Publications-Theses

題名 西非經濟共同體的整合: 永續發展計畫
Economic Integration of West African Nations: A Synthesis For Sustainable Development
作者 Goodridge, Reginald B., Jr.
貢獻者 嚴震生
Yen,Chen Shen
Goodridge, Reginald B., Jr.
關鍵詞 經濟共同體
永續發展
Sustainable development
economic integration
West Africa
ECOWAS
日期 2006
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 18:50:46 (UTC+8)
摘要 Though rich in natural resources and wealth generating potential, West African nations are currently marred by war, political instability, and economic uncertainty. While many factors have contributed to this, there are solutions to alleviate the plight of West African people. As post-colonial West Africa struggles to organize its individual economies, human resources and infrastructure to adequately manage natural resources; I explore regional economic integration of nations, the role of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in its regional functions, and postulate a synthesis for sustainable development, growth and stability through the promotion of a healthy and robust economy.
參考文獻 Articles, Books and Publications:
African Union. Directorate: OAU, Department of Foreign Affairs, Profile: Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 17 April 2000.
Andriamananjara, Soamiely, On the Size and Number of Regional Integration Arrangement: A Political Economy Model, University of Maryland, College Park, May 1999.
Anoruo, Emmanuel and Habtu Braha, “Corruption and Economic Growth: The African Experience.” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (2005), 7.1: 43-55.
Asante-Darko, K., “Globalization and African Renaissance: The Challenge of Continental Strategies.” Nordic Journal of African Studies (1999), 8.1: 40-55.
Axline, Andrew W., “Underdevelopment, Dependence, and Integration: The Politics of Regionalism in the Third World.” International Organization (1977), 31. 1: 83-105.
Bach, Daniel C., “The Politics of West African Economic Co-Operation: C.E.A.O. and E.C.O.W.A.S.” Journal of Modern African Studies (1983), 21.4: 605-623.
Brada Josef C. and Jose A. Mendez, “Economic Integration among Developed, Developing and Centrally Planned Economies: A Comparative Analysis.” The Review of Economics and Statistics (1985), 67. 4: 549-556.
Brown-Weiss, E., “Environment and Trade as Partners in Sustainable Development: A Commentary.” The American Journal of International Law (1992), 86.4: 728-735.
Centre for Democracy and Development. From Regional Security to Regional Integration in West Africa: Lessons from the ASEAN Experience: CD Working Paper No. 5, Centre for Democracy and Development, London, England, June 2002.
Chen, C. J. The Story of Taiwan: Economy, 2nd ed., Government Information Office, Taipei, 1999.
Chen, Cheng. Land Reform in Taiwan. Taipei: China Publishing Company, 1961.
Chomsky, Noam. Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs. Montreal, Canada: South End Press, 2000.
Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler. “On Economic Causes of Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers (1998), 50: 563-73.
Collier, Paul. “On the Economic Consequences of Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers (1999), 51: 168-83.
Cote d’Ivoire. African Development Bank Group, NEPAD Infrastructure Short-Term Action Plan (STAP), Vol 1: Overview, Abidjan, Cote, d’Ivoire, May 2003.
Dale, John and Magdalene Dale. Premieres Lecons de Francais. Vancouver, Canada: Copp Clark Publishing, 1978.
Daly, Herman E., “Sustainable Development: From Concept and Theory to Operational Principles.” Population and Development Review Supplement: Resources, Environment, and Population: Present Knowledge, Future Options (1990), 16: 25-43.
Daniels, John D. and Lee H. Radebaugh. International Business, Environments and Operations. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001.
Doyle, Michael W. and Nicholas Sambanis. Challenges and Strategies After Civil War, Princeton University, Princeton, December 27, 1999.
Doz, Yves L. and Gary Hamel. Alliance Advantage: The Art of Creating Value through Partnering. Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard Business School Press, 1998.
ECOWAS. ECOWAS Executive Secretariat, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Revised Treaty, Abuja, Nigeria, 24 July 1993.
ECOWAS. ECOWAS Executive Secretariat, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Treaty, Abuja, Nigeria, 28 May, 1975.
Elbadawi, Ibrahim and Nicholas Sambanis, “Why Are There So Many Civil Wars in Africa? Understanding and Preventing Violent Conflict.” Journal of African Economies (December 2000).
European Commission. Directorate General, Economic and Financial Affairs, Study on Regional Economic Integration in Asia and Europe, 2003.
Ewing, A. F., “Prospects for Economic Integration in Africa.” The Journal of Modern African Studies (1967), 5.1: 53-67.
Gabel Matthew and Guy D. Whitten, “Economic Conditions, Economic Perceptions, and Public Support for European Integration.” Political Behavior, The Economics of Politics in Comparative Perspective Revisited (1997), 19.1: 81-96.
Gates, Scott and N. P. Gleditsch, “Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816–1992.” American Political Science Review (2001), 95: 33-48.
