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題名 水,河川與國際安全之研究
Research on water, international rivers and international security
作者 呂欣憓
Lu,Hsin-hui
貢獻者 林碧炤
Lin, Bih-jaw
呂欣憓
Lu,Hsin-hui
關鍵詞 水資源
國際安全
尼羅河
非傳統安全
環境安全
衝突
water resources
international security
the Nile river
non-traditional security
environmental security
conflict
日期 2005
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 17:54:21 (UTC+8)
摘要 在後冷戰時期，由於國際氛圍的改變以及全球化的影響，國家間互動密切，國際關係學者與政策制定者關心的議題逐漸從軍事層面慢慢轉向非軍事的面，因此所謂的非傳統安全也逐漸受到重視。國家開始注意到其他許多問題，諸如環保、移民、國際走私等問題，也發現這些問題影響的範圍及層面其實相當的廣泛，這些問題使得國內局面動盪不安，也跟著影響了國家安全，而一些跨國界的問題，例如環保問題，由於人類對環境的過度使用及破壞，一方面使得國家社會經濟層面受到影響，一方面國家之間為了爭奪這些珍貴資源，將無可避免地發生衝突。
本研究探討了非傳統安全中一個分類議題---環境安全，而資源安全也包括在其中。關於環境問題是否為安全議題的一環，引起了無數爭論，不過目前對於環境問題是安全的一環，學界已有一個大致上的共識。水資源安全是環境安全概念下引申出來的分支，對於水資源的爭奪，是衝突的潛在引爆點。
水是人類生存的必需品，在二十一世紀，水更是一切發展的關鍵，關係著國民的健康，國民健康關係著國力，水也和工業、農業發展息息相關。因此水不只是一個環境問題或是經濟問題，水更和國家安全緊密相連。且新鮮水資源沒有替代品，由於人口成長和氣候變遷的影響，未來新鮮水資源將會更難取得。
在世界上的許多地區都把獲得水源視為國家安全的一部份，不惜為水一戰，特別是對於國際河川之爭奪，對乾旱地區的國家來說，水資源問題是會影響到國家生存和發展的戰略問題，特別是那些用水特別緊張的地區，為水而起的衝突一觸即發。本研究以非洲尼羅河流域為例，檢視水資源問題是否為國家安全的一部分，以及爭奪水資源是否會成為戰爭的引爆點。
由於沒有一個國家可以獨占水資源，國家間在水的議題上必須共同合作，探討出一個大家共同接受的管理模式，各國在水資源使用上才能達到最大的效益。
參考文獻 壹、中文資料
一、中文專書
巴瑞˙布贊(Barry Buzan )、奧利˙維夫(Ole Weaver)、迪˙懷爾德(Jaap De Wilde)等著，朱寧譯。《新安全論》（Security: A Framework for Analysis）。杭州：浙江出版社，2003年2月。
王逸舟等。《全球化時代的國際安全》。上海：上海人民出版，1999年。
布洛克(John Bulloch)、達維斯(Adel Darwish)著，新新聞編譯小組譯。《水的戰爭》(Water Wars)。臺北縣汐止鎮：新新聞文化，1994年。
吳榮義。《水資源永續發展與國際合作 永續發展與區域安全推動計畫》。台北市：經濟部水資源局，1998年。
容邵武。《水資源大危機 空前生態浩劫》。臺北市：書泉出版，2002年。
陸忠偉。《非傳統安全論》。北京：時事出版社，2003年。
裴瑞茲(Shimon Peres)著，廖世德譯。《新中東》。臺北市：時報文化，1995年。
蕭政宗。《水 水資源的歷史、戰爭與未來》。台北市：商周出版，2004年。
邁克爾˙T˙克萊爾(Michael T. Klare)著，童新耕譯。《資源戰爭 全球衝突的新場景》(Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict)。上海：上海譯文出版社，2002年9月。
二、中文期刊
武漢大學環境研究所。〈國際水資源分配制度案〉。《中國環境法網》。
<http://www.riel.whu.edu.cn/show.asp?ID=1512>
袁鶴齡，〈氣候變遷與全球治理：京都議定書的未來與挑戰〉，《和平論壇》，2005年3月25日。
<http://www.peaceforum.org.tw/onweb.jsp?webcd=3333333373&webitem_no=1216>
葛顏祥、胡繼連。〈水危機與地區安全〉。《水資源研究》，第24卷，第2期，2003年2月。
<http://www.cjh.com.cn/doc%5Cjd/04-4-26-103348101746825/uploadfile.htm>
薄燕。〈環境問題與美國國家安全戰略〉。《美國研究》，第二期，2002年。
<http://www.mgyj.com/american_studies/2002/second/second05.htm>
三、研討會文章
薛朝勇。〈中亞地區水資源衝突與區域安全〉。發表於《第五屆台灣與中亞論壇學術會議》，中壢清雲科技大學，2005年11月23-24日。
四、碩士畢業論文
蔣欣如。《環境安全與國際建制---氣候安全與建制之探討》。碩士論文，政治大學外交系碩士班，2005年6月。
貳、英文資料
一、英文專書
Beschorner, Natasha. Water and Instability in the Middle East. London: The
International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1992.
