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題名 半總統制新興民主國家的制度設計與政治穩定：蒙古及波蘭的比較分析
作者 王維芳
Wei-fang Wang
貢獻者 吳玉山
Yu-shan Wu
王維芳
Wei-fang Wang
關鍵詞 半總統制
政治穩定
蒙古
波蘭
日期 2002
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 10:09:02 (UTC+8)
摘要 摘　　　　　　　　　　要

本論文從府會關係、總統權力、國會政黨體系，以及內閣組成型態等四個影響半總統制的結構性因素，搭建兩層分析架構，藉此探討並比較蒙古及波蘭兩個後共產國家在採行半總統制的設計之後，所呈現的政治穩定狀況，並以內閣平均任期作為檢驗政治穩定的標準。經以本論文分析架構比較蒙古及波蘭案例後，再以原架構分析中華民國，以期從中建立一個可以依循的分析通則，並提出一個較佳的半總統制設計，作為新興民主國家制度設計之時的參考。



關鍵詞：半總統制、政治穩定、蒙古、波蘭
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Gibson, John & Anna Cielecka
1995,“Economic Influences on the Political Support for Market Reform in Post-communist Transitions: Some Evidence from the 1993 Polish Parliamentary Elections,”Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.47, No.5, pp.765-785。
Ginsburg, Tom
1995,“Political Reform in Mongolia: Between Russia and China,”Asian Survey, Vol.35, No.5 (May), pp.459-471。
1997,“Mongolia in 1996-Fighting Fire and Ice,”Asian Survey, Vol.37, No.1 (January), pp.60-64。
1998,“Mongolia in 1997: Deepening Democracy,”Asian Survey, Vol.38, No.1 (January), pp.64-68。
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1999,“A Development Perspective on Mongolia,”Asian Survey, Vol.39, No.4 (July/August), pp.633-655。
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2000,“Economic Voting in Postcommunist Eastern Europe,”Comparative Political Studies, Vol.33, No.9 (November), pp.1191-1227。
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1998, Postcommunist Elites and Democracy in Eastern Europe (New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc.)。
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1971,“An Index of Democratic Political Stability: A Methodological Note,”Comparative Political Studies, Vol.4, No.1 (April), pp.41-68。
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1998,“Presidential Power and Democratic Development in Post-Communist Politics,”Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol.31, No.3 (September), pp.217-233。
Jasiewicz, Krzysztof
1993,“Structures of Representation,”in Stephen White, Judy Batt & Paul G. Lewis, eds., Developments in East European Politics, pp.124-146
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2000,“Dead Ends and New Beginnings: The Quest for a Procedural Republic in Poland,”Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 33, No.1 (March), pp.101-122。
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1999, Post-communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-party Cooperation ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)。
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1998,“Genius Loci and Voting Behavior,”Polish Sociological Review, 4(124), pp.357-373。
Kuusela, Kimmo
1994,“The Founding Electoral Systems in Eastern Europe, 1989-91,”Geoffrey Pridham and Tatu Vanhanen eds., Democratization in Eastern Europe: Domestic and International Perspectives (New York: Routledge), pp.128-150。
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1991,“Constitutional Choices for New Democracies,”Journal of Democracy, Vol.2, No.1 (Winter), pp.72-84。
1994, Electoral Systems and Party Systems (Oxford: Oxford University Press)。
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1998, Paths to Democracy: Taiwan in Comparative Perspective (Ph.D. Dissertation of Political Science, Yale University) 。
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1996, Consequences of the Single Nontransferable Voting Rule: Comparing the Japan and Taiwan Experiences (Ph. D. Dissertation, Los Angeles: Department of Political Science, University of California) 。
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1990.“The Perils of Presidentialism”, Journal of Democracy ,Vol.1, No.1 (Winter), pp.51-69。
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1996, Problem of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press)。
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1990 “The Centrality of Political Culture,”Journal of Democracy, Vol.1, No.3 (Summer), pp.48-60。
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1993,“Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: The Difficult Combination.”Comparative Political Studies, Vol.26, N0.2 (July), pp.198-228。
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1984,“New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life,” American Political Science Review, Vol.78, No.3 (September), pp.734-749。
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2000,“Party System Institutionalization and Democratic Consolidation: on the Idiosyncrasies of the Polish Case,”Janina Frentzel-Zagorska, Jacek Wasilewski, ed., The Second Generation of Democratic Elites in Central and Eastern Europe (Warsaw: Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences), pp.65-89。
Mettenheim, Kurt von & Bert A. Rockman
1997,“Presidential Institutions, Democracy, and Comparative Politics,”in Kurt von Mettenheim, ed., Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics: Comparing Regional and National Contexts, pp.237-246。
Moser, Robert G.
