “Legitimacy, power, and the symbolic life of the UN Security Council.” Global Governance 8 (January-March 2002): 35-51.
Melvern, Linda. “The Security Council: Behind the Scenes.” International Affairs 77 (January 2001): 101-111.
Newbury, David. “Understanding Genocide.” African Studies Review 41 (April 1998): 73-97.
Reed, W. Cyrus. “Exile, Reform and the Rise of the Rwandan Patriotic Front.” Journal of Modern African Studies 34 (3) (1996): 479-501.
Ryle, John. “Disaster in Darfur.” New York Review of Books 51 (13), 12 August 2004, at http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/Collinsmaterial/articles/Darfur.pdf.
Srinivasan, Sharath. “Minority Rights, Early Warning and Conflict Prevention: Lessons from Darfur.” Minority Rights Group International, September 2006.
Straus, Scott. “Darfur and the Genocide Debate.” Foreign Affairs 84 (January/February 2005): 123-133.
Thakur, Ramesh. “A Shared Responsibility for a More Secure World,” Global Governance 11 (July-September 2005): 281-289.
Tzou, Byron N. “The UN and Human Rights: The Punishment For Crime of Genocide and Other Crimes in Rwanda.” Issue and Studies 37(November 1998): 15-28
Vetlesen, Arne Johan. “Genocide: A Case for the Responsibility of the Bystander.” Journal of Peace Research 37 (July 2000): 519-532.
Williams, Paul D., and Alex J. Bellamy. “The Responsibility to Protect and the Crisis in Darfur.” Security Dialogue 36 (March 2005): 27-47.
Reports, Newspaper, Online Articles
“A President’s Promise.” Editorial. Washington Post. 11 April 2006.
Amnesty International (AI). Chad: Civilians under attack. Darfur conflict spreads to eastern Chad. AI Index: AFR 20/005/2007, 1 March 2007.
_____. Sudan at the mercy of killers – destruction of villages in Darfur. AI Index: 54/072/2004
Baldo, Suliman. “Darfur’s Peace Plan: The View from the Ground.” 24 May 2006, at http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-africa_democracy/peace_darfur_3581.jsp.
“Bush Agrees in Principle with Kurd Havens Plan.” New York Times, 11 April 1991.
“Congress declares Sudan atrocities are ‘genocide’.” Associated Press, 23 July 2004..
Dagne, Ted. Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis, Peace Talks, Terrorism, and U.S. Policy. CRS Issue Briefing for Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 27 September 2004.
“Darfur Gets a Fighting Chance.” Editorial. New York Times. 6 May 2006.
Ferroggiaro, William. “The US and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994: Evidence of Inaction.” The Naitonal Security Archive, 20 August 2001, at http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html.
Frist, Bill. “Steps for saving lives in Sudan.” Washington Post, 11 August 2004.
Gberie, Lansana. “The Darfur Crisis: A Test Case for Humanitarian Intervention.” KAIPTC Paper No. 1, September 2004, at http://www.kaiptc.org/kaiptc/The%20Darfur%20Crisis.pdf.
Goodman, Peter S. “China Invests Heavily in Sudan’s Oil Industry.” Washington Post, 23 December 2004.
Hasbani, Nadim. “About The Arab Stance Vis-à-vis Darfur.” Al-Hayat, 21 March 2007.
“Haven from the Hell Holes.” New York Times, 11 April 1991.
“Hope in Darfur.” Washington Post, 22 September 2004.
Human Rights Watch (HRW). Famine in Sudan, 1998: The Human Rights Causes. New York: HRW, 1999.
_____. Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan. HRW 15 (5A), April 2004.
_____. Darfur Destroyed: Ethnic Cleasing by Government and Militia Forces in Western Sudan. HRW 16 (6A), May 2004.
_____. Empty Promises?: Continuing Abuses in Darfur, Sudan. HRW Briefing Paper, 11 August 2004.
_____. Entrenching Impunity: Government Responsibility for International Crime in Darfur. HRW 17 (17A), December 2005.
_____. The Rwandan Genocide: How It Was Prepared. New York: Human Rights Watch, November, 2006.
Human Rights Watch and Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droites de l’Homme. Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: HRW, 1999.
House of Commons, International Development Committee. Darfur, Sudan: The Responsibility to Protect. Fifth Report of Session 2004-5, Volume I. London: The Stationary Office, 30 March 2005.
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. The Responsibility to Protect. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001.
_____. The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background: Supplementary Volume to the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001.
International Crisis Group (ICG). Darfur: The Failure to Protect. ICG Africa Report No. 89, 8 March 2005.
_____. The AU’s Mission in Darfur: Bridging the Gaps. ICG Africa Briefing No. 28, 6 July 2005.
_____. Darfur’s Fragile Peace Agreement. ICG Africa Briefing No. 39, 20 June 2006.
Kessler, Glenn. “Sudanese, Rebels Sign Peace Plan For Darfur.” Washington Post. 6 May 2006.
