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題名 巴西的民族同化政策
Politica Etnica Assimilacionista do Brasil
作者 守般若
貢獻者 林修澈
守般若
關鍵詞 印第安人
非洲系人
民族同化政策
混種
白化政策
保護區政策
多元化
Indios
Afros
Política Étnica Assimilacionista
Miscigenação
Política de Branqueamento
Política Protecionista
multiculturalismo
日期 2005
上傳時間 18-九月-2009 10:40:48 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文探討500年來巴西政府對印第安人以及對非洲系人的民族同化政策。首先，殖民政府以利用印第安人勞力為目的，試圖使印第安人融入主體社會中，但最後印第安人受到保護區的隔離；其次，為了解決非洲系人的差異問題，且受到社會達爾文主義的影響，巴西在1890年開始採取以混種為目標的白化政策，卻在1970年代受到國內外輿論的壓力而被迫放棄白化政策。

本論文運用各種歷史文獻來探討巴西印第安人和巴西非洲人的民族同化過
程，分析政府在不同時期的同化政策有什麼轉變，並且解釋民族同化政策的結果為什麼走向失敗，最後演變為多元化的局面。

為了呈現巴西民族同化政策的全貌，將政策區分為三個階段來分析。第一階段，從殖民開始到巴西獨立為止（1500～1822），是政府對印第安人納為臣民的奠基期；第二階段，從巴西帝國時期到巴西成立共和國前夕（1823～1889），是印第安人受到監護對待的時期；第三階段，自建立共和國並採取白化政策起，到放棄白化政策為止（1890～1970），是非洲系人受到強制同化的時期。