Biswas, Asit K., ed. International waters of the Middle East: from Euphrates-Tigris to Nile. New York : Oxford University Press, 1994.
Dinar, Ariel, and Edna Tusak Loehman. Water quantity/quality management and conflict resolution: institutions, processes, and economic analyses. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1995.
Gleick, Peter H., ed. The world`s water, 2002-2003: the biennial report on freshwater Resources. Washington D.C.: Island Press, 2002.
Gleick, Peter H., ed. Water in crisis: a guide to the world`s fresh water resources. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas F.. Environment, Scarcity and Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
Just, Richard E., and Sinaia Netanyahu. Conflict and cooperation on trans-boundary water resources .Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.
Kilot, Nurit. Water resources and conflict in the Middle East. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
Klare, Michael T., and Daniel C. Thomas. World security: trends and challenges at century`s end. New York: St. Martin`s Press, 1991.
Klare, Michael T.. Resource wars: the new landscape of global conflict. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2001.
Lancaster, William, and Fidelity Lancaster. People, Land and Water in the Arab Middle East: Environments and Landscapes in the Bil&acirc;d ash-Sh&acirc;m. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999.
Lonergan, S. C., ed. Environmental Change, Adaptation and Security. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 1999.
Lowi, Miriam R.. Water and power: the politics of a scarce resource in the Jordan
River basin. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
1995.
Miller, Diana. Terrorism: are we ready. Huntington, N.Y. : Nova Science, 2002.
Myers, Norman. Ultimate security: the environmental basis of political stability. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993.
Olson, William C., eds. The Theory and practice of international relations. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1994.
Rouyer, Alwyn, R.. Turning water into politics: the water issue in the Palestinian-
Israeli conflict. New York: St. Martin`s Press, 2000.
Swain, Ashok. Managing water conflict : Asia, Africa and the Middle East.
London and New York: Routledge, 2004.
Switzer, Jacqueline Vaughn. Environmental Politic: Domestic and Global Dimensions. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994.
Todaro, Michael P., and Stephan C. Smith. Economic Development. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2003.
Watkins, Eric, ed. The Middle Eastern environment: selected papers of the 1995 conference of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies. Cambridge, England: St. Malo Press, 1995.
Winnefeld, James A., and Mary E. Morris. Where Environmental Concerns and Security Strategies Meet: Green Conflict in Asia and the Middle East, Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation, 1994.
Wolf, Arron T., ed. Conflict Prevention and Resolution in Water Systems. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2002.
World Watch Institute. State of the world 2005: a Worldwatch Institute Report on redefining global security. New York and London: W.W. Norton, 2005.
二、英文期刊
Allan, J.A.. “Hydro-Peace in the Middle East: Why no Water Wars? A Case Study of the Jordan River Basin.” SAIS Review, Vol.22, No.2(Summer-Fall 2002),
pp. 255-272.
Dimitrov, Radoslav S.. “Water, Conflict, and Security: A Conceptual Minefield.” Society and Natural Resources, Vol.15, No.8(2002), pp. 677-691.
Dinar, Shlomi. “Water, Security, Conflict and Cooperation.” SAIS Review, Vol.22, No.2(Summer-Fall 2002), pp. 229-253.
Ede, Piers Moore. “Fueling Tensions with Water.” Earth Island Journal, Vol.18, No.4 (Winter 2004), pp. 46-47.
