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題名 中國大陸國家與社會關係1989-2002:以鑲嵌之社會團體自主性為例
作者 戴東清
Day, Dong-ching
貢獻者 李英明
戴東清
Day, Dong-ching
關鍵詞 國家與社會
社會團體自主性
鑲嵌
行業協會
私營個體經濟協會
個體勞動者協會
state and society
autonomy of social group
embeddness
business association
private individual economic association
individual labor association
日期 2004
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 10:09:34 (UTC+8)
摘要 每隔一段時間，就會有專家、學者出面預測中國大陸即將崩潰，只是實際情況的發展似乎與他們的預期有所出入。換言之，儘管中國大陸目前有許多問題，但是尚未有證據顯示，這些問題在短期內可能引發重大危機。 中國大陸曾經被視為約十年會有一個週期的政治危機週期，上次危機發生在一九八九年，在時序進入二○○五年之後，似乎已逐漸脫離危機週期的規律。 任何國家都可能發生各式各樣的危機，危機的結果卻不見得會帶來崩潰，其關鍵在於國家與社會如何面對及應付危機，雙方關係究竟在危機前後是如何彼此定位？

以天安門民主運動事件為例，在事件發生之前，中國大陸正面臨自改革開放以來最大的經濟危機—通貨膨脹。 然而危機的結果是以軍隊鎮壓收場，使得中國大陸社會運動就此陷於沉寂之中，晚近社會抗議事件雖然有增加的趨勢，但距離真正形成持續性的社會運動尚遠。 由此可知，政權出現正當性危機進而使得社會自主性增加，就必須具備兩項條件：一是引發正當性危機的事件出現；二是正當性危機出現後，社會力量興起與各方政治勢力透過妥協安排後，增加其本身的自由性。

本研究的目的要解答的問題是「天安門事件後中國大陸國家能力與社會自主性的關係」，此外社會力量之興起及政治勢力會否妥協，牽涉到各種菁英及一舨民眾對政治的態度問題，故本文亦藉用政治文化的研究途徑來探討國家能力與社會自主性之關係。
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江澤民，1996，〈加快改革開放和現代化建設步伐、奪取有中國特色社會主義事業的更大勝利〉，編入《十四大以來重要文獻選編》，北京，人民出版社，頁1~47。
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李建軍，2003，〈轉型期行業協會在中國的發展〉，王名編《中國非政府公共部門》，北京：清華大學出版社，頁220~242。
李春玲，2004，〈中產階層：中國社會值得關注的人群〉，汝信等編，《二○○四年：中國社會形勢分析與預測》，北京：社會科學文獻出版社，頁51~63。
李圖強，2004，《現代公共行政中的公民參與》，北京：經濟管理出版社。
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俞可平，2002，〈中國公民社會的興起及其對治理的意義〉，俞可平編，《中國公民社會的興起與治理的變遷》，北京：社會科學文獻出版社，頁189~223。
洪大用，2004，〈轉變與延續：中國民間環境運動轉型〉，中國青少年發展基金會編《擴展中的公共空間》，天津：天津人民出版社，頁98~127。
張靜，1998，《法團主義》，北京：中國社會科學出版社。
祖治國，1998，《九○年代中國大陸的新保守主義》，台北：致良出版社。
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孫立平，2002，〈民間公益組織與治理：希望工程個案〉，俞可平編《中國公民社會的興起與治理的變遷》，北京：社會科學文獻出版社，頁65~94。
孫炳耀，2002，〈行業組織與經濟領域中的民間治理〉，俞可平編《中國公民社會的興起與治理的變遷》，北京：社會科學文獻出版社，頁124~149。
孫曉莉，2001，《中國現代化進程中的國家與社會》，北京：中國社會科學出版社。
康曉光，2004，〈滲透與同化：雲南省保山市芒寬鄉百花岭村之「高黎貢山農民生物多樣性保護協會」考察報告〉，中國青少年發展基金會編《擴展中的公共空間》，天津：天津人民出版社，頁74~97。
陶傳進，2003，〈中國市場經濟領域裡的公民社會〉，王名編《中國非政府公共部門》，北京：清華大學出版社，頁34~58。
章家敦，2002，《中國即將崩潰》，侯思嘉、閻紀宇譯，台北：雅言文化出版。
時正新編，2000，《中國社會福利與社會進步報告1999)》，北京：社會科學文獻出版社，頁93~106。
鄧正來，1998，〈中國發展研究的檢視：兼論中國市民社會研究〉，鄧正來與 J. C. 亞歷山大編，《國家與市民社會》，北京：中央編譯出版社，頁444~462。
鄧正來，2001，《市民社會》，台北：揚智文化出版社。
鄧國勝，2003，〈1995年以來中國NGO的變化與發展趨勢〉，王名編《中國非政府公共部門》，北京：清華大學出版社，頁84~98。
秦暉、金雁，2001，〈轉軌中東歐國家的民間組織〉，中國青少年發展基金會編，《擴展中的公共空間》，天津：天津人民出版社，頁340~373。
華監武，2003，《社團革命：中國社團發展的經濟學分析》，濟南：山東人民出版社。
阿爾蒙德與維巴(Gabriel A Almond and Sidney Verba)，1996，《公民文化》（Civic Culture），張明澍譯，台北：五南出版社。
張祖樺，2001，《中國大陸政治改革與制度創新》，台北：大屯出版社。
陳安，1998，〈關於中國大陸民主化動力問題的比較研究〉，陳明通、鄭永年編《兩岸基層選舉與政治社會變遷》，台北：月旦出版社，頁459~488。
陳漭，2003，《非營利組織：戰略管理問題研究》，哈爾濱：黑龍江人民出版社。
