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題名 由國營企業轉成民營企業:由中華電信經驗對ONATAL之參考價值
作者 Mamadou
貢獻者 于卓民
Mamadou
關鍵詞 Moving from a SOE to a private firm in the telecommunications industry: Chunghwa Telecom as a benchmark for ONATEL
日期 2006
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 18:52:58 (UTC+8)
摘要 Around the world, countries are moving towards a market economy in order to integrate the global marketplace. Telecommunications are among the industries concerned the most in this trend, as governments are significantly reducing their involvement in this industry through liberalization and/or partial or complete privatization of their national telecommunications corporations. For Burkina Faso it is no different, as ONATEL, the national telecommunications company in Burkina Faso, has been caught in this trend. Since December 1998, the government of Burkina Faso initiated a reform of its telecommunications sector with the overall goal to achieve the liberalization of telecommunications services, and accomplish a mixed ownership of ONATEL.

The objective of this study is to review the ongoing privatization of ONATEL based on an analysis of general practices regarding economic reforms applied elsewhere, and then make recommendations for both the government of Burkina Faso and ONATEL, for a successful implementation of the process and the national telecommunication policies. We accomplish this objective through four research questions. The first one correlates privatization and economic development with the aim to see how the divesture of ONATEL can foster the telecommunications development in Burkina Faso. The second one emphasizes the government chosen strategy to privatize ONATEL, allowing for a review of alternative privatization methods and the rationale behind the government’s option. The third research questions deals with ONATEL’s strategies to sustain its development amongst an environment of increased competition. This question facilitates an assessment of the firm’s preparation for competition and allows for the formulation of some recommendations in such regard. The last research question touches on the privatization process of Chunghwa Telecom, the once, state-owned Telecommunications Company in Taiwan. This final aspect of the research helps to extract effective lessons that can be applicable for the government of Burkina Faso and ONATEL, by analyzing and understanding the privatization experience in Chunghwa Telecom’s methods and formulations of business strategies, for their own privatization.
參考文獻 Books
Aaker, A. David, Strategic Market Management, Seventh Edition, Westford (MA): John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2005.
Ahene, A. Rexford and Katz, S. Bernard, Privatization and Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa, New York: Praeger, 1992.
Beim, O. David and Calomiris, W. Charles, Emerging Financial Markets, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2001.
Bös, Dieter, Privatization: A Theoretical Treatment, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Brooks, Marcus, “BT’s Experience of Privatization” in Privatization and Competition in Telecommunications: International Development, edited by Daniel J. Ryan, Westport (CN): Praeger, 1997.
Daft, L. Richard & Marcic, Dorothy, Understanding Management, 3rd ed., New York: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001.
Daniels, D. John; Radebauch, H. Lee & Sullivan, P. Daniel, International Business: Environment and Operations, 10th ed. Upper Saddle River (N J): Pearson Education Prentice Hall, 2004.
Dobek, Mark Mariusz, The Political Logic of Privatization: Lessons from Great Britain and Poland, Westport (CN): Praeger, 1993.
Dubinsky, Alan J. & Skinner, Steven J., High Performers: Recruiting & Retaining Top Employees, Mason (Ohio): Thomson South-Western, 2004.
Howell, John, “Privatization in Central and Eastern Europe”, in Constraints and Impact of Privatization, edited by Ramanadham, V.V., New York: Routledge, 1993.
Jasinski, Piotr, “Competition Rules and Regulations in Telecommunications: The case of Poland’s Intent to Join the EU” in Privatization and Competition in Telecommunications: International Developments, edited by Ryan, J. Daniel, Westport (CN): Praeger, 1997.
Kim, W. Chan & Mauborgne, Renée, Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant, Boston (MA): Harvard Business School Press, 2005.
Longman Business English Dictionary, Pearson Education Limited, 2000.
Yarrow, George, “Privatization in the UK”, in Constraints and Impact of Privatization, edited by Ramanadham, V.V., New York: Routledge, 1993.
Articles
American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei, “Saving the Toughest for Last”, Taiwan Business Topics, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2004.