1999,“Electoral Systems and the Number of Parties in Postcommunist States,”World Politics, No.51 (April), pp.359-384。
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1998, Mongolian Statistical Yearbook 1997 (Ulaanbaatar: National Statistical Office of Mongolia)。
2001, Mongolian Statistical Yearbook 2000 ( Ulaanbaatar: National Statistical Office of Mongolia)。
Niklasson, Tomas
1994,“The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1988-9: Interactions between Domestic Change and Foreign Policy,”Geoffrey Pridham and Tatu Vanhanen eds., Democratization in Eastern Europe: Domestic and International Perspectives, pp.191-219。
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1994,“Macroeconomic Conditions and Electoral Politics in East Central Europe,”American Journal of Political Science, Vol.38, No.3 (August), pp.723-744。
Parrish, Scott
1998,“Presidential Decree Authority in Russia, 1991-95,”in John M. Carey and Matthew Shugart, Soberg ed., Executive Decree Authority (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp.62-103。
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1997,“ Echoes from the Past: The Relationship between Satisfaction with Economic Reforms and Voting Behavior in Poland,”American Political Science Review, Vol.91, No.3 (September), pp.617-633。
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1971, The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws (New Haven: Yale University Press) 。
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1982,“The Two-Party System and Duverger’s Law: An Essay on the History of Political Science,”American Political Science Review, Vol.76, No.4 (December), pp.753-766。
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2000,“Mongolia: A Peaceful Transition,”《蒙古民族與周邊民族關係》學術會議論文集（台北：蒙藏委員會），頁81-153。
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1999,“Extraordinary Politics in the Polish Transition,”Communist and Post-communist Studies, No.32, pp.195-210。
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1992,“Mongolia’s New Constitution,”Asian Survey, Vol.32, No.6 (June), pp.506-520。
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1999, Poland: The Conquest of History (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers)。
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1995,“Mongolia in 1994-Strenthening Democracy,” Asian Survey, Vol.35, No.1 (January), pp.70-75。
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1996,“Executive-Legislative Relations in Post-Communist Europe,”Transition, Vol.2, No.25 (December), pp.6-11。
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1992, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)。
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2000,“The Polish Economic Transition: Outcome and Lessons,”Communist and Post-communist Studies, Vol.33, No.1 (March), pp.49-70。
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1998,“Poland’s Emerging Party System,”Journal of Democracy, Vol.9, No.2 (April), pp.122-133。
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1996, Parties and Politics in Post-1989 Poland (Boulder: Westview Press, )。
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1998, “Comparing Semi-Presidentialism in the ROC and the Russian Federation,” Chinese Political Science Review, No.30 (December), pp. 123-186。
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1995,“Poland: Changes for the Better,”Bogdan Goralczyk, Wojciech Kostecki, Katarzyna Zukrowska, In Pursuit of Europe: Transformations of Post-Communist States1989-1994 (Warsaw: The Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences), pp.67-79。
三、 其他
（一） 報紙
Onoodor（今日報，烏蘭巴托），February 24, 2000, p.2。
“The Government or the Hunger-strikers,”The Mongol Messenger, April 19, 1994, pp.1-2。
“The Hunger Strike Comes to An End,”The Mongol Messenger, April 26, 1994, p.1。
“Finance Minister Resigns,”The Mongol Messenger, January 20, 1995, p.1。
“Election Laws Amended,”The Mongol Messenger, March 20, 1996, p.3。
“Prime Minister and Government Resign,”The Mongol Messenger, April 22, 1998, p.1。
“Elbegdorj Sworn in as 16th Prime Minister,”The Mongol Messenger, April 29, 1998, p.1。
“Parliament Approves Five Minister; Four Denied,”The Mongol Messenger, May 6, 1998, p.3。
“Two More Ministers Added to Cabinet,”The Mongol Messenger, May 13, 1998, p.1。
“Defence Minister Added to Elbegdorj’s Line-up,”The Mongol Messenger, May 27, 1998, p.1。
“Cabinet Ministers Not Formed Again,”The Mongol Messenger, December 30, 1998, p.1。
“Five Ministers Down, Four to Go,”The Mongol Messenger, January 13, 1999, p.1。
“Third Coalition Gov’t Ousted,”The Mongol Messenger, July 28, 1999, p.1、p.3。