馬慶鈺，2002，《告別西西弗斯—中國政治文化分析與展望》，北京：中國社會科學出版社。
湯可可，2003，〈市場經濟與商會國際研討會綜述〉，浦文昌等，《市場經濟與民間商會：培育發展民間商會的比較研究》，頁226~236。
鄒讜，1994，《二十世紀中國政治》，香港：牛津大學出版社。
裴敏欣，1997，〈匐匍前進的中國民主化〉，田弘茂、朱雲漢編《新興民主的機遇與挑戰》，台北：業強出版社，頁383~386。
趙文詞（Richard Madsen），1999，＜五代美國社會學者對中國國家與社會關係之研究＞，林益民、涂肇慶編，《改革開放與中國社會》，香港：牛津出版社，頁35~56。
趙建民，1994，《威權政治》。台北：幼獅出版社。
鄭永年，1998，〈中國會變得更民主嗎？〉，陳明通、鄭永年編《兩岸基層選舉與政治社會變遷》，台北：月旦出版社，頁437~458。
鄭永年，2000，《政治漸進主義：中國的政治改革與民主化前景》，台北：吉虹文化出版社。
鄭永年，2003，〈國家重建、大眾抗議和集體行動〉，張茂桂、鄭永年編《兩岸社會運動分析》，台北：新自然主義股份有限公司，頁235~262。
魏昂德（Andrew Walder），1999，〈現代中國國家與社會關係研究：從描述現狀到解釋變遷〉，林益民、涂肇慶編，《改革開放與中國社會》，香港：牛津出版社，頁57~71。
劉國光等編，2004，《2005年：中國經濟形勢分析與預測》，北京：社會科學文獻出版社。
二、期刊論文
方孝謙，2002，〈蘇南溫州產權模式中的主要變項〉，《中國大陸研究》，45卷4期，頁1~14。
吳介民，1999，〈治亂循環：中國的國家—社會關係變化旳線索〉，中共建政與兩岸分治五十年研討會論文，主辦單位：國統會、陸委會，台北：國家圖書館，1999年9月22、23日。
吳國光，1999，〈試論當代中國的政治危機週期〉，《當代中國研究》，美國普林斯頓：當代中國研究中心，第四期，頁8~19。
李學舉，2003，〈不斷完善村民自治〉，《求是》，北京：中國共產黨中央委員會，第九期，頁38~39。
李寶梁，1997，〈中國民間商會透析〉，《天津社會科學》，第五期，頁58~61。
俞可平，2000，〈中國農村的民間組織與治理：以福建省漳浦縣長橋鎮東升村為例(上)〉，《中國社會科學季刊》，夏季號，頁87。
褚松燕，2000，〈關於互益性社團的“公益效應”分析〉，《天津社會科學》，第五期，頁50~54。
孫立平，2002，〈實踐社會學與市場轉型過程分析〉，《中國社會科學》，第五期，頁92-93。
孫炳耀，1994，〈中國社會團體官民二重性問題〉，《中國社會科學季刊》，春季號，頁17-23。
康曉光，2002a，〈未來3-5年中國大陸政治穩定性分析〉，《戰略與管理》，第三期，頁 1~15。
康曉光，2002b，〈權力的轉移--1978∼1998年中國權力格局的變遷〉，《中國社會科學季刊》，夏季號，頁48。
唐曉清，2003，〈黨內民主是黨的生命〉，《求是》，第七期，頁22~24。
趙建民、張淳翔，2001，〈中共全國人大黨政關係與中國大陸民主化的前景〉，《中國大陸研究》，43卷，2期，頁1~12。
甄小英、李清華，2003，〈以黨內民主推進人民民主〉，《求是》，第十二期，頁33~35。
劉作翔，2003，〈擴大公民有序的政治参與〉，《求是》，第十二期，頁42~44。
謝岳，2002，〈組織結構的制度化重建：開放社會的政治整合〉，《天津社會科學》，第二期，頁36~42。
三、報紙暨網路資料
中國大陸國務院民政部，《一九九八年社會團體登記管理條例》，網站http://www.mca.gov.cn/artical/content/PMJN/2003
大陸新聞中心，2003/06/26，〈中共中宣部 點名違紀媒體〉，《中國時報》，版A13。
中華經濟研究院，《東南亞經貿投資資料庫》，http://www.cier.edu.tw/。
上海市個體勞動者協會，《協會章程》，http://shcor.catcher.com.cn/siqi/gtxhjj.htm
上海市私營企業協會，《協會章程》，http://www.shcor.com/siqi/syqyjj.htm
王玉燕，2002/8/17，〈70而退確立李瑞環留任李鵬走人〉，《聯合報》，版13。
北京市私營個體經濟協會，《協會章程》，http://www.gczl.com.cn/intro/zc3.htm。
北京市私營個體經濟協會，《第四屆理事會理事名單》，http://www.gczl.com.cn/intro/cwls.htmhttp://www.gczl.com.cn/intro/ls.htm;http://www.gczl.com.cn/intro/ls2.htm
http://www.gczl.com.cn/intro/ls3.htm。
北京市私營個體經濟協會，《第四屆常務理事會名單》，http://www.gczl.com.cn/intro/cwls.htm
柯林頓，2000/3/10，〈大陸加入世貿組織將有更大的開放與自由〉，《中國時報》，版14。
民政部，《取締非法民間組織暫行辦法》，網站http://www.mca.gov.cn/artical/content/PMJN/2003122285959.htm。
大陸國務院工商管理局，《關於進一步加強對個體勞動者協會、私營企業協會工作指導的通知》，網站http://www.whhd.gov.cn/news/oldnews/103855416861590100.html
賀靜萍，2002/9/25，〈法輪功蓋台儼然超限戰現實版〉，《聯合報》，版13。
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貳、 英文部分
一、書籍部分
Anderson, Lisa. 1999. ed. Transitions to Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press.