Associated Press, “"New` Chunghwa Telecom braces for competition”, Taipei Times, September 11, 2005, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2005/09/11/2003271273.
Béogo, Alex Ben, “Privatisation partielle de l’ONATEL: Le Processus est maintenant en marche”, Ouagadougou: L’Opinion, February 1rst to 7th, 2006, http://www.zedcom.bf/actualite/op434/04.htm.
Clark, Robert, “Telecom Asia: Thoughts of Chairman Mao”, Find Articles, October 2002
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FGI/is_10_13/ai_94010169/pg_2.
Clifford Zinnes, Yair Eilat, and Jeffrey Sachs, “The Gains from Privatization in Transition Economies: Is “Change of Ownership” Enough?”, IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 48, Special Issue, 2001.
Collyer, M. Fran, “Theorising Privatization: Policy, Network Analysis, and Class” Electronical Journal of Sociology, Number 3, 2003, http://www.sociology.org/content/vol7.3/01_collyer.html?PHPSESSID=fc73694bfce76f26e44fac987a72b285.
Cook, Paul, Senior Lecturer in Economics Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, “The Evolution and Performance of UK Privatization”, http://www.itcilo.it/english/actrav/telearn/global/ilo/frame/britain.htm.
Elborgh-Woytek, Katrin and Lewis, Mark, “Privatization in Ukraine: Challenges of Assessment and Coverage in Fund Conditionality”, IMF Policy Discussion Paper, 2002.
Havrylyshyn, Oleh & McGettigan Donal, “Privatization in Transition Countries: Lessons from the First Decade” International Monetary Fund, ISBN 1-55775-831-X, August 1999.
IMF Country Report No. 05/354, “Burkina Faso: 2005 Article IV Consultation”, Fourth Review Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility Arrangement, and Request for Waiver of Performance Criterion—Staff Report; Public Information Notice and Press Release on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Burkina Faso, September 2005.
Lin, Jackie, “Chunghwa faces new challenges”, Taipei Times, Aug 15, 2005, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2005/08/15/2003267853.
Meideiros, John, “Experts’ View of Taiwan’s “Convergent Future”” in Taiwan Business Topic, Taipei: American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei, April 2006.
Starr, Paul, “The Meaning of Privatization”, Yale Law and Policy Review, 6, P.P. 6-41, 1988 http://www.princeton.edu/~starr/meaning.html.
Wilde, A., “The Role of Employees` Organizations in Privatization”, Interdepartmental Action Programme on Privatization, Restructuring and Economic Democracy Working Paper- IPPRED-7, International Labour Union, 2000 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/ent/papers/ippred7.htm.
Documents
Yu, Joseph, International Business Management Lecture Notes, Taipei, Taiwan: National Chengchi University (NCCU), 2006.
Chunghwa Telecom Workers’ Union, East Asia Telecom Union Forum, English Version, September 2004.
Council for Economic Planning & Development, Executive Yuan, ROC, Methods for Managing Privatization, December 12, 2002
http://www.cepd.gov.tw/upload/Speech/924236.8519381188.methods%20for%20managing%20privatization.ppt.
World Bank, “Burkina Faso: ICT at a Glance”,
http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/bfa_ict.pdf.