“Amarjargal Likes His Acting Cabinet,”The Mongol Messenger, September 1, 1999, p.1。
“Gov’t Drops Acting Status,”The Mongol Messenger, September 8, 1999, p.1。
“First Constitution Amendments,”The Mongol Messenger, December 29, 1999, p.1。
“Bagabandi Vetos Constitutional Amendments,”The Mongol Messenger, January 5, 2000, p.1。
“Parliament Topples Presidential Veto on Amendments,”The Mongol Messenger, January 12, 2000, p.1。
“Parties Are Anxious about System to Apply for the Election,”The Mongol Messenger , February 16, 2000, p.3。
“Constitutional Court Stamp of Disapproval,”The Mongol Messenger, March 22, 2000, pp.1-2。
“Party for Civil Will Registered,”The Mongol Messenger, March 29, 2000, p.2。
“Election Set for July 2,”The Mongol Messenger, April 19, 2000, p.3。
“Elections: Great Expectations and Ambitions for Candidates,”The Mongol Messenger, May 31, 2000, p.1。
“Sant Maral Opinion Poll, May 2000,”The Mongol Messenger, July 21, 2000, p.4。
“MPRP Won Big with Half of Popular Vote,”The Mongol Messenger, July 26, 2000, p.2。
“Democrats under One Flag,”The Mongol Messenger, October 4, 2000, p.1。
“Sant Maral Politbarometer, November 2000,”The Mongol Messenger, December 6, 2000, p.5。
“Bland 23rd Congress for MPRP,”The Mongol Messenger, March 7, 2001, pp.1-2。
“Bagabandi to Run for President,”The Mongol Messenger, March 28, 2001, p.1。
“Voting Intention in March 2001,”The Mongol Messenger, April 4, 2001, p.5
“Constitutional Court Wrangling Ends,”The Mongol Messenger, June 6, 2001, p.3。
“Mongolia’s Diverse Ethnic Groups Investigated,”The Mongol Messenger, August 22, 2001, p.7。
“CWP and RP Merger Completed with a Call to Arms,”The Mongol Messenger, February 27, 2002, p.1。
“What is the Best Election Structure for Mongolia,”The Mongol Messenger, April 3, 2002, p.1、p.5。
“ADB Says Mongolian Economy May Increase to 4.9 in 2003,”The Mongol Messenger, April 17, 2002, p.5。
“Voting Intention April 2002,”The Mongol Messenger, April 24, 2002, p.5。
“MPRP Responds to Democratic Party Demands,”The Mongol Messenger, May 8, 2002, p.3。
The UB Post, July 7, 1998, p.1。
（二） 網路資料
中文網站
經濟部網站
＜http://www.moea.gov.tw＞( 2003/2/24下載)。
英文網站
1. BBC News Online
“Poland’s Economic Challenge,”＜http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/English/business/newsid_1556000/1556641.stm＞(accessed on September 21, 2001)。
2. Central Europe Review
“Heating up for the Presidency,”＜http://www.ce-review.org＞, Vol.2, No.10, (accessed on March 13, 2000)。
“Reshufflings on the Right,”＜http://www.ce-review.org/01/13/kosc/3.html＞, Vol.3, No.13, (accessed on April 2001)。
3. CNN
“Mongolia Gets Moscow-Educated Economist as New Prime Ministers,”＜http://customnews.cnn.com＞(accessed on July 30, 1999)。
4. Elections around the World
“Elections in Poland,”＜http://www.electionworld.org/election/Poland.htm＞(accessed on June 26, 2003)
5. Freedom House
＜http://www.freedomhouse.org/ratings/monaco.htm＞(accessed on April 23, 2002)。
＜http://www.freedomhouse.org/ratings/phil.htm＞(accessed on April 23, 2002)。
“Nations in Transit 2001- Poland Country Report,”＜http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/nitransit/2001/country/18_poland.htm＞(accessed on April 23, 2002)。
6. Montsame
“MPRP is to raise proposal for Parliament Dissolution,”＜http://www.mol.mn/montsame/news/english/Thursday.htm＞(accessed on September 17, 1998)。
“MPRP Submits Drafts Resolution on Referendum to Speaker,”＜http://www.mol.mn/montsame/news/english/Monday.htm＞(accessed on September 25, 1998)。
“Ts. Elbegdorj: Can’t Decide PM’s Problem in Current Legal Condition,”＜http://www.mol.mn/montsame/news/english/Monday/htm ＞(accessed on November 2, 1998)。
“At Long Last, Mongolia has a New Prime Minister,”＜http://www.mol.mn/argamag/ub_post/main.htm＞(accessed on December 15, 1998)。
“Government of J. Narantsatsralt Resigned,”＜http://www.mol.mn/montsame/news/english/friday,htm＞(accessed on July 23, 1999)。
7. Mongoliathisweek Online Newspaper
＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on April 21-27, 2000)。
“R. Gonchigdorj Appears to Have Won Democratic Party Nomination, But Not without Allegations of Foul Play,”＜http://www/mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed March 6, 2001)。
“Gonchigdorj Nominated as DP Presidential Election Candidate,”＜http://www/mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on March 10, 2001)。
“MPRP Unanimously Nomanates N. Bagabandi, PCW Decision Expected,”＜http://www/mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on March 27, 2001)。
“Party of Civic Will Nominates L. Dashnyam for President,”＜http://www/mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on March 28, 2001)。
“Ikh Khural Approves New Law on Ikh Khural,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on June 22, 2001)。