El-Fadel, M., Y. El-Sayegh, K. El-Fadl, and D. Khorbotly. “The Nile River Basin: A Case Study in Surface Water Conflict Resolution.” Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education, Vol.32(2003), pp. 107-117.
Erref Yetim, M&uuml;. “Governing International Rivers of the Middle East.” World Affairs, Vol.166, No.2(Fall 2003), pp. 81-94.
Forster, Gregory D.. “A New Security Paradigm.” World Watch, Vol. 18, No.1(Jan/Feb 2005), pp. 36-46.
Gleick, Peter H.. “Water and Conflict: Fresh Water Resources and International Security.” International Security, Vol.l8, No.l (Summer l993), pp. 79-ll2.
Gleick, Peter H.. “The World’s Water.” Issues in Science and Technology. Vol.14, No.4(Summer 1998), pp. 80-82.
Gleick, Peter H.. “Global Freshwater Resources: Soft-path Solution for the 21th Century.” Science, Vol. 302, No. 5650(28 November, 2003), pp. 1524-1528.
Gleick, Peter H., Peter Yolles, and Haleh Hatami. “Water, War and Peace in the Middle East.” Environment, Vol.36, No.3(April 1994), pp. 6-42.
Gleick, Peter H., Jerry Biberstine, Allen Buckingham and Tony Dearness. “Climate Change and Water Resources.” American Water Works Association Journal, Vol.89, No.11(Nov 1997), pp. 107-110.
Haddadin, Munther J.. “Water Issues in the Middle East challenges and opportunities.” Water Policy, Vol.4, No.3(2002), pp. 205-222.
Haftendorn, Helga. “Water and International Conflict.” Third World Quarterly, Vol.21, No.1(2000), pp. 51-68.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas F.. “Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidences from Cases.” International Security, Vol.l9, No.l (Summer l994), pp. 5-40.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas F.. “On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict.” International Security, Vol.16, No.2(Autumn 1991), pp. 76-116.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas F.. and Marc A. Levy. “Environment and Security.” International Security, Vol.20, No.3(Winter 1995-1996), pp. 189-198.
Howard, Philip, and Thomas F. Homer-Dixon. “Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case of Chiapas, Mexico.” Project on Environment, Population and Security (EPS), June 1995.
<http://www.library.utoronto.ca/pcs/eps/chiapas/chiapas1.htm>
Jarvis,Todd, Mark Giordano, Shammy Puri, Kyoto Matsumoto and Aaron T. Wolf. “International Borders, Groundwater Flow and Hydroschizophrenia.” Ground Water, Vol.43, No.5(Sep/Oct 2005), pp. 764-770.
Kelly, Kimberley, and Thomas F. Homer-Dixon. “Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case of Gaza.” Project on Environment, Population and Security (EPS), June 1995.
<http://www.library.utoronto.ca/pcs/eps/gaza/gaza1.htm>
Klare, Michael T.. “The New Challenges to Global Security.” Current History, Vol. 92, No. 573 (Apr 1993), pp. 155-161.
Klare, Michael T.. “Redefining Security: The New Global Schisms.” Current History, Vol.95, No.604(Nov 1996), pp. 353-358.
Klare, Michael T.. “Resource Competition and World Politics in the Twenty-first Century.” Current History, Vol.99, No.641 (Dec 2000), pp. 403-407.
Klare, Michael T.. “The New Geography of Conflict.” Foreign Affairs, Vol.80, No.3(May-June 200l), pp. 49-6l.
Levy, Marc A.. ”Is the Environment a National Security Issue?” International Security, Vol.20, No.2(Fall l995), pp. 35-62.
Mathews, Jessica Tuchman. “Redefining security.” Foreign Affairs, Vol.68, No.2 (Spring 1989), pp. 162-177.
Myers, Norman. “Environment and Security.” Foreign Policy, No.74(Spring 1989),
pp. 23-41.
Paris, Roland. “Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air?” International Security, Vol.26, No.2(Fall 2001), pp. 87-102.
Postel, Sandra L. and Aaron T. Wolf. “Dehydrating Conflict.” Foreign Policy, No.l26 (September-October 200l), pp. 60-67.
Rothschild, Emma. “What is Security?” Daedalus, Vol.124, No.3 (Summer 1995),
pp. 53-98.
