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題名 九一一事件後美國中亞外交政策之轉變：由地緣政治角度分析
作者 呂筱雲
Lu Hsiao-Yun
貢獻者 賴岳謙<br>黃奎博<br>李明
<br><br>
呂筱雲
Lu Hsiao-Yun
關鍵詞 地緣政治
美國外交政策
中亞
九一一事件
美國國家安全戰略
國家利益
geopolitics
American Foreign Policy
Central Asia
September 11, 2001
The National Security Strategy of the United States of America
National Interest
日期 2005
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 17:52:24 (UTC+8)
摘要 論及影響美國外交政策產出的因素，地緣政治一向扮演著重要角色。無論是馬漢的海權論、肯楠的圍堵理論，乃至後冷戰時期布里辛斯基的歐亞大棋盤、杭亭頓的文明衝突論，都是地緣政治學門裡獨到的見解。而地緣政治基本要素—空間、邊界、權力—的交互作用也已然內化於外交政策制訂中，深刻影響美國對外政策走向。冷戰後在缺乏明顯單一的敵對目標、本身又成為超級大國的情況下，美國面對的是更為複雜難測的國際局勢：區域衝突、文化糾葛、全球化進程與波折、世界經濟體系萎縮等等問題，外交政策維護國家利益的功能也隨之彰顯。

本研究以911事件為轉捩點，觀察美國對中亞五國外交政策的調整，分析導致政策轉變的地緣因素與動機。本研究指出，中亞地區在蘇聯解體之後，政治局勢長期呈現真空狀態，基於能源安全的考量，中亞豐富的油氣資源是吸引美國聚焦於此區的關鍵。輸油管道計畫提供政治框架讓美國影響力得以介入，而反恐作戰則正式讓美國勢力進駐此一政治真空帶。中亞五國位處具有重大地緣政治意義的心臟地帶，但獨立時間尚短，國內民主建制、經濟發展未臻完備，伊斯蘭基本教義派與分離主義是導致此區紛擾不斷的主因。美國藉由反恐合作，對此區提撥大量經濟挹注與軍事協助，中亞五國的重要性在911事件之後陡升，美國也成為此區優勢領導者。簡言之，美國在911事件後更加強對區域穩定的關注，全面揚棄冷戰時代的圍堵思維，採取主動的先發制人戰略，企圖在中亞掌握政治、經濟主控權，鞏固國家安全與保障美國在此區的國家利益。
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Wyatt, Oscar S. Jr., “Geopolitics of Oil in the Twenty First Century,” Vital Speeches of the Day, Vol. 62, Issue 7 (January 15, 1996), pp. 125-127.
四、 研討會論文和雜誌專文
（一） 研討會論文
吳志中。〈地緣政治理論與兩岸關係〉，國際關係理論與實踐學術研討會。國立政治大學外交系主辦，民國92年7月5日。
傅仁坤。〈當前中亞五國政經現狀與展望〉，中亞市場研討會。清雲技術學院歐亞中心主辦，民國91年。
（二） 英文雜誌專文
.“Uzbekistan Opening Minerals Exploration and Development to Increased Foreign Investment,” Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 197, Issue 8 (August 1996).
“America’s World,” Economist, October 23, 1999, pp. 15-16.
“Suppression, China, Oil,” Economist, Vol. 376, Issue 8434 (July 9, 2004), pp. 35-36.
“The Battle for Uzbekistan,” Economist, Vol. 323, Issue 7753 (April 4, 1992), pp. 48-49.
“Uzbek President Says No Treat of Militant Incursion This Year,” Uzbek Television First Channel, Tashkent, FBIS-0229 (April 4, 2002).
“Wars and Shadows of Wars,” Economist, Vol. 364, Issue 8283 (July 27, 2002), pp.38-39.
Bukkvoll, Tor, “Astana’s Privatized Independence: Private and National Interests in the Foreign Policy of Nursultan Nazarbyev,” Nationalities Papers, Vol. 32, Issue 3 (September 2003), pp. 631-650.