Gessler M. C. et. al., “Traditional Healers in Tanzania: The Treatment of Malaria with Plant Remedies.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology (1995), 48.3: 131-144.
Goodridge, Sr., Reginald. B., Strengthening Liberia’s Foreign Policy in the New Millennium. University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia, 2003.
Hansen, Roger D., “Regional Integration: Reflections on a Decade of Theoretical Efforts.” World Politics (1969), 21.2: 242-271.
Henderson, David, “International Economic Integration: Progress, Prospects and Implications.” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944) (1992), 68.4: 633-653.
Levett, Roger, “Sustainability Indicators--Integrating Quality of Life and Environmental Protection.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) (1998), 161.3: 291-302.
Liberia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Aide Memoire on Liberia’s Role in the Formation of ECOWAS, Monrovia, Liberia, May 2000.
Liberia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Economic Community of West African States, Monrovia, Liberia.
Maher P. Community Pico Hydro in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case Study Two, Thima, Kirinyaga District, Kenya, The Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, July 02, 2002.
Mingle, Edmund. “Give Peace and Democracy a Chance…Chambas.” The Ghanaian Times, December 18, 2003: 01-03.
Morgan, Philip and J. Mark Ellis, “Markets and Trade in West Africa: Policy Issues for the Poorest Members of ECOWAS.” African Studies Review (1984), 27.3: 67-76.
Mutangadura, G. B., “Sustainable Development in Southern Africa: Progress in Addressing the Challenges.” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (2005), 7.1: 55-73.
Nye, J. S., “Patterns and Catalysts in Regional Integration.” International Organization (1965), 19.4: 870-884.
Odeyale, Charles, C., “Balanced Vertically Integrated Sustainability Business Model for Reducing Hunger and Income-Poverty in the Shortest Time Possible.” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (2007), 9.1: 207-234.
Okolo, Julius E., “Integrative and Cooperative Regionalism: The Economic Community of West African States.” International Organization (1985), 39.1: 121-153.
Robson, Peter, “Regional Integration and the Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies (1985), 23.4: 603-622.
Rosenberg, Robin L., “Trade and the Environment: Economic Development Versus Sustainable Development.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs; Special Issue: The Summit of the Americas-Issues to Consider (1994), 36.3: 129-156.
Ross, Michael. How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from 13 Cases, Los Angeles, June 11, 2003.
Taiwan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, R.O.C., Inauguration of the Forum on African Studies in Taiwan (F.A.S.T.) and Seminar on ‘Democratic Experiences in Africa’. Taipei, Taiwan: 19 June, 2003.
United States of America. Bureau of African Affairs, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 22 November 2002.
Weaver, J. E., “Review: The Costs and Benefits of Economic Integration.” African Studies Review (2001), 44.2: 211-214.
Willcox, Merlin L. and Gerard Bodeker, “Traditional Herbal Medicines for Malaria.” BMJ (2004), 329: 1156-1159.
World Bank Group. Development and Statistics Division, World Development Indicators 2004, Washington, D.C., 13 January 2005.
Interviews, Presentations and Speeches:
Adedeji, Adebayo. Interview. Global Policy Forum: Africa Recovery, 01 September 2002. 17 March 2005
<http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/econ/2002/0901regafrica.htm >.
Bawo, A. Personal Interview. 4 May 2004.
Chan, Nancy. “Micro Credit.” Research Paper. National Chengchi University, 2002.
Collier, Paul. “Doing Well Out of War.” Conference on Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. London, April 26-27, 1999.
DeSilva, Dharma. E-mail Interview. 15 March 2005.
Eastman, Ernest. Personal Interview. 16 August 2006.
Kaindii, K. Personal Interview. 09 April 2004.
Stubblefield, James. Personal Interview. 30 April 2004.
On-line / Internet Resources:
"About Us: The Bretton Woods Committee." The Bretton Woods Committee. 2004. 20 December, 2004
<http://www.brettonwoods.org/about/>.
"About Us: The UN DSD." UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development. 2005. 11 January, 2005
<http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/index.html>.
“Africa Heritage Research Library: About Us” Africa Heritage Research Library, 2006. 02 December 2006
<http://www.nigeria-arts.net/>.
“Africa’s Urban Slums Result From Unfavorable Trade Terms.” UN Human Settlements Programme, 4 February 2005. 5 February 2005
<http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=13243&Cr=habitat&Cr1=>.
“African States Must Give High Priority To Agricultural Research To Cut Hunger” EuropaWorld, 4 February 2005. 5 February 2005
<http://www.europaworld.org/week210/african4205.htm>.
“AIDS Negating Improvements In Governance In Africa.” UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), 16 February 2005. 17 February 2005
<http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=13372>.
"ALADI." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. October 2006. 12 October, 2006
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALADI>.
“Alternative Therapies to Improve Whole Health” ALT.HQ.com, 2005. 09 December 2006
<http://www.drmortonwalker.com/homepage.php>.