“Opposition Uses Rare Chance to Speak,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on July 10, 2001)。
“A New Political Force to Emerge,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞ (accessed on October 27-29, 2001)。
“Third Force? Gathering Strength,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on March 28, 2002)。
“Mongolia Seeking Advice to Improve Election Law,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on March 29, 2002)。
“DP Taking its Protest to People,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on April 10, 2002)。
“Last Year’s Growth 1.1%,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on April 23, 2002)。
“Opposition Voice Drowned,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on July 3, 2002)。
8. Poland Today
“Polish Parliamentary Election Process,”＜http:www.europeaninternet.com/poland＞(accessed on September 24, 2001)。
“Anti-European Parties Poised to Slow Poland’s EU Bid,”＜http://www.europeaninternet.com/poland＞(accessed on September 24, 2001)。
“Former Polish Communist Short of Majority, Begin Coalition Hunt,”＜http:www.europeaninternet.com/poland＞(accessed on September 26, 2001)。
“Former Polish Communist Begin Coalition Talks to Form Government,,”＜http:www.europeaninternet.com/poland＞(accessed on September 27, 2001)。
“Former Poland’s Communists Fail to Win Majority,”＜http:www.europeaninternet.com/poland＞(accessed on September 28, 2001)。
9. President of the Republic of Poland
“Presidential Election Returns－2000,”＜http://www.president.pl/pol/en_elections.phps＞(accessed on June 2003)。
10. RFE/RL Newsline
“Polish Ruling Coalition Collapses,”＜http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2003/03/05/Not./not-030303.asp＞(accessed on March 3, 2003)。
11. Soros Foundation
Rossabi, Morris
“Mongolia in the 1990s: from Commissars to Capitalists?”＜http://www.soros.org/mongolia/rossabi.html＞(accessed on August 1, 1998)。
12. The IHT Online
“In Frustrated Poland, Ex-Communists Set Their Sights on Power,”＜http://www.iht.com/articles/33410.html＞(accessed on September 22, 2001)。
13. Warsaw voice
“On a Diet of Worms,”No.49, ＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on December 6, 1998)。
“Fool’s Day High Noon,”No.8, ＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on February 21, 1999)。
“Coalition Plays Musical Chairs,”No.13,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on March 28, 1999)。
“Unpopular Fronts,”No.14,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on April 4, 1999)。
“Buzek’s Two-Week Breather,”No.38,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on September 19, 1999)。
“More Internal Bleeding,”No.39,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on September 26, 1999)。
“Crowd to Buzek: Go Peacefully, But Go,”No.40,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on October 3, 1999)。
“Old Government, New Beginning,”No.40,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on October 3, 1999)。
“UW Backs Out,”No.24,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on June 11, 2000)。
“Minority Government Makes a Start,”No.25,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞)accessed on June 18, 2000)。
“Running for Presidency,”＜http://www.thepolishvoice.pl＞(accessed on September, 2000)。
“New Election Law Signed,”No.8,＜http://www.warsavoice.pl＞(accessed on April, 2001)。
14. World Bank
＜http://www.worldbank.org.mn＞(accessed on May 13, 2002)。
描述 博士
國立政治大學
中山人文社會科學研究所
85261507
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0852615071
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 吳玉山zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yu-shan Wuen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王維芳zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wei-fang Wangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 王維芳zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wei-fang Wangen_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 10:09:02 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 10:09:02 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 10:09:02 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0852615071en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34395-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 中山人文社會科學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 85261507zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 摘　　　　　　　　　　要

本論文從府會關係、總統權力、國會政黨體系，以及內閣組成型態等四個影響半總統制的結構性因素，搭建兩層分析架構，藉此探討並比較蒙古及波蘭兩個後共產國家在採行半總統制的設計之後，所呈現的政治穩定狀況，並以內閣平均任期作為檢驗政治穩定的標準。經以本論文分析架構比較蒙古及波蘭案例後，再以原架構分析中華民國，以期從中建立一個可以依循的分析通則，並提出一個較佳的半總統制設計，作為新興民主國家制度設計之時的參考。