Badie, Bertrand and Pierre Birnbaum. 1983. The Sociology of the State. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Baum, Richard and Alexei Shevchenko. 1998. “The State of the State”, in Merle Goldman and Roderick Macfarquhar, ed., The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p.348.
Bruun,Ole. 1995. “Political Hierarchy and Private Entrepreneurship in a Chinese Neighborhood” in Andrew G. Walder (ed.), The Waning of the Communist State: Economic Origins of Political Decline in China and Hungary. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp.184-85
Charles G. Gillespie. 1990.“ Model of Democratic Transition in South American: Negotiated Reform versus Democratic Rupture”. in Diane Ethier. ed. Democratic Transition and Consolidation in South Europe, Latin American and Southeast Asia, London: Macmillan Press Ltd. pp.61-64.
Collier, Ruth Berins and James Jahoney. 1999.“Adding Collective Actors to Collective Outcomes: Labor and Recent Democratization in South American and Southern Europe”.in Lisa Anderson, ed. Transitions to Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.97-119
Collier, Ruth Berins. 1999. Paths Toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dahl, Robert A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dahl, Robert A. 1998. On Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dawisha, Karen. 1997. “Democratization and Political Participation: Research Concepts and Methodologies”, in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott. ed. Potlics, Power, and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 40-65.
Dickson, Bruce J. 2000a. “Political Instability at the Middle and Lower Levels: Signs of a Decaying CCP, Corruption, and Political Dissent”, in David Shambaugh. ed. Is China Unstable?. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. pp.40-56
Dickson, Bruce J. 2003. Red Capitalists in China: The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ding,Xue Liang. 1994. The Decline of Communism in China: Legitimacy Crisis, 1977-1989, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ding,Yijiang. 2000. “The Conceptual Evolution of Democracy in Intellectual Circles’ Rethinking of State and Society”, Suisheng Zhao, ed., China and Democracy, New York: Routledge, pp.115-129.
Elinwalter, Dawn. 2000. “The Limits of the Chinese State: Public Morality and the Xu Honggang Campaign,” Suisheng Zhao, ed., China and Democracy New York: Routledge, pp.173-186.
Evans,Peter et. al. 1985. Bringing the State Back in, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Evans, Peter. 1995. Embeddness Autonomy, Princeton: Princeton University Press
Fewsmith, Joseph. 1998.“Elite Politics”, in Merle Goldman and Roderick Macfarquhar, ed., The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp.47-75.
Fox, Jonathan. 1997. “How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico,” Peter Evans, ed., State-Society Synergy: Government and Social Capital in Development, San Francisco: Unviersity of California at Berkeley, pp.119-149.
Goldman, Merle and Roderick Macfarquhar. 1998. “Dynamic Economy, Declining Party-State”, in Merle Goldman and Roderick Macfarquhar. ed. The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp.3-29.
Goodman, S. G. David. 1996. “The People’s Republic of China: the Party-State, Capitalist Revolution and New Entrepreneurs”, in Richard Robison and David S.G. Goodman. ed. The New Rich in Asia: Mobile Phones, Mcdonalds and Middle-Class Revolution. London: Routledge. pp. 225-242
Goodman, S. G. David. 1998. “The New Middle Class”in Merle Goldman and Roderick Macfarquhar. ed. The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp.241-261.
Grey, Robert D. 1997. “The Impact of External Factors on the Future of Democracy in the FSU and Eastern Europe”. in Robert D. Grey. ed. Democratic Theory and Post-Communist Change. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp.248-266
Grieco, Joseph. 2002. “China and America in the New World Polity”, in Carolyn W Pumphrey,. ed. The Rise of China in Asia: Security Implication. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute. pp.21-48
Haggard, Stephan and Robert R. Kaufman. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Haggard, Stephan. 2000. The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis, Washington D.C.: Institute for Inernational Economics.