Antoine Morel and S. Diener. “Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighborhoods.” Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries. 2006 03 November 2006
<http://www.sandec.ch/Wastewater/Documents/Morel_Diener_Greywater_2006_low_res.pdf >.
"ASEAN." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. October 2006. 12 October, 2006
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN>.
“Association Latinoamerican de Integration.” Association Latinoamerican de Integration, October 2006. 12 October, 2006
<http://www.aladi.org/nsfweb/redisenioSitioi/index.htm>.
“Association of Southeast Asian Nations.” Association of Southeast Asian Nations, October 2006. 12 October, 2006
<http://www.aseansec.org/>.
Bavier, Joe. “West African Leaders Help to Prepare Togo Vote.” Voice of America. 28 Febraury 2005. 1 March 2005
<http://www.voanews.com/english/2005-02-28-voa22.cfm>.
“Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.” Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2006. 05 December 2006
<http://www.gatesfoundation.org/default.htm>.
“Borrego Solar – California’s Solar Power Company: Installing Home and Commercial Renewable Energy Systems Since 1980.” Borrego Solar, 2006. 15 December 2006
<http://www.borregosolar.com/>.
Collier, Paul. “Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and their Implications for Policy.” The World Bank Group, Development Research Group, June 15, 2000. 15 March 2005
<http://www.worldbank.org/research/conflict/papers/civilconflict.pdf>.
"Commission for Sustainable Development." UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development. 2005. 11 January, 2005
<http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/policy.htm>.
"Coup d`etat." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. November 2006. 15 November, 2004 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27etat>.
"DDT." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. December 2006. 18 December, 2006
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT>.
Diallo, Garba. “Mauritania – Neither Arab nor African.” The Nordic Africa Institute. 2 July 2004. 14 February 2005
<http://www.nordiskaafrikainstitutet.com/publications/news/archives/200diallo/>.
"DIY: Happy, Quick and Dirty Mosquito Trap." DIY: Happy. 23 May 2006. 18 December, 2006
< http://www.diyhappy.com/quick-and-dirty-mosquito-trap/>.
"Economic Community of West African States." U.S. Department of State. 22 November, 2002. 05 February, 2005
<http://www.state.gov/p/af/rls/fs/15437.htm>.
“ECOWAS Probes NTLA, Others.” The Analyst. 18 March 18, 2005. 19 March 2005
<http://www.analystnewspaper.com/ecowas_probes_tla_others.htm>.
“ECOWAS: Handbook on International Trade” ECOWAS: Community Computer Center (CCC), Department of Statistics, 2004. 04 October 2006
<http://www.ecostat.org/en/TradeECOWAS/ECOWAS_TRADE.pdf>.
"European Union." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. October 2004. 28 October, 2004
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union>.
“EWB-USA.” Engineers Without Borders. 2006. 12 November 2006
<http://www.ewb-usa.org/index.php>.
“Fair Trade In Wild Natural Resources Can Lift Millions Out Of Poverty.” UN Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 28 February 2006. 01 March 2006
<http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17645&Cr=UNEP&Cr1=>.
“Faure Gnassingbe Steps Down Ecowas Lifts Sanctions” BBC News, 26 February 2005. 26 February 2005
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4300089.stm>.
Fearon, James. "Ethnic Structure and Cultural Diversity around the World: A Cross-National Data Set on Ethnic Groups." Stanford University, Department of Political Science, January 3, 2003. 12 November 2005
<http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/workingpapers/egroups.pdf>.
“Gambians Break Out Of Poverty By Selling Forest Products.” UN Agricultural Agency, 7 September 2005. 8 September 2005
<http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=15712&Cr=gambia&Cr1=>.
Geda, Alemayehu and Haile Kibret, Regional Economic Integration in Africa: A Review of Problems and Prospects with a Case Study of COMESA*. University of London, January, 2002. 10 August, 2003
<http://mercury.soas.ac.uk/economics/workpap/adobe/wp125.pdf>.
“Geekcorps.” Geekcorps, 2006. 15 December 2006
<http://geekcorps.org/>.
“Global Malaria Programme (GMP).” World Health Organization. 23 June 2004. 17 October 2006
<http://www.who.int/malaria/malaria_HIV/>.
Hansohm, Dirk, Potential of Regional Integration in Africa. Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU), 23-26 May, 2002. 10 August, 2003
<http://www.nepru.org.na/Archive/Seminar-papers/Regional-integration.pdf>.
Heston, Alan, Summers, Robert, and Bettina Aten, Penn World Table Version 6.1, Center for International Comparisons, at the University of Pennsylvania (CICUP), October 2002. 19 July 2006
<http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/>.
“Law Suit Hangs Over ECOWAS For Auditing Liberia.” AllAfrica.com. 07 April 2005. 08 April 2005
<http://allafrica.com/stories/200504070329.html>
“Malaria No More.” Malaria No More, 2006. 05 December 2006
<http://malarianomore.org/>.