Swain, Ashok. “Ethiopia, the Sudan, and the Egypt: The Nile River Dispute.” The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.35, No.4(1997), pp. 675-694.
Swain, Ashok. “The Nile River Basin Initiative: Too many Cooks, Too Little Broth.” SAIS Review, Vol.22, No.2(Summer-Fall 2002), pp. 293-308.
Uitto, Juha I., and Aaron T. Wolf. “Water Wars? Geographic Perspective: Introduction.” The Geographic Journal, Vol. 168, No.4(Dec 2002), pp. 289-292.
Ullman, Richard. “Redefining Security.” International Security, Vol.8, No.1(Summer 1983), pp. 129-153.
Wolf, Aaron T., and Ariel Dinar. “Middle East hydropolitics and equity measures for water-sharing agreements.” The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, Vol.19, No.1(Spring 1994), pp. 69-93.
Wolf, Aaron T.. “Conflict and Cooperation along International Waterways.” Water Policy, Vol.1, No.2(1998), pp. 261-265.
Wolf, Aaron T.. “International Water Conflict Resolution: Lessons from Comparative Analysis.” Water Resources Development, Vol.13, No.3(1997), pp. 333-365.
Yoffe, Shira, Aaron T. Wolf, and Mark Giordano. “Conflict and Cooperation over International Freshwater Resources: Indicators of Basin at Risk.” Journal of the American Water Resources Association,Vol.39, No.5(Oct 2003), pp. 1109-1126
三、國際組織報告
World Bank. The world bank annual report2005. Washington: World Bank, 2005
United Nations Development Program. Human Development Report 1994. New York: United Nations,1994.
四、研討會文章或報告書
Leif Ohlsson. “Water Scarcity and conflict.” in New faces conference, dealing with new security challenges of the 21st century(Forshung gsinstitute der Deutschen Gesellshaft fuer Auswaertige Politik), Bonn, October 5-8, 1997.
The Republic of Sudan. “Country Paper.” in The Nile 2002 Conference, Kampala, Uganda, February, 1996.
五、博士論文
Akinyemi, Nurudeen Babatunde. Cooperation and conflict in international regimes: water resource management in the Nile drainage basin. Ph.D. Dissertation, the department of government and international studies, University of South Carolina, 1994.
參、網路資料
經濟部水利署
http://www.wra.gov.tw/
台灣大學全球變遷研究中心
http://www.gcrc.ntu.edu.tw/
環境資訊中心
http://e-info.org.tw/
淡江大學水資源管理與政策研究中心
http://www.water.tku.edu.tw/
Global Environment Facility
http://www.gefweb.org/index.html
International Forum on Globalization
http://www.ifg.org/index.htm
International Rivers Network
http://www.irn.org/
International Water Management Institute
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/
IUCN Water and Nature Initiative
http://www.waterandnature.org/
Nile Basin Initiative
http://www.nilebasin.org/
Pacific Institute
http://www.worldwater.org/
Pacific institute for studies in development, environment, and security
http://www.pacinst.org/
Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database(Oregon State University)
http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/
United Nations
http://www.un.org/
World Bank
http://www.worldbank.org/index.html
World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/en/
World Watch Institute
http://www.worldwatch.org/
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
92253021
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0922530211
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林碧炤zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Bih-jawen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 呂欣憓zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lu,Hsin-huien_US
dc.creator (作者) 呂欣憓zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lu,Hsin-huien_US
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 17:54:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 17:54:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 17:54:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0922530211en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33699-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92253021zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在後冷戰時期，由於國際氛圍的改變以及全球化的影響，國家間互動密切，國際關係學者與政策制定者關心的議題逐漸從軍事層面慢慢轉向非軍事的面，因此所謂的非傳統安全也逐漸受到重視。國家開始注意到其他許多問題，諸如環保、移民、國際走私等問題，也發現這些問題影響的範圍及層面其實相當的廣泛，這些問題使得國內局面動盪不安，也跟著影響了國家安全，而一些跨國界的問題，例如環保問題，由於人類對環境的過度使用及破壞，一方面使得國家社會經濟層面受到影響，一方面國家之間為了爭奪這些珍貴資源，將無可避免地發生衝突。
本研究探討了非傳統安全中一個分類議題---環境安全，而資源安全也包括在其中。關於環境問題是否為安全議題的一環，引起了無數爭論，不過目前對於環境問題是安全的一環，學界已有一個大致上的共識。水資源安全是環境安全概念下引申出來的分支，對於水資源的爭奪，是衝突的潛在引爆點。
水是人類生存的必需品，在二十一世紀，水更是一切發展的關鍵，關係著國民的健康，國民健康關係著國力，水也和工業、農業發展息息相關。因此水不只是一個環境問題或是經濟問題，水更和國家安全緊密相連。且新鮮水資源沒有替代品，由於人口成長和氣候變遷的影響，未來新鮮水資源將會更難取得。