Haggard, Stephan and Mathew D. McCubbins, ed. 2001. Presidents, Parliaments, and Ploicy, Cambirdge: Cambirdge University Press.
Hartford,Kathleen. 1990. “The Political Economy Behind Beijing Spring”, in Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People’s Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., pp.70-73.
Heller, Patrick. 1997. “Social Capital, Class Mobilization, and State Intervention,”Peter Evans, ed., State-Society Synergy: Government and Social Capital in Development, San Francisco: Unviersity of California at Berkeley, pp.48-84.
Howard, Marc Morje. 2003. The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hu,Shaohua. 2000. Explaining Chinese Democratization, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
Huntington, Samuel. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Gu, Edward X. 2000. “Plural Institutionalism and the Emergence of Intellectual Public Spaces in China”, Suisheng Zhao, ed., China and Democracy (New York: Routledge,), pp.141-172.
Migdal, Joel S. 2001. State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute One Another, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Joseph, Richard. 1999.“Democratization in Africa after 1989: Comparative and Theoretical Perspective,” in Lisa Anderson. ed. Transitions to Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.237-260
Kesseoman, Mark et al. 1996. Democracies at the Crossroads. Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company.
Kim, Sunhyuk. 2000. The Politics of Democratization in Korea: The Role of Civil Society. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Krasner, Stephen D. 1978. Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials Investments and U.S. Foreign Policy, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Lampton, David M. 2001. Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing U.S.-China Relations, 1989-2000, Berkeley and LosAngeles: University of California Press.
Li, Cheng. 2001. “Diversification of Chinese Entrepreneurs and Cultural Pluralism in the Reform Era”, Shiping Hua,ed., Chinese Political Culture. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. pp.219-245
Lin, Jing. 1994. The Opening of the Chinese Mind: Democratic Changes in China Since 1978. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
Linz, J. Juan, and Alfred Stepan. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: South Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Linz, J. Juan. 2000. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regime. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
Liu, Alan P.L. 1976. Political Culture & Group Conflict in Communist China. Santa Barbara: Clio Press, Inc.
Manning, Stephen. 1984. “Social and Cultural Prerequisites of Democratization: Generalizing from China”, Edward Friedman, ed., The Politics of Democratization: Generalizing East Asian Experience. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, pp.232-248
Markovitz, Irivng Leonard. 1999. “Constitutions, The Federalist Papers, and the Transition to Democracy” , in Lisa Anderson. ed. Transitions to Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.42-71
McCormick, Barrett L. 1990.Political Reform in Post-Mao China: Democracy and Bureaucracy in a Leninist State, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
McCormick, Barrett L. 1996. “China’s Leninist Parliament and Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis,” Barrett L. McCormick and Jonathan Unger, ed., China after Socialism: In the Footsteps of Eastern Europe or East Asia? Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., pp.29-53.
Mendelson, Sarah E. and John K. Glenn.2002. “Transnational Networks and NGOs in Postcommunist Societies,” Sarah E. Mendelson and John K. Glenn, ed., The Power and Limits of NGOs, New York: Columbia University Press, p.6.
Metzger, Thomas A. 1996. “The U.S. Quest for Morality in Foreign Policy and the Issue of Chinese Democratization”. Metzger, Thomas A. and Ramon H. Myers. ed. Greater China and U.S. Foreign Policy: the Choice between Confrontation and Mutual Respect. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. pp.84-103.
Misra, Kalpana.2002. “Curing the Sickness and Saving the Party: Neo-Maoism and Neo-Conservatism in the 1990s”. Hua, Shiping. ed. Chinese Political Culture. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. pp.133-160
Mok, Ka-ho. 2000. Social and Political Development in Post-Reform China. New York: Macmillan Press Ltd.
Moore,Barrington Jr.. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.
Mutti, John H. 1997.“Economic Policy and Democratization in the Former Communist States” , in Robert D. Grey. ed. Democratic Theory and Post-Communist Change. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 217-245
Nelsen, Harvey. 2000.“The Future of Chinese State,” David Shambaugh, ed., The Modern Chinese State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.216-236.
O’Donnell , Guillermo and Philippe c. Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ogden, Suzanne. 2002. Inklings of Democracy in China. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center.
Ohmae,Kenichi. 1995. The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, New York: The Free Press.
Oi.,Jean C. 1990. “ The Fate of the Collective after the Commune”, Deborah Davis and Ezra F. Vogel, ed., Chinese Society on the Eve of Tiananmen: The Impact of Reform. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p.33.
Oi, Jean C. 1999. Rural China Takes Off: Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform, Berkeley: Unviersity of California Press.
Ostrom, Elinor. 1997. “Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy, and Development,” Peter Evans, ed., State-Society Synergy: Government and Social Capital in Development, San Francisco: Unviersity of California at Berkeley, pp.85-118.
Pearson, Margaret M. 1997. China’s New Business Elite. Berkeley and L.A.: University of California Press.