Websites
Presidential Office of Burkina Faso http://www.presidence.bf/liens.php/documents/listArticles.php?sid=16&page=1&articlesPerPage=5
Office National des Telecommunications (ONATEL) http://www.onatel.bf/pageshtml/accueil.htm
Chunghwa Telecom,
http://www.cht.com.tw/CHTFinalE/Web/
Autorité de Régulation des Télécommunications (ARTEL),
http://www.artel.bf/
Délégation Générale a l’Informatique (DELGI),
http://www.delgi.gov.bf/Tic/R%C3%A9glementation/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications.htm
International Monetary Fund (IMF),
http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm
World Bank,
http://www.worldbank.org/
Lefaso.net,
http://www.lefaso.net
The Economist,
http://www.economist.com
Vikipedia.org.,
http://www.vikipedia.org/
2006 Index of Economic Freedom,
http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/index.cfm
Commission Nationale de Privatisation,
http://www.bf-privatisation.com/
Tour du Faso 2005,
http://www.letour.fr/2005/TFA/presentation/fr/edito.html
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理碩士班(IMBA)
93933043
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093933043
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 于卓民zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Mamadouen_US
dc.creator (作者) Mamadouen_US
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 18:52:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 18:52:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 18:52:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0093933043en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33945-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營管理碩士班(IMBA)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93933043zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Around the world, countries are moving towards a market economy in order to integrate the global marketplace. Telecommunications are among the industries concerned the most in this trend, as governments are significantly reducing their involvement in this industry through liberalization and/or partial or complete privatization of their national telecommunications corporations. For Burkina Faso it is no different, as ONATEL, the national telecommunications company in Burkina Faso, has been caught in this trend. Since December 1998, the government of Burkina Faso initiated a reform of its telecommunications sector with the overall goal to achieve the liberalization of telecommunications services, and accomplish a mixed ownership of ONATEL.

The objective of this study is to review the ongoing privatization of ONATEL based on an analysis of general practices regarding economic reforms applied elsewhere, and then make recommendations for both the government of Burkina Faso and ONATEL, for a successful implementation of the process and the national telecommunication policies. We accomplish this objective through four research questions. The first one correlates privatization and economic development with the aim to see how the divesture of ONATEL can foster the telecommunications development in Burkina Faso. The second one emphasizes the government chosen strategy to privatize ONATEL, allowing for a review of alternative privatization methods and the rationale behind the government’s option. The third research questions deals with ONATEL’s strategies to sustain its development amongst an environment of increased competition. This question facilitates an assessment of the firm’s preparation for competition and allows for the formulation of some recommendations in such regard. The last research question touches on the privatization process of Chunghwa Telecom, the once, state-owned Telecommunications Company in Taiwan. This final aspect of the research helps to extract effective lessons that can be applicable for the government of Burkina Faso and ONATEL, by analyzing and understanding the privatization experience in Chunghwa Telecom’s methods and formulations of business strategies, for their own privatization.		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents Dedication II
Acknowledgements III
Executive Summary IV
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1. Background of the research 1
2. Research Questions and Research Objectives 3
3. Methodology 4
4. Limitations 5
Chapter 2: Literature Review 7
1. Terminological definitions 7
1.1 Privatization 7
1.2 Deregulation 8
1.3 Liberalization 8
2. Overview of Privatization Theories 9
2.1 Privatization Methods 9
2.1.1 Mass privatization 9
2.1.2 Direct Sales and Equity Offering: 11
2.1.3 Management-Employees Buyout 13
2.1.4 Partial Privatization 14
2.2 Privatization Motives and Goals 15
2.2.1 Efficiency Gain 16
2.2.2 Positive Impact on the State Budget 18
2.2.3 An Avenue for Micro-Economic Efficiency and Macro-Economic Growth 18
2.3 Privatization Drawbacks 19
2.3.1 Shift from Welfare Maximization to Profits Maximization 20
2.3.2 Redundancies 21
2.3.3 National Wealth Concentration 22
2.4 Review of Some of the Most Illustrative Privatization Experiences 23
2.4.1 Great Britain 24
2.4.2 Transition Countries 25
2.4.3 Taiwan 26
Chapter 3: Chunghwa Telecom Privatization Case 28
1. Chunghwa Telecom General Overview 28
2. General description of Chunghwa Telecom Privatization Process 29
3. Lessons from the Privatization Process 31
3.1 Lessons Regarding the Privatization Method 31
3.2 Limited Negative Social Impact 33
4. Lessons from Chunghwa Telecom strategies 35
5. Implications of Chunghwa Telecom Case 38
Chapter 4: Opening up of the Telecom Industry in Burkina Faso: Reasons and Goals 41
1. Brief Introduction of Burkina Faso 41