在世界上的許多地區都把獲得水源視為國家安全的一部份，不惜為水一戰，特別是對於國際河川之爭奪，對乾旱地區的國家來說，水資源問題是會影響到國家生存和發展的戰略問題，特別是那些用水特別緊張的地區，為水而起的衝突一觸即發。本研究以非洲尼羅河流域為例，檢視水資源問題是否為國家安全的一部分，以及爭奪水資源是否會成為戰爭的引爆點。
由於沒有一個國家可以獨占水資源，國家間在水的議題上必須共同合作，探討出一個大家共同接受的管理模式，各國在水資源使用上才能達到最大的效益。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 目 次....................................................i
圖表目次..................................................iii
第一章 緒論.................................................1
第一節 研究動機與研究目的...................................1
第二節 文獻探討.............................................3
第三節 研究範圍與研究限制...................................8
第四節 研究方法與研究架構...................................9
第二章 國際安全之新安全觀..................................11
第一節 安全的定義..........................................11
第二節 傳統安全觀與非傳統安全觀............................14
第三節 非傳統安全觀之環境安全..............................19
第四節 小結................................................34
第三章 水資源問題與國際安全................................38
第一節 水的特性............................................38
第二節 水資源問題概況......................................41
第三節 水資源問題與國際安全................................51
第四節 小結................................................64
第四章 國際河川與國際安全..................................69
第一節 國際河川之概況......................................69
第二節 中東與北非地區......................................71
第三節 個案研究---以尼羅河流域為例.........................75
第四節 小結................................................93
第五章 結論...............................................100
第一節 研究發現...........................................100
第二節 未來展望...........................................105
附錄......................................................109
附錄一 赫爾辛基規則.......................................109
附錄二 國際水道非航行使用法公約...........................116
附錄三 蘇丹共和國與阿拉伯聯共和國對於尼羅河水使用的協議...137
參考書目..................................................145
圖表目次
圖
圖1-1：本文之研究分析架構..................................10
圖2-1：單一方向的安全概念模式推論..........................12
圖2-2：社會的安全概念模式推論..............................13
圖2-3：架構分析環境問題在國際安全裡的角色..................23
圖3-1：水資源問題與安全的關聯..............................65
圖4-1：尼羅河流域地圖......................................78
圖4-2：國家之間在缺水問題上互動惡化的流程..................96
表
表2-1：非傳統安全的安全概念................................18
表2-2：氣候與資源問題......................................27
表2-3：環境安全的安全概念..................................34
表2-4：傳統安全與非傳統安全之比較..........................35
表3-1：與水相關的衝突之分類................................55
表3-2：從衝突的主體與水的角色分類水資源問題................60
表4-1：1891年至1990年關於尼羅河的協議與條約................89		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0922530211en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 水資源zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際安全zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 尼羅河zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非傳統安全zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 環境安全zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 衝突zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) water resourcesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) international securityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) the Nile riveren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) non-traditional securityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) environmental securityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) conflicten_US
dc.title (題名) 水,河川與國際安全之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Research on water, international rivers and international securityen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、中文資料zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文專書zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、中文期刊zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 武漢大學環境研究所。〈國際水資源分配制度案〉。《中國環境法網》。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 袁鶴齡，〈氣候變遷與全球治理：京都議定書的未來與挑戰〉，《和平論壇》，2005年3月25日。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 薛朝勇。〈中亞地區水資源衝突與區域安全〉。發表於《第五屆台灣與中亞論壇學術會議》，中壢清雲科技大學，2005年11月23-24日。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 貳、英文資料zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參、網路資料zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 經濟部水利署zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 環境資訊中心zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.water.tku.edu.tw/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Global Environment Facilityzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.gefweb.org/index.htmlzh_TW
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