Elliott, Michael, and Eleanor Clift, “How Would Harry Handle This? The President: Clinton Tries Truman Model,” Newsweek, Vol. 122, Issue 12 (September 20, 1993), p. 26.
Judt, Tony, “Its Own Worst Enemy,” New York Review of Books, Vol. 49, Issue 13 (August 15, 2002), p. 12.
Kennedy, Paul, “The Eagle has Landed,” Financial Times (February 2, 2002 ).
Stem, David, “US Pressure On Kazakhs Over Oil Pipeline Propasal,” Financial Times (October 5, 2000), p. 15.
Wagstyl, Stefan, “Armenia Conflict at Centre Stage Oil’s Potential Plays A Significant Role in the Country’s Relationship with the EU and US In Particular,” Financial Times (November 22, 2000), p. 3.
五、 報刊
（一） 中文報紙
〈不只追緝元兇還要斬草除根：美籌組聯盟，北約諸國同意〉《聯合報》，民國90年9月14日，版2。
（二） 英文報紙
“New President Is Inaugurated In Kyrgyzstan,” New York Times, Vol. 154, Issue 53307 (August 15, 2005), p. A9.
Baker, James A. Ⅲ, ‘America’s Vital Interest in the “New Silk Road,”’New York Times, Vol.146, Issue 50860 (July 21, 1997), p. A17.
Bush, George W., “Free People Will Keep the Peace of the World,” New York Times, Vol. 152, Issue 52407 (February 27, 2003), p. A10.
Frantz, Douglas, “Backers of Caspian Pipeline Say Project Will Move Ahead,” New York Times, Vol. 150, Issue 51757 (May 18, 2001), p. W1.
Frantz, Douglas, “Bush Team Getting Initiation on Turkey’s Ailing,” New York Times, Vol. 150, Issue 51696 (March 18, 2001), p. 4.
Greene, Richard Allen, “Work Begins on Oil Pipeline Bypassing Russia and Iran,” New York Times, Vol. 152, Issue 53346 (September 19, 2002), p. W1.
Kinzer, Stephen, “Caspian Lands Back a Pipeline Pushed by West,” New York Times, Vol. 149, Issue 51711 (November 19, 1999), p. A1.
Ricks, Thomas E., and Vernon Leob, “Bush Developing Military Policy of Striking First: New Doctrine Address Terrorism,” Washington Post (June 10, 2002), p. A01.
Sanger, David E., and Thom Shanker, “Bush Says Regime in Iraq is No More,” New York Times, Vol. 152, Issue 53455 (April 16, 2003), p. A1.
Slevin, Peter, “U.S. May Set Up Bases in Former Soviet Republics,” The Washington Post (January 28, 2004), p. A16.
Tavernise, Sabrina, “As the War Shifts Alliances, Oil Deals Follow,” New York Times, Vol. 151, Issue 51968 (December 15, 2001), p. C.1.
Thompson, Loren B., “The Bush Doctrine,” Walt Street Journal, Vol. 239, Issue 115 (June 13, 2002), p. A16.
六、 網路資源
（一） 中文網頁
〈BP及其合作夥伴計畫建設連接□海和土耳其的石油管線〉，中國能源網，2002年8月13日， http://www.china5e.com/news/oil/200208/200208130060.html。
〈中哈輸油管道：中國替代進口俄石油的路線？〉，中國能源網，http://www.china5e.com/news/oil/200406/200406130109.html。
〈中國加強反疆獨宣傳攻勢〉，BBC中文網頁，2001年11月18日，http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_1660000/newsid_1663100/1663162.stm。
〈美國承諾幫助維護哈薩克油田安全〉，新華網，2004年2月26日，http://www3.xinhuanet.com/world/20040226_htm。
大英百科全書線上繁體版，http://www.worldpedia.eb.com。
田弘茂，〈布希新政府亞太政策對兩岸關係之意涵〉，國防大學演講，2001年3月15日，http://www.mofa.gov.tw/newmofa/index.htm。
（二） 英文網頁
“Russia Opens Air Base to Guard Southern Flank,” The International Institution for Strategic Study, http://www.iiss.org/news-more.php?itemID=479&PHPSESSID=3cf29d99e5cb1b2e745b5ddec0ed55c2.
“Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document,” http://www.nato.int//pfp/sig-cntr.htm.
Annan, Kofi , “Address to the General Assembly,” http://www.nu.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sgsm8891.doc.htm.
Blank, Stephan, “India and Central Asia,” Central Asia and Caucasus Analyst, (September 11, 2002), http://www.cacianalyst..org/2002-09-11/20020911_INDIA_CENTRAL_ASIA.htm.
Blank, Stephen, “Central Asia`s Great Base Race”, Asia Times, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/EL19Ag01.html.
Bush, George W., “President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat,” http://www.whitehose.gov/news/releases/2002/10/print/20021007-8.html.
Butler, Kenley, “U.S. Military Cooperation with the Central Asia States,” Research Associate NIS Nonproliferation Program (September 17, 2001), http://www.miis.edu/research/wtc01/uscamil.htm.
Carlson, Charles, “Central Asia: Shanghai Cooperation Organization Makes Military Debut,” Radio Free Europe Radio Library, (August 5, 2003), http://www.rferl.org/features/2003/08/05082003154708.asp.
Central Intelligence Agency, “CIA: The World Fact Book: Kazakhstan,” CIA World Fact Book (2005), http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/.
Churchill, Winston, “The Sinews of Peace,” http://www.historyguide.org/europe/churchill.html.
Cohen, Ariel, “The “New Great Game”: Oil Politics in the Caucasus and Central Asia,” Backgrounder, # 1065, the Heritage Foundation, http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/BG1065.cfm.
Escobar, Peter, “Pipelineistan’s Biggest Game Begins,” Asia Times (May 26, 2005), http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/GE26Ag01.html.
Gaddis, John Lewis, “The War Behind Closed Doors,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline.
Gallup International, 2003, “Iraq Poll 2003,” http://www.gallup-international.com.
Peimani, Hooman, “Turkey Plots Its Own Course on Iran,” Asia Times, (June 25, 2002), http://www.asiatimes.com/c-asia/DF25Ag01.html.
Radyuhin, V., “Russia Flexes Its Muscles,” The Hindu, http://www.hindunnet.com/thehindu/2003/11/04/stories/2003110400991000.htm.
Remarks by President at 2002 Graduation Exercise of United States Military Academy (June 1, 2002), http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.html.
Shields, Acacia, “The Meaning of Concern: Washington Indulges Uzbekistan’s Atrocities,” Eurasianet (March 27, 2003), http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/rights/articales/eavo32703_pr.shtml.
Starr, S. Frederick, “The United States ,Afghanistan, and Central Asia,” Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Newsletter (December 1, 2002), http://www.e-ariana.com/ariana/eariana.nsf/0/D1620AE6F66B008787256C8A00698EF3?OpenDocument/.
Talbott, Strobe, “A Farewell to Flashman: American Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia,” U.S. Department of State Dispatch (July 1997), http://www.treemedia.com/cfrlibrary/library/policy/talbott.html.
Tolipov, Farkhad, “Are the Heartland and Rimland Changing in the Wake of the Operation in Afghanistan?” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 5, Issue 23 (2003), http://www.ca-c.org/journal/eng-05-2003/00.conteng.shtml.