關鍵詞：半總統制、政治穩定、蒙古、波蘭		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 半總統制新興民主國家的制度設計與政治穩定：蒙古及波蘭的比較分析

目次

第一章緒論　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 1
第一節研究動機與研究目的　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　1
一、研究動機 1
二、研究目的　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　6
第二節研究範圍 7
第三節文獻回顧 10
一、制度抉擇理論　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 10
二、半總統制的研究途徑　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 13
三、國會政黨體系的探討 16
四、區域研究文獻探討 18　
第四節　分析架構 20　一、測量總統權力大小的方法 22
二、測量國會政黨體系的方法 27
三、府會關係 29
四、第一層分析架構：府會關係、總統權力、國會政黨體 29系
五、第二層分析架構：半總統制下的內閣組成型態 31
六、測量政治穩定的方法 33
七、小結 34
第五節　論文章節安排 37
第二章 憲政體制的設計：蒙古及波蘭總統權力的比較 39
第一節 半總統制的選擇 39
一、蒙古 39
二、波蘭 42
第二節 半總統制的要素 　48
一、總統普選 48
二、總統擁有相當權力 49
三、內閣掌握行政權並向國會負責 50
第三節 總統權力的比較 52
一、立法權 52
二、非立法權 58
第四節 小結 68
第三章 制度設計：蒙古及波蘭國會政黨體系的比較 71
第一節 蒙古的國會政黨體系 72
第二節 後共波蘭的國會政黨體系 80
一、歷屆國會選舉 80
二、選舉制度與社會因素的影響 87
第三節 總統選舉制度、總統及國會選舉週期對國會政黨體系的影響89
一、蒙古 90
二、波蘭 95
第四節 小結 　99
第四章 制度影響：蒙古及波蘭政治穩定的比較　 103
第一節 第一層分析架構 103
一、蒙古 103
二、波蘭 108
第二節 第二層分析架構 113
第三節 內閣平均任期 120
一、蒙古 120
二、波蘭 123
第四節 小結 128
第五章 檢視半總統制兩個次類型的政治穩定：中華民國、蒙古及波蘭133
第一節 中華民國的半總統制 　133
第二節 中華民國的總統權力 135
一、立法權 135
二、非立法權 136
第三節 中華民國的國會政黨體系 138
第四節 從第一層及第二層分析架構檢視中華民國的政治穩定 141
一、第一層分析 142
二、第二層分析 146
第五節 兩個次類型的比較 152
第六節 小結 158
第六章 結論 161
第一節 半總統制的分析比較綜論 162
第二節 改善「半總統制」制度設計的穩定因素 164
一、避免形成分裂政府 168
二、國會政黨體系的強化 169
三、總統權力的合法性與總理行政權的制度關聯 173
第三節 非制度性因素對制度設計的影響 178
一、蒙古 181
二、波蘭 183
三、中華民國 187
附錄一：蒙古、波蘭及中華民國憲政大事記 189
附錄二：蒙古主要政黨中英文對照表 193
附錄三：波蘭主要政黨中英文對照表 195
參考書目 197
一、 中文 197
二、 英文 204
三、 其他 213		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0852615071en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 半總統制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治穩定zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 蒙古zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 波蘭zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 半總統制新興民主國家的制度設計與政治穩定：蒙古及波蘭的比較分析zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Smolar, Aleksanderzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1998,“Poland’s Emerging Party System,”Journal of Democracy, Vol.9, No.2 (April), pp.122-133。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stepan, Alfred and Cindy Skachzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1993,“Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarism versus Presidentialism,”World Politics, No.46 (October), pp.1-22。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taagepera, Rein and Matthew Soberg Shugartzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1989, Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems (New Haven & London: Yale University Press)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taras, Raymondzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1995, Consolidating Democracy in Poland (Boulder: Westview Press)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1997,“Separating Power: Keeping Presidents in Check,”in Ray Taras, ed., Postcommunist Presidents, pp.15-37。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Theroux, Eugene and Michael J. Moserzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1996, Business Guide to Mongolia (Hong Kong: Asia Information Associates Limited)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tworzecki, Hubertzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1996, Parties and Politics in Post-1989 Poland (Boulder: Westview Press, )。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wu, Yu-shanzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1998, “Comparing Semi-Presidentialism in the ROC and the Russian Federation,” Chinese Political Science Review, No.30 (December), pp. 123-186。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2000,“Comparing Third-Wave Democracies: East Central Europe and the ROC,”Issues & Studies, Vol.37, No.4 (July/August), pp.1-37。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zukrowska, Katarzynazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1995,“Poland: Changes for the Better,”Bogdan Goralczyk, Wojciech Kostecki, Katarzyna Zukrowska, In Pursuit of Europe: Transformations of Post-Communist States1989-1994 (Warsaw: The Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences), pp.67-79。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 三、 其他zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （一） 報紙zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Onoodor（今日報，烏蘭巴托），February 24, 2000, p.2。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “The Government or the Hunger-strikers,”The Mongol Messenger, April 19, 1994, pp.1-2。