Pempel,T.J. 1999. “The Developmental Regime in a Changing World Economy”, Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press,), pp.137-181.
Potter, David. 1993. “Democratization in Asia”, in David Held ed., Prospects for Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp.357-358.
Potter, David. 1997. “Explaining Democratization”. in David Potter et al. ed. Democratization. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp.1-40
Przeworski, Adam .1986 .“Problems in the Study of Transition to Democracy,” in Guillermo O’Donnell, et al. ed. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.47-56
Putnam,Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy,( Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Pye, Lusian. 1981. The Dynamics of Chinese Politics. Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn&Jain.
Pye, Lusian. 1985. Asian Power and Politics: Cultural Dimension of Authority. Boston: Harvard University Press.
Pye, Lusian. 1988. The Mandarin and the Cadre: China’s Political Culture. Ann Arber: Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan.
Pye, Lusian. 1996. “The State and the Individual: An Overview Interpretation,” Brian Hook, ed., The Individual and the State in China, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.16-42.
Reisinger, William R. 1997. “Establishing and Strengthening Democracy”, in Robert D. Grey .ed. Democratic Theory and Post-Communist Change. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp.52-78
Rejai, M. 1967. ed. Democracy: The Contemporary Theory. New York: Atherton Press.
Robison, Richard. 1996. “ The Middle Class and the Bourgeoisie in Indonesia”, in Richard Robison and David S.G. Goodman. ed. The New Rich in Asia: Mobile Phones, Mcdonalds and Middle-Class Revolution. London: Routledge. pp.79-104
Robison, Richard and David S.G. Goodman. 1996. “ The New Rich in Asia: Economic Development, Social Status and Political Consciousness”, in Richard Robison and David S.G. Goodman. ed. The New Rich in Asia: Mobile Phones, Mcdonalds and Middle-Class Revolution. London: Routledge. pp.1-18
Rosenbaum, Authur Lewis. 1992.State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Rostow, Dankwart A. 1999. “Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model”, in Lisa Anderson. ed. Transitions to Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.14-41
Saich, Tony. 1991. “The Rise and Fall of the Beijing People’s Movement”. in Jonathan Unger, ed. The Pro-Democracy Protests in China: Reports from the Provinces. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. pp.9-20.
Saich,Tony. 2001. Governance and Politics of China. Hampshire, GB: Palgrave.
Sartori,Giovanni. 1976. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Cambirdge: Cambirdge University Press.
Sartori, Giovanni. 1987. The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham, New Jersey: Chatham House Publishing,Inc.
Schumpeter,Joseph A. 1950. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
Selden, Mark. 1993. The Political Economy of Chinese Development, Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc.
Shambaugh,David. 2000. “The Chinese State in the Post-Mao Era,” David Shambaugh, ed., The Modern Chinese State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.161-187.
Skocpol,Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skocpol,Theda. 1994. Social Revolution in the Modern World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Smith, Tony. 1998. “The International Origins of Democracy: The American Occupation of Japan and Germany”, in Theda Skocpol. ed. Democracy, Revolution, and History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp.202-209
Solinger, Dorothy J. 1992. “Urban Entrepreneurs and the State: The Merger of State and Society,” in Authur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp.121-141.
Solinger, Dorothy J. 1993. China’s Transition from Socialism: Statist Legacies and Marketing Reforms. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc.
Solomon, Richard. 1971. Mao’s Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture. Berkeley:University of California Press.
Sorensen , Georg. 1998. Democracy and Democratization. 2nd edition . Boulder: Westview Press.
Unger, Jonathan and Anita Chan. 1995. “Corporatism in China: A Developmental State in an East Asian Context” in Barrett L. McCormick and Jonathan Unger, ed., China after Socialism: In the Footsteps of Eastern Europe or East Asia? Armonk, NY: M.E. Shape, pp.95-129.
Vahhanen, Tatu. 1990. The Process of Democratization: A Comparative Study of 147 States. New York: Tarlor & Francis Ltd.
Vogel,Steven K. 1996. Freeer Market, More Rules: Regulatory Reform in Advanced Industrial Countries, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Walder, Andrew G. 1995. “ The Quiet Revolution from Within: Economic Reform as a Source of Political Decline”, Andrew G. Walder, ed., The Waning of the Communist State: Economic Origins of Political Decline in China and Hungary, (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,)
Walder, Andrew. 1998. “The County Government as an Industrial Corporation”, Andrew Walder ed., Zouping in Transition: The Process of Reform in Rural North China, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, p.84.
Weiss, Linda. 1998. The Myth of the Powerless State. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
White, Gordon et. al. 1996. In Search of Civil Society: Market Reform and Social Change in Comtemporary China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Whitehead, Laurence. 1986 .“International Aspects of Democratization”,in Guillermo
O’Donnell. et al. ed. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.34-55.
Whyte, Martin K. 1992. “Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making?” in Authur Lewis Rosenbaum, ed., State and Society in China: The Conwequences of Reform, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, pp.78-97.
Whyte, Martin King. 2000. “Chinese Social Trends: Stability or Chaos?”in David Shambaugh. ed. Is China Unstable?. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., pp.43-63.