哈薩克國防部，http://www.mod.kz。
美國能源情報署（Energy Information Administration, EIA），（2005），http://www.eia.doe.gov/。
美國國務院會計年度國際事務預算表（2002-2004）， http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/iab。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
90253029
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0902530291
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 賴岳謙<br>黃奎博<br>李明zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor <br><br>en_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 呂筱雲zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lu Hsiao-Yunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 呂筱雲zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lu Hsiao-Yunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 17:52:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 17:52:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 17:52:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0902530291en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33685-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90253029zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 論及影響美國外交政策產出的因素，地緣政治一向扮演著重要角色。無論是馬漢的海權論、肯楠的圍堵理論，乃至後冷戰時期布里辛斯基的歐亞大棋盤、杭亭頓的文明衝突論，都是地緣政治學門裡獨到的見解。而地緣政治基本要素—空間、邊界、權力—的交互作用也已然內化於外交政策制訂中，深刻影響美國對外政策走向。冷戰後在缺乏明顯單一的敵對目標、本身又成為超級大國的情況下，美國面對的是更為複雜難測的國際局勢：區域衝突、文化糾葛、全球化進程與波折、世界經濟體系萎縮等等問題，外交政策維護國家利益的功能也隨之彰顯。

本研究以911事件為轉捩點，觀察美國對中亞五國外交政策的調整，分析導致政策轉變的地緣因素與動機。本研究指出，中亞地區在蘇聯解體之後，政治局勢長期呈現真空狀態，基於能源安全的考量，中亞豐富的油氣資源是吸引美國聚焦於此區的關鍵。輸油管道計畫提供政治框架讓美國影響力得以介入，而反恐作戰則正式讓美國勢力進駐此一政治真空帶。中亞五國位處具有重大地緣政治意義的心臟地帶，但獨立時間尚短，國內民主建制、經濟發展未臻完備，伊斯蘭基本教義派與分離主義是導致此區紛擾不斷的主因。美國藉由反恐合作，對此區提撥大量經濟挹注與軍事協助，中亞五國的重要性在911事件之後陡升，美國也成為此區優勢領導者。簡言之，美國在911事件後更加強對區域穩定的關注，全面揚棄冷戰時代的圍堵思維，採取主動的先發制人戰略，企圖在中亞掌握政治、經濟主控權，鞏固國家安全與保障美國在此區的國家利益。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 目次 i
表次 iv
圖次 v

第一章 緒論
第一節 研究背景與研究目的
第二節 文獻回顧
第三節 研究議題與研究架構
第四節 研究途徑與研究方法
第五節 章節安排

第二章 美國地緣政治觀
第一節 從孤立走向擴展
一、 海權論的積極擁護者—馬漢及其學說
二、 地緣政治的再興—理想主義與現實主義的碰撞
第二節 兩極對峙的分裂世界
一、 冷戰的建築師—肯楠與圍堵政策
二、 區域主義的興起—科恩與其「分裂的世界」
三、 邁向均勢的三角關係—季辛吉
第三節 後冷戰時期至九一一事件後
一、 縱橫捭闔的大棋盤—布里辛斯基
二、 文明衝突論與九一一事件—杭亭頓
小 結

第三章 歐亞大陸中心—中亞地緣政治
第一節 蘇聯統治下的中亞
第二節 新生—中亞五國的建立
一、 國家建立的國內政策和政治架構
二、 中亞的自然資源和經濟發展
第三節 當代中亞五國的地緣政治形勢
一、 國際層級的安全環境
二、 區域層級的安全環境
小 結

第四章 九一一事件後美國中亞政策的轉變
第一節 美國地緣政治觀與國家安全戰略的調整
一、 九一一事件後美國地緣政治觀的調整
二、 2001年美國四年期國防總檢報告和2002年美國國家安全戰略
三、 布希主義
第二節 美國在中亞的國家利益與角色
一、 九一一事件前與事件後
二、 九一一事件後美國在中亞地區的國家利益
第三節 掌握中亞油源的控制權
小 結

第五章 美國中亞外交政策與挑戰
第一節 美國對中亞五國的外交政策
一、 對烏茲別克
二、 對哈薩克
三、 對吉爾吉斯
四、 對塔吉克與土庫曼
第二節 俄羅斯的競逐
第三節 中共的考量
第四節 鄰近國家的牽制
小 結

第六章 結論

參考文獻 136		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0902530291en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 地緣政治zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國外交政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中亞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 九一一事件zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國國家安全戰略zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國家利益zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) geopoliticsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) American Foreign Policyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Central Asiaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) September 11, 2001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) The National Security Strategy of the United States of Americaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) National Interesten_US
dc.title (題名) 九一一事件後美國中亞外交政策之轉變：由地緣政治角度分析zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （二） 英文專書zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 三、 期刊zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （一） 中文期刊zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （二） 英文期刊zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 四、 研討會論文和雜誌專文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （一） 研討會論文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳志中。〈地緣政治理論與兩岸關係〉，國際關係理論與實踐學術研討會。國立政治大學外交系主辦，民國92年7月5日。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 傅仁坤。〈當前中亞五國政經現狀與展望〉，中亞市場研討會。清雲技術學院歐亞中心主辦，民國91年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （二） 英文雜誌專文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) .“Uzbekistan Opening Minerals Exploration and Development to Increased Foreign Investment,” Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 197, Issue 8 (August 1996).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “America’s World,” Economist, October 23, 1999, pp. 15-16.