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “The Hunger Strike Comes to An End,”The Mongol Messenger, April 26, 1994, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Finance Minister Resigns,”The Mongol Messenger, January 20, 1995, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Election Laws Amended,”The Mongol Messenger, March 20, 1996, p.3。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Prime Minister and Government Resign,”The Mongol Messenger, April 22, 1998, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Elbegdorj Sworn in as 16th Prime Minister,”The Mongol Messenger, April 29, 1998, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Parliament Approves Five Minister; Four Denied,”The Mongol Messenger, May 6, 1998, p.3。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Two More Ministers Added to Cabinet,”The Mongol Messenger, May 13, 1998, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Defence Minister Added to Elbegdorj’s Line-up,”The Mongol Messenger, May 27, 1998, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Cabinet Ministers Not Formed Again,”The Mongol Messenger, December 30, 1998, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Five Ministers Down, Four to Go,”The Mongol Messenger, January 13, 1999, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Third Coalition Gov’t Ousted,”The Mongol Messenger, July 28, 1999, p.1、p.3。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Amarjargal Likes His Acting Cabinet,”The Mongol Messenger, September 1, 1999, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Gov’t Drops Acting Status,”The Mongol Messenger, September 8, 1999, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “First Constitution Amendments,”The Mongol Messenger, December 29, 1999, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Bagabandi Vetos Constitutional Amendments,”The Mongol Messenger, January 5, 2000, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Parliament Topples Presidential Veto on Amendments,”The Mongol Messenger, January 12, 2000, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Parties Are Anxious about System to Apply for the Election,”The Mongol Messenger , February 16, 2000, p.3。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Constitutional Court Stamp of Disapproval,”The Mongol Messenger, March 22, 2000, pp.1-2。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Party for Civil Will Registered,”The Mongol Messenger, March 29, 2000, p.2。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Election Set for July 2,”The Mongol Messenger, April 19, 2000, p.3。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Elections: Great Expectations and Ambitions for Candidates,”The Mongol Messenger, May 31, 2000, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Sant Maral Opinion Poll, May 2000,”The Mongol Messenger, July 21, 2000, p.4。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “MPRP Won Big with Half of Popular Vote,”The Mongol Messenger, July 26, 2000, p.2。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Democrats under One Flag,”The Mongol Messenger, October 4, 2000, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Sant Maral Politbarometer, November 2000,”The Mongol Messenger, December 6, 2000, p.5。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Bland 23rd Congress for MPRP,”The Mongol Messenger, March 7, 2001, pp.1-2。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Bagabandi to Run for President,”The Mongol Messenger, March 28, 2001, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Voting Intention in March 2001,”The Mongol Messenger, April 4, 2001, p.5zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Constitutional Court Wrangling Ends,”The Mongol Messenger, June 6, 2001, p.3。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Mongolia’s Diverse Ethnic Groups Investigated,”The Mongol Messenger, August 22, 2001, p.7。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “CWP and RP Merger Completed with a Call to Arms,”The Mongol Messenger, February 27, 2002, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “What is the Best Election Structure for Mongolia,”The Mongol Messenger, April 3, 2002, p.1、p.5。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “ADB Says Mongolian Economy May Increase to 4.9 in 2003,”The Mongol Messenger, April 17, 2002, p.5。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Voting Intention April 2002,”The Mongol Messenger, April 24, 2002, p.5。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “MPRP Responds to Democratic Party Demands,”The Mongol Messenger, May 8, 2002, p.3。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) The UB Post, July 7, 1998, p.1。