Ntwiga, S. “How to make a home-made water filter” AfriGadget, 11 November 2006. 05 December 2006
<http://www.afrigadget.com/2006/11/11/how-to-make-a-home-made-water-filter/>.
“Practical Action – Formerly ITDG (Intermediate Technology Development Group).” Practical Action: Technology Challenging Poverty, 2006. 20 December 2006
<http://practicalaction.org/?id=home>.
“Sanction Awaits Anti-Audit Campaigners.” AllAfrica.Com. 14 April 2005. 15 April 2005
<http://allafrica.com/stories/200504140333.html>.
Suranovic, Steven. “The Theory of Comparative Advantage” International Trade Theory and Policy Lecture Notes, September 2004. 21 December, 2004
<http://internationalecon.com/v1.0/ch40/40c000.html>.
Sustainable Cities and Towns in Africa Slum Challenge and Shelter Delivery: Meeting the MDGs.” United Nations Human Settlements Programme. August 2004. 15 December 2006
<http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/2553_7848_mdg.pdf>.
Tapson, Bobby. “Supreme Court Stops ECOWAS Audit.” AllAfrica.com. 07 April 2005. 08 April 2005
<http://allafrica.com/stories/200504070333.html>.
Tebbal F. and N. Mutizwa-Manguiza. “Towards an Enhanced Framework for Promoting Sustainable Cities and Town in Africa. Slum Challenge and Shelter Delivery: Meeting the MDG`s.” August 2004. 8 October, 2005.
<http://www.housing.gov.za/amchud/Content/Discussion%20Documents/AMCHUD_paper%20on%20SHELTER.pdf>.
“The Economics of Civil Wars, Crime and Violence.” The World Bank Group 2003. 15 January 2005
<http://www.worldbank.org/research/conflict/papers.htm>.
“The Story of Africa.” British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), World Service, 2005. 01 May 2005
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/>.
"The UN Millennium Development Goals." UN Web Services Section, Department of Public Information, United Nations. 2005. 8 October, 2005.
<http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/>.
"The World Factbook." CIA: The World Factbook. January, 2004. 22 December, 2004
<https://www.cia.gov/cia/download.html>.
"The World Factbook." CIA: The World Factbook. January, 2006. 14 October, 2006
<https://www.cia.gov/cia/download.html>.
"UN Official Says More Peacekeepers Are Needed In Africa." Relief Web. 17 December, 2003. 17 December 2003
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/f89ad2cf8891870949256e000001bd8e >.
“Violent Social Conflict And Conflict Resolution In Nigeria, Briefing Paper No. 2.” Afrobeat Barometer, Afrobarometer, August 2002. 11 October 2005
<http://www.afrobarometer.org/papers/AfrobriefNo2.pdf>.
“Wild Poliovirus Weekly Update.” Global Polio Eradication Initiative. 16 October 2006. 17 October 2006
<http://www.polioeradication.org/casecount.asp>.
Yunus, Muhammad. “Social Business Entrepreneurs Are the Solution” Gramean Bank, November 2006. 20 November 2006
< http://www.grameen-info.org/bank/socialbusinessentrepreneurs.htm>.
Yunus, Muhammad. “What is Microcredit” Gramean Bank, November 2006. 20 November 2006
<http://www.grameen-info.org/bank/WhatisMicrocredit.htm>.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理碩士班(IMBA)
90933028
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090933028
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 嚴震生zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yen,Chen Shenen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Goodridge, Reginald B., Jr.en_US
dc.creator (作者) Goodridge, Reginald B., Jr.en_US
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 18:50:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 18:50:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 18:50:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0090933028en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33930-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營管理碩士班(IMBA)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90933028zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Though rich in natural resources and wealth generating potential, West African nations are currently marred by war, political instability, and economic uncertainty. While many factors have contributed to this, there are solutions to alleviate the plight of West African people. As post-colonial West Africa struggles to organize its individual economies, human resources and infrastructure to adequately manage natural resources; I explore regional economic integration of nations, the role of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in its regional functions, and postulate a synthesis for sustainable development, growth and stability through the promotion of a healthy and robust economy.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents COVER.…………………………………………………………………………….i
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………..………………...ii
DEDICATION……………………………………………………..……………….iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………..………………...iv
APPROVALPAGE………………………………………………..………………. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………...……………vi
LIST OF TABLESAND ILLUSTRATIONS……………………………………... viii
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS……………………...………... ix
CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Conceptual Framework……………………...……1
1.1 - Need for the study…………………………………………………………..... 1
1.2 - Nature of Problem……………………………………………………………. 2
1.3 - Background of Problem……………………………………………………….2
1.4 - Significance of Study……………………………………………………….... 3
1.5 - Objectives of Study…………………………………………………………... 3
1.6 - Limitations of Study…………………………………………………………..4
1.7 - Scope………………………………………………………………………….4
1.8 - Literature Review……………………………………………………………..4
1.9 - Research Methodology………………………………………………………..12
1.10 - Organization of Thesis……………………………………………………….12
CHAPTER 2: Factors Conducive To Regional Economic Integration…………..... 14
2.1 – Economies of Scale…………………………………………………………...16
2.2 – Complimentary Economies…………………………………………………...17
2.3 – Efficient Use of Resources……………………………………………………19
2.4 – Export-Oriented Industrialization…………………………………………….21
2.5 – Peace and Security through Integration………………………………………21
CHAPTER 3: Factors Against Regional Economic Integration……………...…….25
3.1 – Low Level of Economic Development……………………………………….26
3.2 – Inadequate Infrastructure……………………………………………………..27
3.3 – Competitive Economies………………………………………………………29
3.4 – Political Animosity…………………………………………………………...30
CHAPTER 4: The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)…...33
4.1 – Establishment of ECOWAS…………………………………………………..33
4.2 – Organizational Framework…………………………………………………... 37
4.3 – Evolution of the Organization………………………………………………...40
CHAPTER 5: General Assessment of ECOWAS…………………………………. 49
5.1 – ECOWASInitiatives……………………………………………...….............. 49
5.2 – Economic Integration: Gains and Losses for Member States ………….......... 58
