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題名 美國社會安全制度失能給付之研究
A Research on Disability Insurance Benefits of OASDI of U.S.作者 林宏陽
Hung-Yang Lin貢獻者 郭明政
Ming-Cheng Kuo
林宏陽
Hung-Yang Lin關鍵詞 殘障
失能
社會保險
社會安全
社會福利
殘廢給付
Disability
Invalidity
Social Insurance
Social Security
Social Welfare
DI
OASDI日期 2003 上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 10:16:32 (UTC+8) 摘要 失能為所有現代國家主要的社會風險之一，但其原因不僅因職業災害而來，普通傷害所導致的失能問題亦使勞工及其家庭陷入經濟不安全的困境之中。由於失能期間沒有工作所得又需支付額外的醫療、設備等花費，故各國所發展出的相關保障制度同時注重該期間的現金給付、實物給付以及助其早日重回生產性工作之醫療照顧、就業促進與職業重建等福利服務。 以當前世界主要國家美國為例，於1935年通過社會安全法案，並在1956年通過失能給付，將絕大多數的勞工納入的老年、遺屬與遺屬保險（Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance；OASDI）體系之中，1983年更將公務員納入其中。除給予失能勞工及其依附者失能現金給付與所需之醫療給付外，並透過就業促進與職業訓練等相關制度，促使獲給付者早日重回生產性工作，為一生生不息的制度。儘管其制度不若德國實施百餘年之制度來得完善與全面，但已具有相當之規模，且符合世界之公約數。 我國則依照公務人員、軍人、勞工與農民等四群體制訂各自之相關保險給付制度及其退休撫卹制度中，而勞工與農民所享有的保障則極度不平等；目前交付三讀中的國民年金法草案將涵蓋其他國民之相關社會風險。我國目前在一次給付、失能之定義、失能之判定機制、職業重建服務、就業促進等眾多機制上皆顯不足或欠缺，在在背離了各國社會保險制度之公約數，無法給予勞工所需之保護，應立即進行改革。 本研究主要採歷史制度比較法，先對美國之歷史、制度與問題進行瞭解後，再依其經驗找尋我國制度改革上所應依循之方向與應避免之問題。期望未來所建立的制度，除能給予失能勞工足夠的現金、實物給付以及福利服務外，並促進其重回職場，為整體社會之再生產繼續貢獻。
Disability or invalidity is one of the main social risks in modern countries and has been recognized by almost all the countries since 1880’s. This kind of risk was paid much attention from the inclining of cases that labor got job-related impairments and made their families fall into miserable situations. Those bad conditions are not only caused by job-related impairments, but also ordinary ills and impairments in everyday life. For instance, a person who is hit by a car may be unable to work, and it makes his or her family in danger. Accordingly, this dissertation intend to deal with the issue concerning about the proper measurements of disability determining and protecting. For those people who are physically or psychologically impaired and unable to work temporarily or permanently, almost all the countries will provide all kinds of benefits they need through their Social Insurance programs, such as monthly cash benefits, medical care, vocational rehabilitation, job placement, job training programs and so on, and U.S. is one of thos e countries. Related schemes have been practiced in Taiwan since 1950, but there are many problems waiting for us to amend. For example, the unequal treatment between public servants and other people needs to be reformed. Furthermore, the definition of disability remains at the stage of compensations of impairments, the determination of disability is too loose, and the procedure of determination is too simple etc. The purpose of this dissertation is to get closer understanding of the OASDI of U.S., especially DI. Besides, it is expected to learn something from the case reviewed above and to establish a sound Social Security system in Taiwan, thus to prevent the problems that may occur in advance. In this sense, only to pursue the norms that are internationally share, we can make our society more adequate, equal, and safer than before.參考文獻 中文部分
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國立政治大學
勞工研究所
90262015
92資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090262015 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 郭明政 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Ming-Cheng Kuo en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林宏陽 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hung-Yang Lin en_US dc.creator (作者) 林宏陽 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Hung-Yang Lin en_US dc.date (日期) 2003 en_US dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 10:16:32 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 10:16:32 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 10:16:32 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0090262015 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34438 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 勞工研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 90262015 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 92 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 失能為所有現代國家主要的社會風險之一，但其原因不僅因職業災害而來，普通傷害所導致的失能問題亦使勞工及其家庭陷入經濟不安全的困境之中。