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Suppression, China, Oil,” Economist, Vol. 376, Issue 8434 (July 9, 2004), pp. 35-36.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “The Battle for Uzbekistan,” Economist, Vol. 323, Issue 7753 (April 4, 1992), pp. 48-49.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Uzbek President Says No Treat of Militant Incursion This Year,” Uzbek Television First Channel, Tashkent, FBIS-0229 (April 4, 2002).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Wars and Shadows of Wars,” Economist, Vol. 364, Issue 8283 (July 27, 2002), pp.38-39.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bukkvoll, Tor, “Astana’s Privatized Independence: Private and National Interests in the Foreign Policy of Nursultan Nazarbyev,” Nationalities Papers, Vol. 32, Issue 3 (September 2003), pp. 631-650.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Elliott, Michael, and Eleanor Clift, “How Would Harry Handle This? The President: Clinton Tries Truman Model,” Newsweek, Vol. 122, Issue 12 (September 20, 1993), p. 26.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Judt, Tony, “Its Own Worst Enemy,” New York Review of Books, Vol. 49, Issue 13 (August 15, 2002), p. 12.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kennedy, Paul, “The Eagle has Landed,” Financial Times (February 2, 2002 ).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stem, David, “US Pressure On Kazakhs Over Oil Pipeline Propasal,” Financial Times (October 5, 2000), p. 15.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wagstyl, Stefan, “Armenia Conflict at Centre Stage Oil’s Potential Plays A Significant Role in the Country’s Relationship with the EU and US In Particular,” Financial Times (November 22, 2000), p. 3.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 五、 報刊zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （一） 中文報紙zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈不只追緝元兇還要斬草除根：美籌組聯盟，北約諸國同意〉《聯合報》，民國90年9月14日，版2。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （二） 英文報紙zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “New President Is Inaugurated In Kyrgyzstan,” New York Times, Vol. 154, Issue 53307 (August 15, 2005), p. A9.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baker, James A. Ⅲ, ‘America’s Vital Interest in the “New Silk Road,”’New York Times, Vol.146, Issue 50860 (July 21, 1997), p. A17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bush, George W., “Free People Will Keep the Peace of the World,” New York Times, Vol. 152, Issue 52407 (February 27, 2003), p. A10.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frantz, Douglas, “Backers of Caspian Pipeline Say Project Will Move Ahead,” New York Times, Vol. 150, Issue 51757 (May 18, 2001), p. W1.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frantz, Douglas, “Bush Team Getting Initiation on Turkey’s Ailing,” New York Times, Vol. 150, Issue 51696 (March 18, 2001), p. 4.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greene, Richard Allen, “Work Begins on Oil Pipeline Bypassing Russia and Iran,” New York Times, Vol. 152, Issue 53346 (September 19, 2002), p. W1.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kinzer, Stephen, “Caspian Lands Back a Pipeline Pushed by West,” New York Times, Vol. 149, Issue 51711 (November 19, 1999), p. A1.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ricks, Thomas E., and Vernon Leob, “Bush Developing Military Policy of Striking First: New Doctrine Address Terrorism,” Washington Post (June 10, 2002), p. A01.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sanger, David E., and Thom Shanker, “Bush Says Regime in Iraq is No More,” New York Times, Vol. 152, Issue 53455 (April 16, 2003), p. A1.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Slevin, Peter, “U.S. May Set Up Bases in Former Soviet Republics,” The Washington Post (January 28, 2004), p. A16.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tavernise, Sabrina, “As the War Shifts Alliances, Oil Deals Follow,” New York Times, Vol. 151, Issue 51968 (December 15, 2001), p. C.1.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thompson, Loren B., “The Bush Doctrine,” Walt Street Journal, Vol. 239, Issue 115 (June 13, 2002), p. A16.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 六、 網路資源zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （一） 中文網頁zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈BP及其合作夥伴計畫建設連接□海和土耳其的石油管線〉，中國能源網，2002年8月13日， http://www.china5e.com/news/oil/200208/200208130060.html。