5.3 – ECOWASvs. Comparable Regional Bodies ……………………………….... 64
5.4 – Why ECOWASis Ineffective…………………………………........................ 73
5.4.1 – Colonial Interference…………………………………...................... 76
5.4.2 – Civil Conflict and Political Instability (Coup d’etats)…………….... 80
vi
CHAPTER 6: A Synthesis for Sustainable Development…………………………. 87
6.1 – A Framework for Sustainable Development in ECOWAS..……………...…..89
6.1.1 – Negotiation Among Community Leaders..……………...……….....89
6.1.2 – Establishing Goals and Planning Projects..……………...……….....92
6.1.3 – Revised ECOWASOrganizational Chart..……………...………..... 95
6.1.4 – Execution of Projects and Periodic Review of Performance……….99
6.2 – Short and Medium Term Projects of the Revised ECOWAS………………100
6.2.1 – Small and Medium Sized Business Development…………………. 100
6.2.2 – Human Resources Development, Education and Health Care…….. 104
6.2.2.1 – Education............................................................................ 105
6.2.2.2 – Health .................................................................................107
6.2.3 – Infrastructure…………………………………………………..……110
6.2.3.1 - Road Development.............................................................. 110
6.2.3.2 - Water Management and Sanitation......................................111
6.2.3.3 - Energy Production............................................................... 113
6.2.4 – Other Select Projects………………………………………………..115
6.3 – Long Term Projects of the Revised ECOWAS……………………………..116
6.3.1 – Land Reform and Agricultural Development.................................... 117
6.3.2 – Integrated Resource Management, Fiscal Accountability, and
Industrialization................................................................................. 121
6.3.3 - Regional Cooperation through Diplomacy.........................................124
CHAPTER 7: Conclusion…………………………………………………………..126
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………..129
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 46983 bytes-
dc.format.extent 55573 bytes-
dc.format.extent 64787 bytes-
dc.format.extent 71838 bytes-
dc.format.extent 1314930 bytes-
dc.format.extent 361494 bytes-
dc.format.extent 68491 bytes-
dc.format.extent 468084 bytes-
dc.format.extent 1152024 bytes-
dc.format.extent 847297 bytes-
dc.format.extent 66253 bytes-
dc.format.extent 101036 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090933028en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 經濟共同體zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 永續發展zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sustainable developmenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) economic integrationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) West Africaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ECOWASen_US
dc.title (題名) 西非經濟共同體的整合: 永續發展計畫zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Economic Integration of West African Nations: A Synthesis For Sustainable Developmenten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Articles, Books and Publications:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) African Union. Directorate: OAU, Department of Foreign Affairs, Profile: Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 17 April 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Andriamananjara, Soamiely, On the Size and Number of Regional Integration Arrangement: A Political Economy Model, University of Maryland, College Park, May 1999.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anoruo, Emmanuel and Habtu Braha, “Corruption and Economic Growth: The African Experience.” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (2005), 7.1: 43-55.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Asante-Darko, K., “Globalization and African Renaissance: The Challenge of Continental Strategies.” Nordic Journal of African Studies (1999), 8.1: 40-55.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Axline, Andrew W., “Underdevelopment, Dependence, and Integration: The Politics of Regionalism in the Third World.” International Organization (1977), 31. 1: 83-105.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bach, Daniel C., “The Politics of West African Economic Co-Operation: C.E.A.O. and E.C.O.W.A.S.” Journal of Modern African Studies (1983), 21.4: 605-623.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brada Josef C. and Jose A. Mendez, “Economic Integration among Developed, Developing and Centrally Planned Economies: A Comparative Analysis.” The Review of Economics and Statistics (1985), 67. 4: 549-556.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown-Weiss, E., “Environment and Trade as Partners in Sustainable Development: A Commentary.” The American Journal of International Law (1992), 86.4: 728-735.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Centre for Democracy and Development. From Regional Security to Regional Integration in West Africa: Lessons from the ASEAN Experience: CD Working Paper No. 5, Centre for Democracy and Development, London, England, June 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, C. J. The Story of Taiwan: Economy, 2nd ed., Government Information Office, Taipei, 1999.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, Cheng. Land Reform in Taiwan. Taipei: China Publishing Company, 1961.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chomsky, Noam. Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs. Montreal, Canada: South End Press, 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler. “On Economic Causes of Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers (1998), 50: 563-73.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Collier, Paul. “On the Economic Consequences of Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers (1999), 51: 168-83.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cote d’Ivoire. African Development Bank Group, NEPAD Infrastructure Short-Term Action Plan (STAP), Vol 1: Overview, Abidjan, Cote, d’Ivoire, May 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dale, John and Magdalene Dale. Premieres Lecons de Francais. Vancouver, Canada: Copp Clark Publishing, 1978.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Daly, Herman E., “Sustainable Development: From Concept and Theory to Operational Principles.” Population and Development Review Supplement: Resources, Environment, and Population: Present Knowledge, Future Options (1990), 16: 25-43.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Daniels, John D. and Lee H. Radebaugh. International Business, Environments and Operations. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Doyle, Michael W. and Nicholas Sambanis. Challenges and Strategies After Civil War, Princeton University, Princeton, December 27, 1999.