2. History of Telecom in Burkina and ONATEL Background 41
2.1 History of Telecommunications in Burkina Faso 42
2.1.1 The First Period: 1960 to 1967 42
2.1.2 The Second Period: 1968 to 1987 42
2.1.3 The Third Period: 1987 to 1993 42
2.1.4 The Fourth Period: 1994- 1998 43
2.1.5 The fifth Period: since 1998 44
2.2 Presentation of ONATEL 45
3. Goals of the Privatization 46
4. Liberalization Frameworks 49
4.1 The decree bearing methods of establishment and control of the tariffs 50
4.2 The Frequencies Distribution Decree 50
4.3 The Interconnection Decree 50
4.4 Other Related Regulations 51
5. Description of the Privatization Process 52
5.1 The Prerequisites 53
5.2 The Process Implementation Phases 54
6. Creating Conditions for a Successful Implementation of Telecommunications Policies 59
6.1 Conditions for a Successful Privatization Process 59
6.1.1 Involving Employees 60
6.1.2 Selecting the Partner 61
6.1.3 Information Treatment on Privatizing Firms 64
6.2 Developing a Competitive Market 65
Chapter 5: ONATEL in the Privatization Process: Opportunities and Challenges 67
1. Opportunities 67
1.1 Operational Efficiency 68
1.2 Investment Opportunities 69
2. Challenges 70
2.1 Transforming Employees 70
2.2 Upgrading Employees’ Skills and Competencies 73
3. Preparing for Competition 74
3.1 Already Implemented Actions 74
3.2 Recommendations for Post Privatization Strategies Formation 77
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Suggestions 81
1. Conclusion 81
2. Suggestions to ONATEL 85
2.1 Fostering the Broadband Internet Development 85
2.2 Commitment to New Investment Projects 86
2.3 Employees Development 86
2.4 Shaping a New Corporate Culture 87
2.5 Building a Strong Brand Name 87
3. Future Research Directions 88
3.1 Assess Private Owners’ Investment Efforts 88
3.2 Correlate Management Performance and Ownership Change 89
3.3 A Comparative Study of Firms Performance 89
References 90
Appendix 96		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093933043en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Moving from a SOE to a private firm in the telecommunications industry: Chunghwa Telecom as a benchmark for ONATELen_US
dc.title (題名) 由國營企業轉成民營企業:由中華電信經驗對ONATAL之參考價值zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bookszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aaker, A. David, Strategic Market Management, Seventh Edition, Westford (MA): John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ahene, A. Rexford and Katz, S. Bernard, Privatization and Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa, New York: Praeger, 1992.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beim, O. David and Calomiris, W. Charles, Emerging Financial Markets, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bös, Dieter, Privatization: A Theoretical Treatment, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brooks, Marcus, “BT’s Experience of Privatization” in Privatization and Competition in Telecommunications: International Development, edited by Daniel J. Ryan, Westport (CN): Praeger, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Daft, L. Richard & Marcic, Dorothy, Understanding Management, 3rd ed., New York: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Daniels, D. John; Radebauch, H. Lee & Sullivan, P. Daniel, International Business: Environment and Operations, 10th ed. Upper Saddle River (N J): Pearson Education Prentice Hall, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dobek, Mark Mariusz, The Political Logic of Privatization: Lessons from Great Britain and Poland, Westport (CN): Praeger, 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dubinsky, Alan J. & Skinner, Steven J., High Performers: Recruiting & Retaining Top Employees, Mason (Ohio): Thomson South-Western, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Howell, John, “Privatization in Central and Eastern Europe”, in Constraints and Impact of Privatization, edited by Ramanadham, V.V., New York: Routledge, 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jasinski, Piotr, “Competition Rules and Regulations in Telecommunications: The case of Poland’s Intent to Join the EU” in Privatization and Competition in Telecommunications: International Developments, edited by Ryan, J. Daniel, Westport (CN): Praeger, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kim, W. Chan & Mauborgne, Renée, Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant, Boston (MA): Harvard Business School Press, 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Longman Business English Dictionary, Pearson Education Limited, 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yarrow, George, “Privatization in the UK”, in Constraints and Impact of Privatization, edited by Ramanadham, V.V., New York: Routledge, 1993.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Articleszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei, “Saving the Toughest for Last”, Taiwan Business Topics, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Associated Press, “"New` Chunghwa Telecom braces for competition”, Taipei Times, September 11, 2005, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2005/09/11/2003271273.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Béogo, Alex Ben, “Privatisation partielle de l’ONATEL: Le Processus est maintenant en marche”, Ouagadougou: L’Opinion, February 1rst to 7th, 2006, http://www.zedcom.bf/actualite/op434/04.htm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clark, Robert, “Telecom Asia: Thoughts of Chairman Mao”, Find Articles, October 2002zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FGI/is_10_13/ai_94010169/pg_2.