由於失能期間沒有工作所得又需支付額外的醫療、設備等花費，故各國所發展出的相關保障制度同時注重該期間的現金給付、實物給付以及助其早日重回生產性工作之醫療照顧、就業促進與職業重建等福利服務。 以當前世界主要國家美國為例，於1935年通過社會安全法案，並在1956年通過失能給付，將絕大多數的勞工納入的老年、遺屬與遺屬保險（Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance；OASDI）體系之中，1983年更將公務員納入其中。除給予失能勞工及其依附者失能現金給付與所需之醫療給付外，並透過就業促進與職業訓練等相關制度，促使獲給付者早日重回生產性工作，為一生生不息的制度。儘管其制度不若德國實施百餘年之制度來得完善與全面，但已具有相當之規模，且符合世界之公約數。 我國則依照公務人員、軍人、勞工與農民等四群體制訂各自之相關保險給付制度及其退休撫卹制度中，而勞工與農民所享有的保障則極度不平等；目前交付三讀中的國民年金法草案將涵蓋其他國民之相關社會風險。我國目前在一次給付、失能之定義、失能之判定機制、職業重建服務、就業促進等眾多機制上皆顯不足或欠缺，在在背離了各國社會保險制度之公約數，無法給予勞工所需之保護，應立即進行改革。 本研究主要採歷史制度比較法，先對美國之歷史、制度與問題進行瞭解後，再依其經驗找尋我國制度改革上所應依循之方向與應避免之問題。期望未來所建立的制度，除能給予失能勞工足夠的現金、實物給付以及福利服務外，並促進其重回職場，為整體社會之再生產繼續貢獻。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Disability or invalidity is one of the main social risks in modern countries and has been recognized by almost all the countries since 1880’s. This kind of risk was paid much attention from the inclining of cases that labor got job-related impairments and made their families fall into miserable situations. Those bad conditions are not only caused by job-related impairments, but also ordinary ills and impairments in everyday life. For instance, a person who is hit by a car may be unable to work, and it makes his or her family in danger. Accordingly, this dissertation intend to deal with the issue concerning about the proper measurements of disability determining and protecting. For those people who are physically or psychologically impaired and unable to work temporarily or permanently, almost all the countries will provide all kinds of benefits they need through their Social Insurance programs, such as monthly cash benefits, medical care, vocational rehabilitation, job placement, job training programs and so on, and U.S. is one of thos e countries. Related schemes have been practiced in Taiwan since 1950, but there are many problems waiting for us to amend. For example, the unequal treatment between public servants and other people needs to be reformed. Furthermore, the definition of disability remains at the stage of compensations of impairments, the determination of disability is too loose, and the procedure of determination is too simple etc. The purpose of this dissertation is to get closer understanding of the OASDI of U.S., especially DI. Besides, it is expected to learn something from the case reviewed above and to establish a sound Social Security system in Taiwan, thus to prevent the problems that may occur in advance. In this sense, only to pursue the norms that are internationally share, we can make our society more adequate, equal, and safer than before. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 ……………………………………………………1壹、研究動機與目的 ………………………………………………1貳、研究範圍與方法 ………………………………………………3第二章 美國社會安全制度失能給付之歷史發展 ……………5壹、美國社會安全法案通過前之歷史發展（~1935） ……………5一、南北戰爭以前之歷史發展（~1865） ……………………………6 二、南北戰爭結束到經濟大恐慌時期（1865~1930’s） ………………10三、經濟大恐慌到1935年社會安全法案通過 ………………………15貳、社會安全法案通過到納入失能給付（1935~1956） …………20一、1937~1938年的諮詢會議 …………………………………………20二、1947~1948年的諮詢會議 …………………………………………23三、1950年修正案 ……………………………………………………25四、1956年社會安全法案加入失能給付 ……………………………27參、1956年失能給付通過後之發展 ……………………………29一、失能給付第一次擴張期（1956~79） ……………………………29二、1980年代初期之緊縮期（1980~84） ……………………………36三、近年來之相關政策（1984~） ……………………………………39第三章 美國社會安全制度失能給付之要件 ………………43壹、保險資格 ……………………………………………………43貳、失能之定義 …………………………………………………51第四章 美國社會安全制度失能給付之內容 ………………65壹、給付之內容 …………………………………………………65一、現金給付 ……………………………………………………………66二、實物給付 ……………………………………………………………69三、福利服務 …………………………………………………………70貳、現金給付之額度 ………………………………………………76一、給付額度之計算 …………………………………………………76二、給付額度之調整 …………………………………………………83三、給付發放方式與現況 ……………………………………………86參、給付之期限 ……………………………………………………92第五章 美國目前針對失能給付之相關討論 ………………97壹、失能判定之原則 ………………………………………………98貳、等待期間 ……………………………………………………101參、失能之定義 …………………………………………………104肆、最近工作要求 ………………………………………………107伍、醫療證明 ……………………………………………………108陸、獲領給付人數之變動 …………………………………………111第六章 與我國相關制度之比較與啟示 ……………………121壹、台灣目前之相關制度 …………………………………121一、軍公教人員 ……………………………………………………122二、勞工 ……………………………………………………………141三、農民 ……………………………………………………………144四、其他國民 ………………………………………………………146五、小結 ……………………………………………………………149貳、對台灣之啟示 ………………………………………………151一、社會保險之必要性與妥當性 …………………………………152二、一次給付方式與水準之檢討 …………………………………154三、判定機制之檢討 ………………………………………………156四、職業重建與就業促進制度之結合 ……………………………159第七章 結論 …………………………………………………161參考書目 ………………………………………………………171附件 zh_TW dc.format.extent 104926 bytes - 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dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090262015 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 殘障 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 失能 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會保險 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會安全 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會福利 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 殘廢給付 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Disability en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Invalidity en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social Insurance en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social Security en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social Welfare en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) DI en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) OASDI en_US dc.title (題名) 美國社會安全制度失能給付之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A Research on Disability Insurance Benefits of OASDI of U.S. en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王國羽，1995，〈失能的定義系統與社會福利政策的運用〉，《公共衛生》，第二十二卷第一期，民國八十四年四月，台北縣：台灣省公共衛生研究所，頁51∼61 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林峰燦，2000，《論現代貧窮的出現—一個人形想像的觀念史考察》，台灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林萬億，1994，《福利國家—歷史比較的分析》，台北市：巨流 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 郭明政，1997a，〈一個充滿危險的策略—對「勞工退休金條例草案」採行個人帳戶制之疑慮與批評〉，《政策月刊》，48期，台北市：中國國民黨中央政策會政策研究工作會，頁28~33 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 郭明政，1997b，《社會安全制度與社會法》，台北市：國立政治大學法學院勞動法與社會法研究中心 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 郭明政，2000，〈勞工保險老年殘廢遺屬給付年金化之改革〉，《勞工行政》，第146期，民國年89月6日15，台北市：勞工行政雜誌社，頁57~64 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 勞委會，2003，《勞動統計月報》，民國92年十月，第129期，台北市：行政院勞工委員會 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃世鑫，2003，〈社會保險「費」或「稅」？—由比較政治經濟制度觀點論之〉，《「社會保險組織體制與財務管理規範」研討會論文彙編》，發表於「社會保險組織體制與財務管理規範」研討會，2003年12月20日，台北大學，頁1~18 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 曾妙慧，2002，《社會安全與社會保險》，台北市：華泰 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蕭麗卿、彭澤明，1989，《美國社會保險制度概要》，台北市：台閩地區勞工保險局 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 英文部分 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Andrews, Howard, Barker, Joan, Pittman, John, Mars, Larry, Struening, Elmer & LaRocca, Nicholas, 1992, ‘National Trends in Vocational Rehabilitation: A Comparison of Individuals with Physical Disabilities and Individuals with Psychiatric Disabilities’, Journal of Rehabilitation, Vol. 58, Iss. 1, January 1992, Reston, VA, U.S.: National Rehabilitation Association, pp. 7~16 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Arokiasamy, Charles Maria V., Rubin, Stanford E. & Roessler, Richard T., 2001, ‘Sociological Aspects of Disability’, in Foundations of the Vocational Rehabilitation Process, 5th edition, edited by Stanford E. 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