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Doz, Yves L. and Gary Hamel. Alliance Advantage: The Art of Creating Value through Partnering. Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard Business School Press, 1998.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ECOWAS. ECOWAS Executive Secretariat, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Revised Treaty, Abuja, Nigeria, 24 July 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ECOWAS. ECOWAS Executive Secretariat, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Treaty, Abuja, Nigeria, 28 May, 1975.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Elbadawi, Ibrahim and Nicholas Sambanis, “Why Are There So Many Civil Wars in Africa? Understanding and Preventing Violent Conflict.” Journal of African Economies (December 2000).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) European Commission. Directorate General, Economic and Financial Affairs, Study on Regional Economic Integration in Asia and Europe, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ewing, A. F., “Prospects for Economic Integration in Africa.” The Journal of Modern African Studies (1967), 5.1: 53-67.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gabel Matthew and Guy D. Whitten, “Economic Conditions, Economic Perceptions, and Public Support for European Integration.” Political Behavior, The Economics of Politics in Comparative Perspective Revisited (1997), 19.1: 81-96.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gates, Scott and N. P. Gleditsch, “Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816–1992.” American Political Science Review (2001), 95: 33-48.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gessler M. C. et. al., “Traditional Healers in Tanzania: The Treatment of Malaria with Plant Remedies.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology (1995), 48.3: 131-144.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goodridge, Sr., Reginald. B., Strengthening Liberia’s Foreign Policy in the New Millennium. University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hansen, Roger D., “Regional Integration: Reflections on a Decade of Theoretical Efforts.” World Politics (1969), 21.2: 242-271.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Henderson, David, “International Economic Integration: Progress, Prospects and Implications.” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944) (1992), 68.4: 633-653.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levett, Roger, “Sustainability Indicators--Integrating Quality of Life and Environmental Protection.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) (1998), 161.3: 291-302.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liberia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Aide Memoire on Liberia’s Role in the Formation of ECOWAS, Monrovia, Liberia, May 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liberia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Economic Community of West African States, Monrovia, Liberia.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Maher P. Community Pico Hydro in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case Study Two, Thima, Kirinyaga District, Kenya, The Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, July 02, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mingle, Edmund. “Give Peace and Democracy a Chance…Chambas.” The Ghanaian Times, December 18, 2003: 01-03.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Morgan, Philip and J. Mark Ellis, “Markets and Trade in West Africa: Policy Issues for the Poorest Members of ECOWAS.” African Studies Review (1984), 27.3: 67-76.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mutangadura, G. B., “Sustainable Development in Southern Africa: Progress in Addressing the Challenges.” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (2005), 7.1: 55-73.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nye, J. S., “Patterns and Catalysts in Regional Integration.” International Organization (1965), 19.4: 870-884.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Odeyale, Charles, C., “Balanced Vertically Integrated Sustainability Business Model for Reducing Hunger and Income-Poverty in the Shortest Time Possible.” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (2007), 9.1: 207-234.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Okolo, Julius E., “Integrative and Cooperative Regionalism: The Economic Community of West African States.” International Organization (1985), 39.1: 121-153.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Robson, Peter, “Regional Integration and the Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies (1985), 23.4: 603-622.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rosenberg, Robin L., “Trade and the Environment: Economic Development Versus Sustainable Development.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs; Special Issue: The Summit of the Americas-Issues to Consider (1994), 36.3: 129-156.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ross, Michael. How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from 13 Cases, Los Angeles, June 11, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taiwan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, R.O.C., Inauguration of the Forum on African Studies in Taiwan (F.A.S.T.) and Seminar on ‘Democratic Experiences in Africa’. Taipei, Taiwan: 19 June, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) United States of America. Bureau of African Affairs, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 22 November 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weaver, J. E., “Review: The Costs and Benefits of Economic Integration.” African Studies Review (2001), 44.2: 211-214.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Willcox, Merlin L. and Gerard Bodeker, “Traditional Herbal Medicines for Malaria.” BMJ (2004), 329: 1156-1159.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) World Bank Group. Development and Statistics Division, World Development Indicators 2004, Washington, D.C., 13 January 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Interviews, Presentations and Speeches:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Adedeji, Adebayo. Interview. Global Policy Forum: Africa Recovery, 01 September 2002. 17 March 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/econ/2002/0901regafrica.htm >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bawo, A. Personal Interview. 4 May 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chan, Nancy. “Micro Credit.” Research Paper. National Chengchi University, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Collier, Paul. “Doing Well Out of War.” Conference on Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. London, April 26-27, 1999.