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) （二） 網路資料zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文網站zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 經濟部網站zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ＜http://www.moea.gov.tw＞( 2003/2/24下載)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 英文網站zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. BBC News Onlinezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Poland’s Economic Challenge,”＜http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/English/business/newsid_1556000/1556641.stm＞(accessed on September 21, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. Central Europe Reviewzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Heating up for the Presidency,”＜http://www.ce-review.org＞, Vol.2, No.10, (accessed on March 13, 2000)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Reshufflings on the Right,”＜http://www.ce-review.org/01/13/kosc/3.html＞, Vol.3, No.13, (accessed on April 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. CNNzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Mongolia Gets Moscow-Educated Economist as New Prime Ministers,”＜http://customnews.cnn.com＞(accessed on July 30, 1999)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. Elections around the Worldzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Elections in Poland,”＜http://www.electionworld.org/election/Poland.htm＞(accessed on June 26, 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. Freedom Housezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ＜http://www.freedomhouse.org/ratings/monaco.htm＞(accessed on April 23, 2002)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ＜http://www.freedomhouse.org/ratings/phil.htm＞(accessed on April 23, 2002)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Nations in Transit 2001- Poland Country Report,”＜http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/nitransit/2001/country/18_poland.htm＞(accessed on April 23, 2002)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6. Montsamezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “MPRP is to raise proposal for Parliament Dissolution,”＜http://www.mol.mn/montsame/news/english/Thursday.htm＞(accessed on September 17, 1998)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “MPRP Submits Drafts Resolution on Referendum to Speaker,”＜http://www.mol.mn/montsame/news/english/Monday.htm＞(accessed on September 25, 1998)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Ts. Elbegdorj: Can’t Decide PM’s Problem in Current Legal Condition,”＜http://www.mol.mn/montsame/news/english/Monday/htm ＞(accessed on November 2, 1998)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “At Long Last, Mongolia has a New Prime Minister,”＜http://www.mol.mn/argamag/ub_post/main.htm＞(accessed on December 15, 1998)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Government of J. Narantsatsralt Resigned,”＜http://www.mol.mn/montsame/news/english/friday,htm＞(accessed on July 23, 1999)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7. Mongoliathisweek Online Newspaperzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on April 21-27, 2000)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “R. Gonchigdorj Appears to Have Won Democratic Party Nomination, But Not without Allegations of Foul Play,”＜http://www/mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed March 6, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Gonchigdorj Nominated as DP Presidential Election Candidate,”＜http://www/mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on March 10, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “MPRP Unanimously Nomanates N. Bagabandi, PCW Decision Expected,”＜http://www/mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on March 27, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Party of Civic Will Nominates L. Dashnyam for President,”＜http://www/mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on March 28, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Ikh Khural Approves New Law on Ikh Khural,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on June 22, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Opposition Uses Rare Chance to Speak,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on July 10, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “A New Political Force to Emerge,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞ (accessed on October 27-29, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Third Force? Gathering Strength,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on March 28, 2002)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Mongolia Seeking Advice