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題名 克服貿易障礙之非官方策略:增加中美洲與台灣之貿易
Strategies for overcoming trade barriers:Increasing trade between Central America and Taiwan
作者 杜達仕
Sanchez , Tomas
貢獻者 Yu , C. Joseph
杜達仕
Sanchez , Tomas
關鍵詞 控制美國貿易
增進貿易
台灣和中美之貿易協定
日期 2002
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 18:51:21 (UTC+8)
摘要 突破貿易障礙,增進中美與台灣之間的貿易
On the end of August 2003, Taiwan signed its historic first free trade agreement, and it made so with the Central American Republic of Panama, at the same time, the rest of Central American countries pledge to increase the commercial relations with Taiwan. Since then, governments on both regions have been promoting Central America as Taiwan’s gateway to the Americas and Taiwan as Central America’s gateway to Asia, in terms of international commerce.

Through this research we question whether these statements are accurate and if in fact, Central American companies can increase their presence in the Taiwanese or other Asian markets, with the optimum goal of generating at least some wealth for their own nations through private initiatives. The arguments have been made after the analysis of primary and secondary data for the sake of objectiveness.

Results show that the almost non-existent presence of Central American companies or their products in the Taiwanese market is not only due to the many barriers inherent of the economy and the market (such as distance, low competitiveness in Central America compared with high competitiveness in Taiwan, or lack of knowledge of the local market and culture) but also due to a lack of interest of vision from business people, especially those in Central America.

However, in the market exist enough conditions to make feasible a positive increase in the trade balance between Central America and Taiwan at the moment when new entrepreneurs dare to venture to capture a piece of the Taiwanese and other Asian markets.

Moreover, the appearance in the market of some mechanisms such as electronic exchanges or other types of e-commerce applications, as well as the proliferation of trading companies might also have a significant positive impact on the trade of goods and services between the two studied regions.
參考文獻 Andrews, Philip Walter Sawford. The Economics of Competitiveness Enterprise, Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar Publishing Company, 1993.
Ayyagari, Meghana, Thorsten Beck, and Asli Demirg□□-Kunt. Small and Medium Enterprises across the Globe: A New Database. Washington DC: World Bank Policy Research, 2003.
Bharadwaj, R. and J. Bhawati, “Human Capital and the Pattern of Foreign Trade: The Indian Case,” Indian Economic Journal, October 1967.
Blackman, Carolyn. Negotiating China, Australia: Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd, 1997.
Castro, Ligia Maria & Evangelina Gavarrete. Central America Viewed From The Global Competitiveness Pint Of View, Costa Rica: INCAE, 2001.
Chung, Oscar, Kelly Her, Virginia Sheng and Violet Chang. The History of Taiwan – Society, Taipei, Taiwan: Government Information Office, ROC, 1999.
Clarke, G. & Scott J. Wallsten, “Has the Internet Increased Trade? Evidence from Industrial and Developing Countries,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3215, February 2004.
Committee for Economic Development of Australia. Japanese Trading Companies, Their Role in Australia’s Economic Development. Australia: CEDA, July 1997.
ESA Consultores. Study on Small and Micro Enterprises in Honduras, Honduras: Jos□ Maria Covelo foundation, 1996.
Ethier, Wilfred J., Elhanan Helpman, J. Peter Neary. Theory, Policy and Dynamics in International Trade, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Fang, Tony. Chinese Business Negotiation Style, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 1999.
Felix, D. Beyond Import Substitution: A Latin American Dilemma, Cambridge, MA: Papanek, 1968.
Ghemawat, P. “Distance Still Matters: The Hard Reality of Global Expansion,” Harvard Business Review, October 2001.
Godfrey, Mike. Panama and Taiwan Conclude Free Trade Agreement, Washington DC: Tax-News.com, 2003 (http://www.tax-news.com/asp/story/story.asp?storyname=13100).
Harmon, C. Thomas. A Study of the Trade Among Developing Countries, 1950-1980: An Appraisal of The Emerging Pattern, Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1988.
Hirschman, A.O. “The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialization in Latin America,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1968.
Jolly, Asam. Doing Business with Latin America, London, England: Kogan Page Ltd, 1996.
Keesing, D.B. “Labor skills and comparative advantage,” American Economic Review, May 1966.
Keesing, D.B., “Population and Industrial Development: Some Evidence from Trade Patterns,” American Economic Review, June 1968.
Kenen, P.B., “Nature, Capital and trade,” Journal of Political Economy, October 1965.
Kravis, I.B. “Availability and other influences of the commodity composition of trade,” Journal of Political Economy, April 1956.
Lary , H.B. Imports of Manufactures from Less Developed Countries, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1968.
Linder, S.B. Trade and Trade Policy for Development, London: Pall Mall Press, 1967.
Ministry of Economic Affairs. White Paper On Small and Medium Enterprises in Taiwan, Taipei, R.O.C.: MOEA-Small and Medium Enterprise Administration, 2003.
National Bureau of Economic Research. “Ethnic Chinese Networks in International Trade,” NBER knowledge base, MA, USA, 1999.
Ohlin, B. Interregional and International Trade, Cambridge, MA, Cambridge University Press, 1967.
Page, Sheila. How Developing Countries Trade, The institutional constraints, London, UK: Routledge, 1994.
Porter, Michael. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. NY: The Free Press, 1990.
Rauch, James E. and Alessandra Casella. Overcoming Informational Barriers to International Resource Allocation: Prices and Ties, NY: World Bank publications, 1998.
Riba, Matfobhi. Growing Micro And Small Enterprises In LDCs, NY: United Nations publications, 2002.
Trejos, Alberto & Arturo Condo. Enterprise Competitiveness in Central America, Costa Rica: INCAE-HIID-CABEI-AVINA, 2001.
Tussie, Diana. The less developed countries and the world trading system, a challenge to the GATT, New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1987.
Van-Marrewijk, Charles. International Trade and the world economy, NY: Oxford University Press, 2003.
World Economic Forum. The Global Competitiveness Report 2000, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理碩士班(IMBA)
91933030
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0091933030
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor Yu , C. Josephen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 杜達仕zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Sanchez , Tomasen_US
dc.creator (作者) 杜達仕zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Sanchez , Tomasen_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 18:51:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 18:51:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 18:51:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0091933030en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33934-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營管理碩士班(IMBA)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91933030zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 突破貿易障礙,增進中美與台灣之間的貿易zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) On the end of August 2003, Taiwan signed its historic first free trade agreement, and it made so with the Central American Republic of Panama, at the same time, the rest of Central American countries pledge to increase the commercial relations with Taiwan. Since then, governments on both regions have been promoting Central America as Taiwan’s gateway to the Americas and Taiwan as Central America’s gateway to Asia, in terms of international commerce.