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) DeSilva, Dharma. E-mail Interview. 15 March 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eastman, Ernest. Personal Interview. 16 August 2006.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kaindii, K. Personal Interview. 09 April 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stubblefield, James. Personal Interview. 30 April 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) On-line / Internet Resources:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "About Us: The Bretton Woods Committee." The Bretton Woods Committee. 2004. 20 December, 2004zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.brettonwoods.org/about/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "About Us: The UN DSD." UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development. 2005. 11 January, 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/index.html>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Africa Heritage Research Library: About Us” Africa Heritage Research Library, 2006. 02 December 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.nigeria-arts.net/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Africa’s Urban Slums Result From Unfavorable Trade Terms.” UN Human Settlements Programme, 4 February 2005. 5 February 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=13243&Cr=habitat&Cr1=>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “African States Must Give High Priority To Agricultural Research To Cut Hunger” EuropaWorld, 4 February 2005. 5 February 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.europaworld.org/week210/african4205.htm>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “AIDS Negating Improvements In Governance In Africa.” UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), 16 February 2005. 17 February 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=13372>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "ALADI." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. October 2006. 12 October, 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALADI>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Alternative Therapies to Improve Whole Health” ALT.HQ.com, 2005. 09 December 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.drmortonwalker.com/homepage.php>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Antoine Morel and S. Diener. “Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighborhoods.” Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries. 2006 03 November 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.sandec.ch/Wastewater/Documents/Morel_Diener_Greywater_2006_low_res.pdf >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "ASEAN." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. October 2006. 12 October, 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Association Latinoamerican de Integration.” Association Latinoamerican de Integration, October 2006. 12 October, 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.aladi.org/nsfweb/redisenioSitioi/index.htm>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Association of Southeast Asian Nations.” Association of Southeast Asian Nations, October 2006. 12 October, 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.aseansec.org/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bavier, Joe. “West African Leaders Help to Prepare Togo Vote.” Voice of America. 28 Febraury 2005. 1 March 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.voanews.com/english/2005-02-28-voa22.cfm>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.” Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2006. 05 December 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.gatesfoundation.org/default.htm>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Borrego Solar – California’s Solar Power Company: Installing Home and Commercial Renewable Energy Systems Since 1980.” Borrego Solar, 2006. 15 December 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.borregosolar.com/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Collier, Paul. “Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and their Implications for Policy.” The World Bank Group, Development Research Group, June 15, 2000. 15 March 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.worldbank.org/research/conflict/papers/civilconflict.pdf>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "Commission for Sustainable Development." UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development. 2005. 11 January, 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/policy.htm>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "Coup d`etat." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. November 2006. 15 November, 2004 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27etat>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "DDT." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. December 2006. 18 December, 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Diallo, Garba. “Mauritania – Neither Arab nor African.” The Nordic Africa Institute. 2 July 2004. 14 February 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.nordiskaafrikainstitutet.com/publications/news/archives/200diallo/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "DIY: Happy, Quick and Dirty Mosquito Trap." DIY: Happy. 23 May 2006. 18 December, 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.diyhappy.com/quick-and-dirty-mosquito-trap/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "Economic Community of West African States." U.S. Department of State. 22 November, 2002. 05 February, 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.state.gov/p/af/rls/fs/15437.htm>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “ECOWAS Probes NTLA, Others.” The Analyst. 18 March 18, 2005. 19 March 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.analystnewspaper.com/ecowas_probes_tla_others.htm>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “ECOWAS: Handbook on International Trade” ECOWAS: Community Computer Center (CCC), Department of Statistics, 2004. 04 October 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.ecostat.org/en/TradeECOWAS/ECOWAS_TRADE.pdf>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "European Union." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. October 2004. 28 October, 2004zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “EWB-USA.” Engineers Without Borders. 2006. 12 November 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.ewb-usa.org/index.php>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Fair Trade In Wild Natural Resources Can Lift Millions Out Of Poverty.” UN Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 28 February 2006. 