to Improve Election Law,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on March 29, 2002)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “DP Taking its Protest to People,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on April 10, 2002)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Last Year’s Growth 1.1%,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on April 23, 2002)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Opposition Voice Drowned,”＜http://www.mongoliathisweek.mn＞(accessed on July 3, 2002)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. Poland Todayzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Polish Parliamentary Election Process,”＜http:www.europeaninternet.com/poland＞(accessed on September 24, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Anti-European Parties Poised to Slow Poland’s EU Bid,”＜http://www.europeaninternet.com/poland＞(accessed on September 24, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Former Polish Communist Short of Majority, Begin Coalition Hunt,”＜http:www.europeaninternet.com/poland＞(accessed on September 26, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Former Polish Communist Begin Coalition Talks to Form Government,,”＜http:www.europeaninternet.com/poland＞(accessed on September 27, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Former Poland’s Communists Fail to Win Majority,”＜http:www.europeaninternet.com/poland＞(accessed on September 28, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9. President of the Republic of Polandzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Presidential Election Returns－2000,”＜http://www.president.pl/pol/en_elections.phps＞(accessed on June 2003)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10. RFE/RL Newslinezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Polish Ruling Coalition Collapses,”＜http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2003/03/05/Not./not-030303.asp＞(accessed on March 3, 2003)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11. Soros Foundationzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rossabi, Morriszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Mongolia in the 1990s: from Commissars to Capitalists?”＜http://www.soros.org/mongolia/rossabi.html＞(accessed on August 1, 1998)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12. The IHT Onlinezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “In Frustrated Poland, Ex-Communists Set Their Sights on Power,”＜http://www.iht.com/articles/33410.html＞(accessed on September 22, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13. Warsaw voicezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “On a Diet of Worms,”No.49, ＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on December 6, 1998)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Fool’s Day High Noon,”No.8, ＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on February 21, 1999)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Coalition Plays Musical Chairs,”No.13,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on March 28, 1999)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Unpopular Fronts,”No.14,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on April 4, 1999)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Buzek’s Two-Week Breather,”No.38,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on September 19, 1999)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “More Internal Bleeding,”No.39,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on September 26, 1999)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Crowd to Buzek: Go Peacefully, But Go,”No.40,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on October 3, 1999)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Old Government, New Beginning,”No.40,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on October 3, 1999)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “UW Backs Out,”No.24,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞(accessed on June 11, 2000)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Minority Government Makes a Start,”No.25,＜http://www.warsawvoice.pl＞)accessed on June 18, 2000)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “Running for Presidency,”＜http://www.thepolishvoice.pl＞(accessed on September, 2000)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) “New Election Law Signed,”No.8,＜http://www.warsavoice.pl＞(accessed on April, 2001)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14. World Bankzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ＜http://www.worldbank.org.mn＞(accessed on May 13, 2002)。zh_TW