Through this research we question whether these statements are accurate and if in fact, Central American companies can increase their presence in the Taiwanese or other Asian markets, with the optimum goal of generating at least some wealth for their own nations through private initiatives. The arguments have been made after the analysis of primary and secondary data for the sake of objectiveness.

Results show that the almost non-existent presence of Central American companies or their products in the Taiwanese market is not only due to the many barriers inherent of the economy and the market (such as distance, low competitiveness in Central America compared with high competitiveness in Taiwan, or lack of knowledge of the local market and culture) but also due to a lack of interest of vision from business people, especially those in Central America.

However, in the market exist enough conditions to make feasible a positive increase in the trade balance between Central America and Taiwan at the moment when new entrepreneurs dare to venture to capture a piece of the Taiwanese and other Asian markets.

Moreover, the appearance in the market of some mechanisms such as electronic exchanges or other types of e-commerce applications, as well as the proliferation of trading companies might also have a significant positive impact on the trade of goods and services between the two studied regions.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents TABLES ……………………………………………………………………...iv
FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………. v
CHAPTER I: SCOPE OF THE THESIS
1.1 Background …...……………………………………………………...1
1.2 Research questions and objectives …………………………….3
1.3 Limitations …………………………………………………………...5
1.4 Structure ……………………………………………………………..6

CHAPTER II: FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRADE BETWEEN CENTRAL AMERICA AND TAIWAN
2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………….8
2.2 Theoretical background and insight on trade patterns …… 8
2.2.1 Factor proportions: capital, labor and natural resources 9
2.2.2 Human skills ……………………………………………………11
2.2.3 Economies of scale ……………………………………………...12
2.2.4 Stages of production (industrial development) ……………12
2.2.5 Technological gap and product cycle …………………………14
2.2.6. The non-availability trade hypothesis ……………………14
2.2.7 Linder’s trade and development theory ……………………15
2.3 Other factors interfering with trade between Central America
and Taiwan ………………………………………………………………17
2.3.1 Negotiation styles ……………………………………………17
2.3.2 Multinational corporations ……..…………………………23
2.3.3 Impact of information technology …………………………24
2.3.4 Importance of ethnic groups ……………………………….26
2.3.5 Asymmetrical information ……………………………………28
2.3.6 Other trade barriers ……………………………………………29
2.4 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………31