01 March 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17645&Cr=UNEP&Cr1=>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Faure Gnassingbe Steps Down Ecowas Lifts Sanctions” BBC News, 26 February 2005. 26 February 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4300089.stm>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fearon, James. "Ethnic Structure and Cultural Diversity around the World: A Cross-National Data Set on Ethnic Groups." Stanford University, Department of Political Science, January 3, 2003. 12 November 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/workingpapers/egroups.pdf>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Gambians Break Out Of Poverty By Selling Forest Products.” UN Agricultural Agency, 7 September 2005. 8 September 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=15712&Cr=gambia&Cr1=>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Geda, Alemayehu and Haile Kibret, Regional Economic Integration in Africa: A Review of Problems and Prospects with a Case Study of COMESA*. University of London, January, 2002. 10 August, 2003zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://mercury.soas.ac.uk/economics/workpap/adobe/wp125.pdf>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Geekcorps.” Geekcorps, 2006. 15 December 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://geekcorps.org/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Global Malaria Programme (GMP).” World Health Organization. 23 June 2004. 17 October 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.who.int/malaria/malaria_HIV/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hansohm, Dirk, Potential of Regional Integration in Africa. Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU), 23-26 May, 2002. 10 August, 2003zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.nepru.org.na/Archive/Seminar-papers/Regional-integration.pdf>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Heston, Alan, Summers, Robert, and Bettina Aten, Penn World Table Version 6.1, Center for International Comparisons, at the University of Pennsylvania (CICUP), October 2002. 19 July 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Law Suit Hangs Over ECOWAS For Auditing Liberia.” AllAfrica.com. 07 April 2005. 08 April 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://allafrica.com/stories/200504070329.html>zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Malaria No More.” Malaria No More, 2006. 05 December 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://malarianomore.org/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ntwiga, S. “How to make a home-made water filter” AfriGadget, 11 November 2006. 05 December 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.afrigadget.com/2006/11/11/how-to-make-a-home-made-water-filter/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Practical Action – Formerly ITDG (Intermediate Technology Development Group).” Practical Action: Technology Challenging Poverty, 2006. 20 December 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://practicalaction.org/?id=home>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Sanction Awaits Anti-Audit Campaigners.” AllAfrica.Com. 14 April 2005. 15 April 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://allafrica.com/stories/200504140333.html>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Suranovic, Steven. “The Theory of Comparative Advantage” International Trade Theory and Policy Lecture Notes, September 2004. 21 December, 2004zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://internationalecon.com/v1.0/ch40/40c000.html>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sustainable Cities and Towns in Africa Slum Challenge and Shelter Delivery: Meeting the MDGs.” United Nations Human Settlements Programme. August 2004. 15 December 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/2553_7848_mdg.pdf>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tapson, Bobby. “Supreme Court Stops ECOWAS Audit.” AllAfrica.com. 07 April 2005. 08 April 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://allafrica.com/stories/200504070333.html>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tebbal F. and N. Mutizwa-Manguiza. “Towards an Enhanced Framework for Promoting Sustainable Cities and Town in Africa. Slum Challenge and Shelter Delivery: Meeting the MDG`s.” August 2004. 8 October, 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.housing.gov.za/amchud/Content/Discussion%20Documents/AMCHUD_paper%20on%20SHELTER.pdf>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “The Economics of Civil Wars, Crime and Violence.” The World Bank Group 2003. 15 January 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.worldbank.org/research/conflict/papers.htm>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “The Story of Africa.” British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), World Service, 2005. 01 May 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "The UN Millennium Development Goals." UN Web Services Section, Department of Public Information, United Nations. 2005. 8 October, 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "The World Factbook." CIA: The World Factbook. January, 2004. 22 December, 2004zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <https://www.cia.gov/cia/download.html>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "The World Factbook." CIA: The World Factbook. January, 2006. 14 October, 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <https://www.cia.gov/cia/download.html>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "UN Official Says More Peacekeepers Are Needed In Africa." Relief Web. 17 December, 2003. 17 December 2003zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/f89ad2cf8891870949256e000001bd8e >.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Violent Social Conflict And Conflict Resolution In Nigeria, Briefing Paper No. 2.” Afrobeat Barometer, Afrobarometer, August 2002. 11 October 2005zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.afrobarometer.org/papers/AfrobriefNo2.pdf>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Wild Poliovirus Weekly Update.” Global Polio Eradication Initiative. 16 October 2006. 17 October 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.polioeradication.org/casecount.asp>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yunus, Muhammad. “Social Business Entrepreneurs Are the Solution” Gramean Bank, November 2006. 20 November 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) < http://www.grameen-info.org/bank/socialbusinessentrepreneurs.htm>.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yunus, Muhammad. “What is Microcredit” Gramean Bank, November 2006. 20 November 2006zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) <http://www.grameen-info.org/bank/WhatisMicrocredit.htm>.zh_TW