Lewis, Scott. Rejuvenating or Restraining Civil War: The Role of External Actors in the War Economies of Sudan. Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2004.
O’Neill, William G., and Violette Cassis. Protecting Two Million Internally Displaced: The Successes and Shortcomings of the African Union in Darfur. Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement, November 2005.
“Peace in Darfur?” Editorial. Washington Post. 6 May 2006.
Polgreen, Lydia. “Rebel attack on African Union force in Darfur is deadliest.” International Herald Tribune, 3 April 2007.
Powell, Colin L. “Darfur.” Op-ed. Wall Street Journal, 5 August 2004.
“Powell, in Sudan, Presses for Action.” Washington Post, 1 July 2004
“Powell calls Sudan killings genocide.” CNN, 9 September 2004.
Power, Samantha. “‘Never Again’: The World’s Most Unfulfilled Promise.” Frontline, at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/karadzic/genocide/neveragain.html.
“President Speaks to the United Nations General Assembly.” Office of the Press Secretary, White House, 21 September 2004, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/09/20040921-3.html.
“The United Nations: Mission impossible?” The Economist, 6 January 2007.
UN News Center. “Sudan: Envoy warns of ethnic cleansing as Security Council calls for ceasefire.” 2 April 2004, at http://www.un.org/apps/news/storyAr.asp?NewsID=10307&Cr=sudan&Cr1=.
“U.N., AU envoys say Darfur peace agreement can be changed to bring more factions on board.” International Herald Tribune, 15 February 2007.
“US Cautious over Plan for Kurds’ Havens.” Independent, 10 April 1991.
US Government Accountability Office. Darfur Crisis: Progress in Aid and Peace Monitoring Threatened by Ongoing Violence and Operational Challenges. GAO-07-9, 9 November 2006.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
94253005
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094253005
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 姜家雄zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chiang,Alexen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 龔孟穎zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Kung,Meng-Yin Loreleien_US
dc.creator (作者) 龔孟穎zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Kung,Meng-Yin Loreleien_US
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 17:50:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 17:50:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 17:50:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094253005en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33674-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94253005zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Humanitarian intervention becomes a focal point of international debate because it seems to be morally right but legally wrong. It challenges the principle of non-intervention and non-use of force encompassed in the Charter of the United Nations (UN), which was established in 1945 to prevent aggressions that led to the two world wars. However, since the 1990s, state practices of military intervention to protect human rights increased dramatically, many of which were even endorsed by the UN or in close cooperation with it. In other words, the UN is the most important, or insofar the only acceptable, body to authorize and legitimize any military operations with humanitarian rationale. This research aims at investigating the limitations of the UN in coordinating its responsibilities of maintaining peace and security and of protecting human rights. Two cases, Rwanda in 1994 and Sudan from 2003 on, are chosen as examples to probe into the practice of the UN and try to determine what has changed and what remains steadfast of the UN practice in humanitarian intervention in these ten years. By focusing on the cases of Rwanda and Sudan, this thesis is intended to address the following questions: (1) In the past decade, has the UN system become more comfortable with humanitarian intervention? (2) What are the limitations of the UN in conducting “humanitarian intervention”? What causes these limitations? And why? (3) What can be done to improve the incompetence of the UN in terms of humanitarian intervention? How to harmonize the UN’s conflicting responsibilities of upholding human rights and defending the principle of non-intervention? This research concludes that the new approach of the “responsibility to protect” that was created in recent years shows that a normative change is on the way. Besides, from Rwanda to Sudan, the UN has made progress in addressing grave humanitarian issues. However, all the efforts still have to depend on the political will of the member states of the UN. Since this issue is still more a political one than a legal one, in the years to come, the UN will still face the difficulty of fulfilling its responsibility.zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents Abstract
Acknowledgements