二、期刊部分
Baum, Richard. 1996. “China After Deng: Ten Scenarios in Search of Reality,” The China Quarterly, No.145(March), pp.153-175.
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Cohen, Youssef and Franco Pavoncello. 1987. “Corporatism and Pluralism: Acritique of Schmitter’s Typology.” British Journal of Political Science. Vol.17, No.1 (January), pp.117-122.
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描述 博士
國立政治大學
中山人文社會科學研究所
88261501
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0882615011
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李英明zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 戴東清zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Day, Dong-chingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 戴東清zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Day, Dong-chingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 10:09:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 10:09:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 10:09:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0882615011en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34398-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 中山人文社會科學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 88261501zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 每隔一段時間，就會有專家、學者出面預測中國大陸即將崩潰，只是實際情況的發展似乎與他們的預期有所出入。換言之，儘管中國大陸目前有許多問題，但是尚未有證據顯示，這些問題在短期內可能引發重大危機。 中國大陸曾經被視為約十年會有一個週期的政治危機週期，上次危機發生在一九八九年，在時序進入二○○五年之後，似乎已逐漸脫離危機週期的規律。 任何國家都可能發生各式各樣的危機，危機的結果卻不見得會帶來崩潰，其關鍵在於國家與社會如何面對及應付危機，雙方關係究竟在危機前後是如何彼此定位？

以天安門民主運動事件為例，在事件發生之前，中國大陸正面臨自改革開放以來最大的經濟危機—通貨膨脹。 然而危機的結果是以軍隊鎮壓收場，使得中國大陸社會運動就此陷於沉寂之中，晚近社會抗議事件雖然有增加的趨勢，但距離真正形成持續性的社會運動尚遠。 由此可知，政權出現正當性危機進而使得社會自主性增加，就必須具備兩項條件：一是引發正當性危機的事件出現；二是正當性危機出現後，社會力量興起與各方政治勢力透過妥協安排後，增加其本身的自由性。

本研究的目的要解答的問題是「天安門事件後中國大陸國家能力與社會自主性的關係」，此外社會力量之興起及政治勢力會否妥協，牽涉到各種菁英及一舨民眾對政治的態度問題，故本文亦藉用政治文化的研究途徑來探討國家能力與社會自主性之關係。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 導論 1
第一節 問題的提出與研究目的 1
第二節 文獻回顧與本文觀點 4
第三節 理論架構與研究方法 16
第四節 研究架構與章節安排 27
第二章 國家主導社會自主性的理論分析 30
第一節 國家與社會自主性關係現狀與發展 30
第二節 政治文化在國家與社會自主關係中之作用 39
第三節 現有以社團為例探討國家與社會關係之研究 43
第三章 國家與社會團體關係之發展 47
第一節 改革開放前的社團發展情況 47
第二節 改革開放後的社團發展情況 48
第三節 一九八九年後社團發展情況 49
第四節 一九九八年修訂《條例》後的社團發展狀況 52
第四章 部分省市行業協會之比較分析 57
第一節 行業協會之基本狀況 57
第二節 部分省市行業協會實際運作分析 58
第三節 意涵與影響 64
第五章 北京市私個協與上海市個協之分析 68
第一節 北京市私營個體經濟協會 68
第二節 上海市個體勞動者協會 76
第三節 整體比較分析 84
第六章 結論 90
第一節 研究發現 90
第二節 未來研究方向 101
參考書目 107		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0882615011en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國家與社會zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會團體自主性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 鑲嵌zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 行業協會zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 私營個體經濟協會zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 個體勞動者協會zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) state and societyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) autonomy of social groupen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) embeddnessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) business associationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) private individual economic associationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) individual labor associationen_US
dc.title (題名) 中國大陸國家與社會關係1989-2002:以鑲嵌之社會團體自主性為例zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 鄭永年，2003，〈國家重建、大眾抗議和集體行動〉，張茂桂、鄭永年編《兩岸社會運動分析》，台北：新自然主義股份有限公司，頁235~262。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 魏昂德（Andrew Walder），1999，〈現代中國國家與社會關係研究：從描述現狀到解釋變遷〉，林益民、涂肇慶編，《改革開放與中國社會》，香港：牛津出版社，頁57~71。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉國光等編，2004，《2005年：中國經濟形勢分析與預測》，北京：社會科學文獻出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、期刊論文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 方孝謙，2002，〈蘇南溫州產權模式中的主要變項〉，《中國大陸研究》，45卷4期，頁1~14。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳介民，1999，〈治亂循環：中國的國家—社會關係變化旳線索〉，中共建政與兩岸分治五十年研討會論文，主辦單位：國統會、陸委會，台北：國家圖書館，1999年9月22、23日。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳國光，1999，〈試論當代中國的政治危機週期〉，《當代中國研究》，美國普林斯頓：當代中國研究中心，第四期，頁8~19。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李學舉，2003，〈不斷完善村民自治〉，《求是》，北京：中國共產黨中央委員會，第九期，頁38~39。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李寶梁，1997，〈中國民間商會透析〉，《天津社會科學》，第五期，頁58~61。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 俞可平，2000，〈中國農村的民間組織與治理：以福建省漳浦縣長橋鎮東升村為例(上)〉，《中國社會科學季刊》，夏季號，頁87。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 褚松燕，2000，〈關於互益性社團的“公益效應”分析〉，《天津社會科學》，第五期，頁50~54。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 孫立平，2002，〈實踐社會學與市場轉型過程分析〉，《中國社會科學》，第五期，頁92-93。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 孫炳耀，1994，〈中國社會團體官民二重性問題〉，《中國社會科學季刊》，春季號，頁17-23。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 康曉光，2002a，〈未來3-5年中國大陸政治穩定性分析〉，《戰略與管理》，第三期，頁 1~15。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 康曉光，2002b，〈權力的轉移--1978∼1998年中國權力格局的變遷〉，《中國社會科學季刊》，夏季號，頁48。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 唐曉清，2003，〈黨內民主是黨的生命〉，《求是》，第七期，頁22~24。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 趙建民、張淳翔，2001，〈中共全國人大黨政關係與中國大陸民主化的前景〉，《中國大陸研究》，43卷，2期，頁1~12。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 甄小英、李清華，2003，〈以黨內民主推進人民民主〉，《求是》，第十二期，頁33~35。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉作翔，2003，〈擴大公民有序的政治参與〉，《求是》，第十二期，頁42~44。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 謝岳，2002，〈組織結構的制度化重建：開放社會的政治整合〉，《天津社會科學》，第二期，頁36~42。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 三、報紙暨網路資料zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中國大陸國務院民政部，《一九九八年社會團體登記管理條例》，網站http://www.mca.gov.cn/artical/content/PMJN/2003zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 大陸新聞中心，2003/06/26，〈中共中宣部 點名違紀媒體〉，《中國時報》，版A13。