CHAPTER III: BUSINESS ATMOSPHERE IN CENTRAL AMERICA COMPARED WITH THAT OF TAIWAN
3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………33
3.2 Background …………………………………………………………..33
3.3 Methodology …………………………………………………………35
3.4 Economic & trade indicators ……………………………………37
3.4.1 Statistics: Land Area and Population …………………….37
3.4.2 Income …………………………………………………………..38
3.4.3 International Trade ……………………………………………40
3.5Competitiveness in Taiwan and Central America ………………43
3.5.1 Country evaluations ……………………………………………47
3.6 Description of firms …………………………………………….51
3.7 Trade history between Central America and Taiwan ……….54
3.7.1 Trade statistics …………………………………………………55
3.7.2 Trade agreements ……………………………………………….59
3.7.3 Other regional multilateral agreements ……………………61
Central American Integration System ……………………….61
Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) ………… 64
Free Trade Area of the Americas, 2005 …………………….65
3.7.4 Trade development agencies: Central American Trade Office
(CATO) ……………………………………………………………….66
3.8 Conclusion …………………………………………………………69

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………72
4.2 Field research …………………………………….……………….72
4.2.1. Research Method …………………………..…………………..73
4.2.2 Interview and survey ………………...……………………….74
Interview ……………………………………………………... 74
Survey ………………………………………………………... 75
4.2.3. Objectives and information requirements …………………75

CHAPTER V: RESEARCH FINDINGS
5.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………81
5.2 Findings from field research ……………………………………81
5.2.1 Interviews ……………………………………………………….82
5.2.2 Surveys ………………………………………………………….88
5.3 Other findings ………………………………………………………94
5.3.1 Free Trade Agreements with Central America …………...94
5.3.2 Commerce ………..…………………………………………….97

CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
6.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………..98
6.2 Conclusions and suggestions ………………………………………98
6.3 Other suggestions …………………………………………………107
6.3.1 Improve Intra-regional relation within Central America 107
6.3.2 Suggestions for future research …………………………108

REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………110
APPENDIX 1: INTERVIEW GUIDELINE ………………………………114
APPENDIX 2: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ….…………………………115


TABLES & FIGURES

TABLES

Table 1 Trade theory and determinants of trade among developing countries 10
Table 2 Greet Hosftede’s cultural dimensions for Central America and Taiwan 18
Table 3 Share of exports in US and Japanese affiliates’ sales. Percentages, 1989~1999 24
Table 4 Internet usage, by country, 2003 estimates 24
Table 5 Ethnic Chinese groups in Central America 27
Table 6 Geographic area 37
Table 7 Population information 37
Table 8 Gross domestic product (GDP) 38
Table 9 Imports and exports of Central America and Taiwan, 2002 39
Table 10 Main commodities imports and exports, 2002 40
Table 11 US increase in exports of textiles 41
Table 12 Destination of US textile exports 41
Table 13 Weights used in the construction of the indicators of the Global Competitiveness Index, by quantitative, qualitative and total, 1998 45
Table 14 Competitiveness position of Korea and Ireland in 1998, the ideals for Central America for 2010 & 2020 46
Table 15 Relative competitive positions of Central America in percentiles, 1997-1999 47
Table 16 Selected excerpts from the Global Competitiveness Indexes, 2002-2003 49
Table 17 Central American competitiveness components in percentiles compared to Taiwan 50
Table 18 SMEs in Taiwan and Central America. Averages from 1990-1999 series 52
Table 19 Distribution of SMEs 53
Table 20 Taiwan’s Imports and exports by global region, 2003, in millions of US$ 54
Table 21 Central American Exports and Imports with Taiwan, 1998-2003, in US$ 55
Table 22 Taiwan Exports and Imports with Central America. 2003, in US$ 56
Table 23 Central American export products to Taiwan, 2003 57
Table 24 Percentage of Zero Tariff items, Panama-Taiwan Free Trade Agreement, by sector 59
Table 25 Investment Agencies linked to CATO 66
Table 26 Selected imports of Taiwan, 2003.US$ 70
Table 27 Respondents to Interview 73
Table 28 Comparative individual responses to interviews 81
Table 29 Amount of export vs. market of destination 93