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clifford Zinnes, Yair Eilat, and Jeffrey Sachs, “The Gains from Privatization in Transition Economies: Is “Change of Ownership” Enough?”, IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 48, Special Issue, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Collyer, M. Fran, “Theorising Privatization: Policy, Network Analysis, and Class” Electronical Journal of Sociology, Number 3, 2003, http://www.sociology.org/content/vol7.3/01_collyer.html?PHPSESSID=fc73694bfce76f26e44fac987a72b285.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cook, Paul, Senior Lecturer in Economics Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, “The Evolution and Performance of UK Privatization”, http://www.itcilo.it/english/actrav/telearn/global/ilo/frame/britain.htm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Elborgh-Woytek, Katrin and Lewis, Mark, “Privatization in Ukraine: Challenges of Assessment and Coverage in Fund Conditionality”, IMF Policy Discussion Paper, 2002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Havrylyshyn, Oleh & McGettigan Donal, “Privatization in Transition Countries: Lessons from the First Decade” International Monetary Fund, ISBN 1-55775-831-X, August 1999.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) IMF Country Report No. 05/354, “Burkina Faso: 2005 Article IV Consultation”, Fourth Review Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility Arrangement, and Request for Waiver of Performance Criterion—Staff Report; Public Information Notice and Press Release on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Burkina Faso, September 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, Jackie, “Chunghwa faces new challenges”, Taipei Times, Aug 15, 2005, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2005/08/15/2003267853.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Meideiros, John, “Experts’ View of Taiwan’s “Convergent Future”” in Taiwan Business Topic, Taipei: American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei, April 2006.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Starr, Paul, “The Meaning of Privatization”, Yale Law and Policy Review, 6, P.P. 6-41, 1988 http://www.princeton.edu/~starr/meaning.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wilde, A., “The Role of Employees` Organizations in Privatization”, Interdepartmental Action Programme on Privatization, Restructuring and Economic Democracy Working Paper- IPPRED-7, International Labour Union, 2000 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/ent/papers/ippred7.htm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Documentszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yu, Joseph, International Business Management Lecture Notes, Taipei, Taiwan: National Chengchi University (NCCU), 2006.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chunghwa Telecom Workers’ Union, East Asia Telecom Union Forum, English Version, September 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Council for Economic Planning & Development, Executive Yuan, ROC, Methods for Managing Privatization, December 12, 2002zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.cepd.gov.tw/upload/Speech/924236.8519381188.methods%20for%20managing%20privatization.ppt.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) World Bank, “Burkina Faso: ICT at a Glance”,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/bfa_ict.pdf.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Websiteszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Presidential Office of Burkina Faso http://www.presidence.bf/liens.php/documents/listArticles.php?sid=16&page=1&articlesPerPage=5zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Office National des Telecommunications (ONATEL) http://www.onatel.bf/pageshtml/accueil.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chunghwa Telecom,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.cht.com.tw/CHTFinalE/Web/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Autorité de Régulation des Télécommunications (ARTEL),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.artel.bf/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Délégation Générale a l’Informatique (DELGI),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.delgi.gov.bf/Tic/R%C3%A9glementation/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) International Monetary Fund (IMF),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.imf.org/external/index.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) World Bank,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.worldbank.org/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lefaso.net,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.lefaso.netzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) The Economist,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.economist.comzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vikipedia.org.,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.vikipedia.org/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2006 Index of Economic Freedom,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/index.cfmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Commission Nationale de Privatisation,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.bf-privatisation.com/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tour du Faso 2005,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.letour.fr/2005/TFA/presentation/fr/edito.htmlzh_TW