List of Tables iv
List of Maps iv

Chapter One: Introduction 1

Chapter Two: Humanitarian Intervention and the United Nations

Chapter Three: Case Study – Rwanda

Chapter Four: Case Study – Sudan

Chapter Five: Lessons from UN Practice in Humanitarian Intervention

Chapter Six: Conclusion

Bibliography

List of Tables

Table 2.1: Humanitarian Interventions during the Cold War
Table 2.2: Humanitarian Interventions after the Cold War
Table 3.1: Security Council Resolutions Concerning Rwanda in 1993-94
Table 4.1: Darfur Timeline
Table 4.2: Security Council Resolutions Concerning Sudan in 2004-06
Table 5.1: Determination of Threat to International Peace in Post-Cold War Humanitarian Disasters





List of Maps

Map 3.1 The Great Lakes Region
Map 3.2 Rwanda
Map 4.1 Sudan
Map 4.2 Darfur, western Sudan (with distribution of ethnic groups)		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094253005en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聯合國zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人道干預zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 盧安達zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 蘇丹zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 達佛zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) United Nationsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) humanitarian interventionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) human rightsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Rwandaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sudanen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Darfuren_US
dc.title (題名) 未盡的責任：聯合國人道干預之實踐zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Unfulfilled Responsibility: The Practice of the United Nations on Humanitarian Interventionen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) UN/AU Documentszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Report by Mr. B. W. Ndiaye, Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, on his mission to Rwanda from 8-17 April 1993. UN Commission on Human Rights (E/CN.4/1994/7/Add.I). 11 August 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations during the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda (S/1999/1257). 15 December 1999.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Annan, Kofi. Speech to the UN Human Rights Commission. UN Press Release (SG/SM/9197 AFR/893 HR/CN/1077). Geneva, 7 April 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility. Report of the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. New York: United Nations, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Report of the Ceasefire Commission on the situation in Darfur at the Joint Committee Emergency Meeting in Abuja, Nigeria. African Union, 27 December 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General. Geneva, 25 January 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) In larger freedom: toward development, security and human rights for all. Report of the Secretary-General to United Nations General Assembly (A/59/2005). 21 March 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons. UN Commission on Human Rights, Mission to the Sudan (E/CN.4/2006/71/Add.6). 13 February 2006.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Report of the High-Level Mission on the situation of human rights in Darfur pursuant to Human Rights Council decision S-4/101. Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006 Entitled “Human Rights Council” (A/HRC/4/80). 7 March 2007.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bookszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Annan, Kofi A. Prevention of Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General. New York: United Nations, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Arend, Anthony Clark, and Robert J. Beck. International Law and the Use of Force. London: Routledge, 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Belgrad, Eric A., and Nitza Nachmias, eds. The Politics of International Humanitarian Aid Operations. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bull, Hedley, ed. Intervention in World Politics. Oxford: Clarendon, 1984.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chatterjee, Deen K., and Don E. Scheid, eds. Ethics and Foreign Intervention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chesterman, Simon. Just War or Just Peace? Humanitarian Intervention and International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Davis, Michael C., Wolfgang Dietrich, Bettina Scholdan, and Dieter Sepp, eds. International Intervention in the post-Cold War World: Moral Responsibility and Power Politics. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dorff, Robert H. “The Future of Peace Support Operations.” In Max G. Manwaring and John T. Fishel, eds. Toward Responsibility in the New World Disorder: Challenges and Lessons of Peace Operations. London: Frank Cass, 1998, pp. 160-178.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dorman, Andrew M., and Thomas G. Otte, eds. Military Intervention: From Gunboat Diplomacy to Humanitarian Intervention. Brookfield, Vermont: Dartmouth, 1995.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fierke, K. M. Diplomatic Interventions: Conflict and Change in a Globalizing World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Finnemore, Martha. National Interests in International Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______. The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Geldenhuys, Deon. Foreign Political Engagement: Remaking States in the Post-Cold War World. London: Macmillan, 1998.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gourevitch, Philip. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. London: Picador, 1999.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hawkins, Virgil. The Silence of the UN Security Council: Conflict and Peace Enforcement in the 1990s. Firenze, Italy: European Press Academic, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Holzgrefe, J. L., and Robert O. Keohane, eds. Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dilemmas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lewis, Ioan, and James Mayall. “Somalia.” In James Mayall, ed. The New Interventionism 1991-1994: United Nations Experience in Cambodia, Former Yugoslavia and Somalia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 94-126zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Melvern, Linda. Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide. London: Verso, 2004.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Power, Samantha. A Problem from Hell: America in the Age of Genocide. New York: Random House, 2003).zh_TW
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