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中華經濟研究院，《東南亞經貿投資資料庫》，http://www.cier.edu.tw/。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 上海市個體勞動者協會，《協會章程》，http://shcor.catcher.com.cn/siqi/gtxhjj.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 上海市私營企業協會，《協會章程》，http://www.shcor.com/siqi/syqyjj.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王玉燕，2002/8/17，〈70而退確立李瑞環留任李鵬走人〉，《聯合報》，版13。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 北京市私營個體經濟協會，《協會章程》，http://www.gczl.com.cn/intro/zc3.htm。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 北京市私營個體經濟協會，《第四屆理事會理事名單》，http://www.gczl.com.cn/intro/cwls.htmhttp://www.gczl.com.cn/intro/ls.htm;http://www.gczl.com.cn/intro/ls2.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.gczl.com.cn/intro/ls3.htm。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 北京市私營個體經濟協會，《第四屆常務理事會名單》，http://www.gczl.com.cn/intro/cwls.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 柯林頓，2000/3/10，〈大陸加入世貿組織將有更大的開放與自由〉，《中國時報》，版14。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 民政部，《取締非法民間組織暫行辦法》，網站http://www.mca.gov.cn/artical/content/PMJN/2003122285959.htm。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 大陸國務院工商管理局，《關於進一步加強對個體勞動者協會、私營企業協會工作指導的通知》，網站http://www.whhd.gov.cn/news/oldnews/103855416861590100.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 賀靜萍，2002/9/25，〈法輪功蓋台儼然超限戰現實版〉，《聯合報》，版13。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 貳、 英文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、書籍部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, Lisa. 1999. ed. Transitions to Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Badie, Bertrand and Pierre Birnbaum. 1983. The Sociology of the State. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baum, Richard and Alexei Shevchenko. 1998. “The State of the State”, in Merle Goldman and Roderick Macfarquhar, ed., The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p.348.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bruun,Ole. 1995. “Political Hierarchy and Private Entrepreneurship in a Chinese Neighborhood” in Andrew G. Walder (ed.), The Waning of the Communist State: Economic Origins of Political Decline in China and Hungary. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp.184-85zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Charles G. Gillespie. 1990.“ Model of Democratic Transition in South American: Negotiated Reform versus Democratic Rupture”. in Diane Ethier. ed. Democratic Transition and Consolidation in South Europe, Latin American and Southeast Asia, London: Macmillan Press Ltd. pp.61-64.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Collier, Ruth Berins and James Jahoney. 1999.“Adding Collective Actors to Collective Outcomes: Labor and Recent Democratization in South American and Southern Europe”.in Lisa Anderson, ed. Transitions to Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.97-119zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Collier, Ruth Berins. 1999. Paths Toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dahl, Robert A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dahl, Robert A. 1998. On Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dawisha, Karen. 1997. “Democratization and Political Participation: Research Concepts and Methodologies”, in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott. ed. Potlics, Power, and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 40-65.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dickson, Bruce J. 2000a. “Political Instability at the Middle and Lower Levels: Signs of a Decaying CCP, Corruption, and Political Dissent”, in David Shambaugh. ed. Is China Unstable?. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. pp.40-56zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dickson, Bruce J. 2003. Red Capitalists in China: The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ding,Xue Liang. 1994. The Decline of Communism in China: Legitimacy Crisis, 1977-1989, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ding,Yijiang. 2000. “The Conceptual Evolution of Democracy in Intellectual Circles’ Rethinking of State and Society”, Suisheng Zhao, ed., China and Democracy, New York: Routledge, pp.115-129.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Elinwalter, Dawn. 2000. “The Limits of the Chinese State: Public Morality and the Xu Honggang Campaign,” Suisheng Zhao, ed., China and Democracy New York: Routledge, pp.173-186.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Evans,Peter et. al. 1985. Bringing the State Back in, New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Evans, Peter. 1995. Embeddness Autonomy, Princeton: Princeton University Presszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fewsmith, Joseph. 1998.“Elite Politics”, in Merle Goldman and Roderick Macfarquhar, ed., The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp.47-75.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fox, Jonathan. 1997. “How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico,” Peter Evans, ed., State-Society Synergy: Government and Social Capital in Development, San Francisco: Unviersity of California at Berkeley, pp.119-149.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goldman, Merle and Roderick Macfarquhar. 1998. “Dynamic Economy, Declining Party-State”, in Merle Goldman and Roderick Macfarquhar. ed. The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp.3-29.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goodman, S. G. David. 