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈中哈輸油管道：中國替代進口俄石油的路線？〉，中國能源網，http://www.china5e.com/news/oil/200406/200406130109.html。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈中國加強反疆獨宣傳攻勢〉，BBC中文網頁，2001年11月18日，http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_1660000/newsid_1663100/1663162.stm。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 〈美國承諾幫助維護哈薩克油田安全〉，新華網，2004年2月26日，http://www3.xinhuanet.com/world/20040226_htm。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 大英百科全書線上繁體版，http://www.worldpedia.eb.com。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 田弘茂，〈布希新政府亞太政策對兩岸關係之意涵〉，國防大學演講，2001年3月15日，http://www.mofa.gov.tw/newmofa/index.htm。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （二） 英文網頁zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Russia Opens Air Base to Guard Southern Flank,” The International Institution for Strategic Study, http://www.iiss.org/news-more.php?itemID=479&PHPSESSID=3cf29d99e5cb1b2e745b5ddec0ed55c2.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document,” http://www.nato.int//pfp/sig-cntr.htm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Annan, Kofi , “Address to the General Assembly,” http://www.nu.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sgsm8891.doc.htm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blank, Stephan, “India and Central Asia,” Central Asia and Caucasus Analyst, (September 11, 2002), http://www.cacianalyst..org/2002-09-11/20020911_INDIA_CENTRAL_ASIA.htm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blank, Stephen, “Central Asia`s Great Base Race”, Asia Times, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/EL19Ag01.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bush, George W., “President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat,” http://www.whitehose.gov/news/releases/2002/10/print/20021007-8.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Butler, Kenley, “U.S. Military Cooperation with the Central Asia States,” Research Associate NIS Nonproliferation Program (September 17, 2001), http://www.miis.edu/research/wtc01/uscamil.htm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carlson, Charles, “Central Asia: Shanghai Cooperation Organization Makes Military Debut,” Radio Free Europe Radio Library, (August 5, 2003), http://www.rferl.org/features/2003/08/05082003154708.asp.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Central Intelligence Agency, “CIA: The World Fact Book: Kazakhstan,” CIA World Fact Book (2005), http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Churchill, Winston, “The Sinews of Peace,” http://www.historyguide.org/europe/churchill.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cohen, Ariel, “The “New Great Game”: Oil Politics in the Caucasus and Central Asia,” Backgrounder, # 1065, the Heritage Foundation, http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/BG1065.cfm.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gaddis, John Lewis, “The War Behind Closed Doors,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Peimani, Hooman, “Turkey Plots Its Own Course on Iran,” Asia Times, (June 25, 2002), http://www.asiatimes.com/c-asia/DF25Ag01.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Radyuhin, V., “Russia Flexes Its Muscles,” The Hindu, http://www.hindunnet.com/thehindu/2003/11/04/stories/2003110400991000.htm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Remarks by President at 2002 Graduation Exercise of United States Military Academy (June 1, 2002), http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.html.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Talbott, Strobe, “A Farewell to Flashman: American Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia,” U.S. Department of State Dispatch (July 1997), http://www.treemedia.com/cfrlibrary/library/policy/talbott.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tolipov, Farkhad, “Are the Heartland and Rimland Changing in the Wake of the Operation in Afghanistan?” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 5, Issue 23 (2003), http://www.ca-c.org/journal/eng-05-2003/00.conteng.shtml.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 哈薩克國防部，http://www.mod.kz。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 美國能源情報署（Energy Information Administration, EIA），（2005），http://www.eia.doe.gov/。zh_TW
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