FIGURES
Figure 1 Normalization criteria for measure of indexes 49
Figure 2 Trends in Exports and Imports of Central America with Taiwan, 1998-2003, in US$ 55
Figure 3 Countries with which Central American companies have most business relations* 88
Figure 4 Current barriers preventing doing business in Asia 89
Figure 5 How companies in Central America are compared with companies in Taiwan 89
Figure 6 Factors perceived to increase trade between Central America and Taiwan 90
Figure 7 Perceptions and beliefs of respondents 91
Figure 8 Export patterns in companies in Central America 93		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0091933030en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 控制美國貿易zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 增進貿易zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣和中美之貿易協定zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 克服貿易障礙之非官方策略:增加中美洲與台灣之貿易zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Strategies for overcoming trade barriers:Increasing trade between Central America and Taiwanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Andrews, Philip Walter Sawford. The Economics of Competitiveness Enterprise, Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar Publishing Company, 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ayyagari, Meghana, Thorsten Beck, and Asli Demirg□□-Kunt. Small and Medium Enterprises across the Globe: A New Database. Washington DC: World Bank Policy Research, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bharadwaj, R. and J. Bhawati, “Human Capital and the Pattern of Foreign Trade: The Indian Case,” Indian Economic Journal, October 1967.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blackman, Carolyn. Negotiating China, Australia: Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Castro, Ligia Maria & Evangelina Gavarrete. Central America Viewed From The Global Competitiveness Pint Of View, Costa Rica: INCAE, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chung, Oscar, Kelly Her, Virginia Sheng and Violet Chang. The History of Taiwan – Society, Taipei, Taiwan: Government Information Office, ROC, 1999.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clarke, G. & Scott J. Wallsten, “Has the Internet Increased Trade? Evidence from Industrial and Developing Countries,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3215, February 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Committee for Economic Development of Australia. Japanese Trading Companies, Their Role in Australia’s Economic Development. Australia: CEDA, July 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ESA Consultores. Study on Small and Micro Enterprises in Honduras, Honduras: Jos□ Maria Covelo foundation, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ethier, Wilfred J., Elhanan Helpman, J. Peter Neary. Theory, Policy and Dynamics in International Trade, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fang, Tony. Chinese Business Negotiation Style, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 1999.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Felix, D. Beyond Import Substitution: A Latin American Dilemma, Cambridge, MA: Papanek, 1968.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ghemawat, P. “Distance Still Matters: The Hard Reality of Global Expansion,” Harvard Business Review, October 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Godfrey, Mike. Panama and Taiwan Conclude Free Trade Agreement, Washington DC: Tax-News.com, 2003 (http://www.tax-news.com/asp/story/story.asp?storyname=13100).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Harmon, C. Thomas. A Study of the Trade Among Developing Countries, 1950-1980: An Appraisal of The Emerging Pattern, Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1988.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hirschman, A.O. “The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialization in Latin America,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1968.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jolly, Asam. Doing Business with Latin America, London, England: Kogan Page Ltd, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keesing, D.B. “Labor skills and comparative advantage,” American Economic Review, May 1966.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keesing, D.B., “Population and Industrial Development: Some Evidence from Trade Patterns,” American Economic Review, June 1968.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kenen, P.B., “Nature, Capital and trade,” Journal of Political Economy, October 1965.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kravis, I.B. “Availability and other influences of the commodity composition of trade,” Journal of Political Economy, April 1956.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lary , H.B. Imports of Manufactures from Less Developed Countries, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1968.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Linder, S.B. Trade and Trade Policy for Development, London: Pall Mall Press, 1967.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ministry of Economic Affairs. White Paper On Small and Medium Enterprises in Taiwan, Taipei, R.O.C.: MOEA-Small and Medium Enterprise Administration, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) National Bureau of Economic Research. “Ethnic Chinese Networks in International Trade,” NBER knowledge base, MA, USA, 1999.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ohlin, B. Interregional and International Trade, Cambridge, MA, Cambridge University Press, 1967.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Page, Sheila. How Developing Countries Trade, The institutional constraints, London, UK: Routledge, 1994.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Porter, Michael. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. NY: The Free Press, 1990.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rauch, James E. and Alessandra Casella. Overcoming Informational Barriers to International Resource Allocation: Prices and Ties, NY: World Bank publications, 1998.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Riba, Matfobhi. Growing Micro And Small Enterprises In LDCs, NY: United Nations publications, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Trejos, Alberto & Arturo Condo. Enterprise Competitiveness in Central America, Costa Rica: INCAE-HIID-CABEI-AVINA, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tussie, Diana. The less developed countries and the world trading system, a challenge to the GATT, New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1987.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Van-Marrewijk, Charles. International Trade and the world economy, NY: Oxford University Press, 2003.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) World Economic Forum. The Global Competitiveness Report 2000, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000.zh_TW