1996. “The People’s Republic of China: the Party-State, Capitalist Revolution and New Entrepreneurs”, in Richard Robison and David S.G. Goodman. ed. The New Rich in Asia: Mobile Phones, Mcdonalds and Middle-Class Revolution. London: Routledge. pp. 225-242zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goodman, S. G. David. 1998. “The New Middle Class”in Merle Goldman and Roderick Macfarquhar. ed. The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp.241-261.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grey, Robert D. 1997. “The Impact of External Factors on the Future of Democracy in the FSU and Eastern Europe”. in Robert D. Grey. ed. Democratic Theory and Post-Communist Change. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp.248-266zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grieco, Joseph. 2002. “China and America in the New World Polity”, in Carolyn W Pumphrey,. ed. The Rise of China in Asia: Security Implication. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute. pp.21-48zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haggard, Stephan and Robert R. Kaufman. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions, Princeton: Princeton University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haggard, Stephan. 2000. The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis, Washington D.C.: Institute for Inernational Economics.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haggard, Stephan and Mathew D. McCubbins, ed. 2001. Presidents, Parliaments, and Ploicy, Cambirdge: Cambirdge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hartford,Kathleen. 1990. “The Political Economy Behind Beijing Spring”, in Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People’s Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., pp.70-73.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Heller, Patrick. 1997. “Social Capital, Class Mobilization, and State Intervention,”Peter Evans, ed., State-Society Synergy: Government and Social Capital in Development, San Francisco: Unviersity of California at Berkeley, pp.48-84.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Howard, Marc Morje. 2003. The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hu,Shaohua. 2000. Explaining Chinese Democratization, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huntington, Samuel. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gu, Edward X. 2000. “Plural Institutionalism and the Emergence of Intellectual Public Spaces in China”, Suisheng Zhao, ed., China and Democracy (New York: Routledge,), pp.141-172.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Joseph, Richard. 1999.“Democratization in Africa after 1989: Comparative and Theoretical Perspective,” in Lisa Anderson. ed. Transitions to Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.237-260zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kesseoman, Mark et al. 1996. Democracies at the Crossroads. Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krasner, Stephen D. 1978. Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials Investments and U.S. Foreign Policy, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Cheng. 2001. “Diversification of Chinese Entrepreneurs and Cultural Pluralism in the Reform Era”, Shiping Hua,ed., Chinese Political Culture. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. pp.219-245zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, Jing. 1994. The Opening of the Chinese Mind: Democratic Changes in China Since 1978. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Linz, J. Juan, and Alfred Stepan. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: South Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Linz, J. Juan. 2000. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regime. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liu, Alan P.L. 1976. Political Culture & Group Conflict in Communist China. Santa Barbara: Clio Press, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Manning, Stephen. 1984. “Social and Cultural Prerequisites of Democratization: Generalizing from China”, Edward Friedman, ed., The Politics of Democratization: Generalizing East Asian Experience. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, pp.232-248zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Markovitz, Irivng Leonard. 1999. “Constitutions, The Federalist Papers, and the Transition to Democracy” , in Lisa Anderson. ed. Transitions to Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.42-71zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCormick, Barrett L. 1990.Political Reform in Post-Mao China: Democracy and Bureaucracy in a Leninist State, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCormick, Barrett L. 1996. “China’s Leninist Parliament and Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis,” Barrett L. McCormick and Jonathan Unger, ed., China after Socialism: In the Footsteps of Eastern Europe or East Asia? Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., pp.29-53.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Metzger, Thomas A. 1996. “The U.S. Quest for Morality in Foreign Policy and the Issue of Chinese Democratization”. Metzger, Thomas A. and Ramon H. Myers. ed. Greater China and U.S. Foreign Policy: the Choice between Confrontation and Mutual Respect. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. pp.84-103.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moore,Barrington Jr.. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pye, Lusian. 1981. The Dynamics of Chinese Politics. Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn&Jain.zh_TW
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