本研究發現，16世紀以來政府對印第安人的同化政策，以及1890年以後政府對非洲系人的同化政策，都趨向失敗，歸納有以下三個因素：（1）非洲系人與歐洲系人的人口數量有懸殊差異；（2）印第安人及非洲系人兩者，並未與做為主體民族的歐洲系人混居，且印第安人在20世紀因政府實施保留地政策而免於被同化；（3）相較於南美其他國家，巴西政府對非洲系人的民族同化政策起步緩慢。這些因素進而促使巴西走向多元化。
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四 報告書
CIMI (Indian missionary council－N.G.O)
2003
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____.Indios do Brasil. http://paginas.terra.com.br/arte/mundoantigo/indios（Download in 2006.01.13）
____.Kraho. http:// www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/kraho/aspectos.shtm
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____.Movimento Indígena. http://www.cimi.org.br/movimento.htm（Download in 2006.01.13）
____.Os indígenas-Habitantes primitivos do Brasil. http://www.filomenamatarazzo.com. br/indios_orige m.htm
____.Origens dos Amerindios. http://www.geocities.com/igorfb/indios/11.htm（Download in 2003）
____.Pantanal Povos Indígenas. http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/1820/indios.htm（Download in 2006.01.13）
____.Paumari. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/paumari/ativ.shtm（Download in 2003）
____.Povos Indigenas. http://www.geocities.com/indiosbrasil/povos_indigenas.htm.
____.Poloneses no Brasil. http://www.polonia.org.br/expo/conteudo2.htm（Download in 2003）
____.Satere. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/satere/subsist.shtm（Download in 2003）
____.SociedadeIndigena. http://www.presidencia.gov.br/publi_04/Colecao/Indiop.htm（Download in 2006.01.13）
____Surui. http://www.socioambien tal.org/website/pib/epi/surui/aspe ctos.shtm（Download in 2003）
____Suya. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/suya/loc.shtm（Download in 2006.01.13）
____.Tapeba. http://ww w.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/tapeba/situa.shtm（Download in 2003）
____.Tenharim. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/tenharim/atual.shtm.（Download in 2006.01.13）
____.Encarta Africana. http://www.africana.com/research/encarta/tt_1034.asp（Download in 2004.09.28）
____.Historia. http://www.pablodesant.hpg.ig.com.br/universidades/histF3ria20conteudo.ht m#1（Download in 2004.03.25）
____.História da população brasileira. http://geocities.yahoo.com.br/ vinicrashbr/historia/brasil/historiadapopulaçãobrasileira. htm（Download in 2005.03.03）
____.O Negro na America. http://www.ccerqueira.hpg.ig.com.br/Populacao_Negra.htm（Download in 2005.03.06）
____.Os Índios e a Alfabetizacao－aspectos da educação escolar entre os Guaranide Ribeirão Silveira. http://www.fflch.usp.br/dlcv/lport/WFNetto06_EducInd06.pdf（Download in 2005.03.08）
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Silva, Severino Vicente da. Uma Introdução a Questão dos Direitos das Popula ções Indίgena－Resenha. http://www.biblio.ufpe.br/libvirt/revistas/ethnos/severino.htm（Download in 2004.05）
六 電子文獻
____. Breve Recuento Historico Sobre las Legislaciones y los Indios. http://www.cdi.gob.mx/conadepi/iii/cletus/capitulo_3.pdf（Download in 2004.05.06）
____. O Lugar do Índio: Imagens no Seculo XIX. http://www.biblio.ufpe.br/libvirt/teses/historia/ ehs95-doc/ca p1.doc（Download in 2005.02.22）
Edusp: Seyferth, Giralda. Colonizacao, Imigracao e A Questao Racial no Brasil. http://www.usp.br/revista usp/n53/fgiraldatexto.html（Download in 2006.02.08）
López, Laura. Etnicidade e Cidadania. O Caso dos Negros em Buenos Aires. http://www.antropologia.com.br/arti/colab/vram2003/a13-llopez.pdf（Download in 2005.02.03）
西班牙文
一 專書
Vazques, German and Nelson Martinez Diaz
1990 Historia de America Latina. Madrid: Ediproy ectos.
二 論文
Garcia, Iliana Paris
2002 IdeologÌa y Proceso de Blanqueamiento Una Aproximación Construccionista a su Posible Influencia en la Identidad y la Auto imagen de Tres Mujeres Negras Venezolanas. Departamento de Publicaciones Universidad Central de Venezuela Cuidad Univeresitaria. Caracas Venezuela: Fondo Editorial de Humanidades y Educación.
三 網路資料
____.El Dominio Europeo Del Mundo: Colonialismo e Imperialismo. http://html.rincon delvago.com/domi nio-europeo-del-mundo_
colonialismo-e-imperialis mo.html（Download in 2005.03.05）
____.El Concepto de Raza Social en la America Hispana-paper. http://histogeo.ula gos.cl/apuntes/7.raza_so cial.doc（Download in 2003.11.29）
____.Evangelización del Brasil. http://members.tripod.com/~hispanidad/ hechos29.htm（Download in 2005.03.08）
____.El Primer Descubrimento De América. http://www.iagusp.usp.br/~jorge/saa/prime rarq.html（Download in 2003.06.08）
____.La poblacion negra en México. http://www.humanities-interactive.org/ newworld/afri ca/la_poblacion_ negra _en_mexi co.htm（Download in 2005.03.08）
____.Lucas Fernandez Precursor del Socialismo en el Río de la Plata. http://www.gale on.com/elortiba/losne gros.html（Download in 2005.03.06）
____.Miramar Prehistorica - Un Testimonio del Pasado Bonaerense. http://ar.geocitie s.com/miramarpre historica/divulga16.htm（Download in 2003.06.05）
____.¿Se originó el Hombre en América? http://webs.sinectis.com.ar/mcagliani/orige nam. htm（Download in 2003）
____.America Latina Siglo19
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Gomes, Miriam Victoria.
La Presencia Negroafricana en la Argentina Pasado y Permanencia. http://www.bcnbib. gov.ar/bibliopress/bibliopress9-2.htm（Download in 2005.03.06）
四 電子文獻
____. Discriminación étnico-racial y xenofobia en América Latina y el Caribe. http://www.eclac.cl/ publicacio nes/DesarrolloSocial/6/LCL1546PE/lcl1546e_.pdf（Download in 2005.03.05）
____. El Derecho de los Pueblos Indígenas a la Tierra y al Territorio en Amé rica Latina: Antecedentes _____Históricos y Tendencias Actuales. http://www.oas.org/（Download in 2003.11.29）
____. Las Grandes Epidemias en la America Colonial. http://www.uco.es/organiza/ servicios/publica/az/articu los/2001/192/pdf/09cordero.pdf（Download in 2004.12.30）
____. Negros en Argentina : integración e identidad. http://www.univ-brest.fr/amnis/documents/ Yao2002.pdf（Download in 2005.02.03）
____. Presentacion Ante el Comite Para la Eliminacion de la Discriminacion Racial. http://www.cels.org.ar /site_cels/documentos/falternativos/alternativos_pdf/ 5.f. 4. pdf（Download in 2005.02.03）
____. Ubicacion y Situacion Legal de Asentamientos Indigenas http://www.cdi.gob.mx/conadepi /iii/cletus/bra sil.pdf（Download in 2005.02.17）
____. Condiciones Historicas Sociales Que Regulan el Acceso a la Tierra en el Espacio Agrario de Brasil. Scripta Nova.Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Cienci as Sociales. U niversidad de Barcelona (ISSN 1138-9788) Nº 6, 1 de agosto de 1997. http://www.ub.es/ge ocrit/sn-6.htm（Download in 2004.03）
La Demografia en Brasil. Asig. Historia de América Portuguesa. http://pdf.rincondelvago.com/brasil_1.html（Download in 2005.02.18）
Martha Ojeda.Introducción a Nicomedes Santa Cruz:Ecos de África en Perú. http://www.andes.mis souri.edu/andes/comentario/MO_Nicomedes.html（Download in 2005.01.25）
Pombo, María Dolores París.Estudios sobre el racismo en América Latina. http://polcul.xoc.uam.mx/~polcul/pyc17/12-paris.pdf（Download in 2005.03.09）
Yao, Jean Arsène. Negros en Argentina : integración e identidad. http://www.univ-
brest.fr/ amnis/documents/Ya o2002.pdf/p.12（Download in 2005.03.06）
法文
網路資料
____.Amérindiens. http://fr.encyclopedia.yahoo.com/articles/ni/ni_529_p0.html#ni_529.69（Download in 2004.03）
____.La Culture des Peuples Indiens. http://www.mre.gov.br/ndsg/textos/cultin-f.htm（Download in 2004.03）
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
民族研究所
90259020
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0902590201
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林修澈zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 守般若zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 守般若zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-九月-2009 10:40:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-九月-2009 10:40:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-九月-2009 10:40:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0902590201en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34592-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 民族研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90259020zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文探討500年來巴西政府對印第安人以及對非洲系人的民族同化政策。首先，殖民政府以利用印第安人勞力為目的，試圖使印第安人融入主體社會中，但最後印第安人受到保護區的隔離；其次，為了解決非洲系人的差異問題，且受到社會達爾文主義的影響，巴西在1890年開始採取以混種為目標的白化政策，卻在1970年代受到國內外輿論的壓力而被迫放棄白化政策。

本論文運用各種歷史文獻來探討巴西印第安人和巴西非洲人的民族同化過
程，分析政府在不同時期的同化政策有什麼轉變，並且解釋民族同化政策的結果為什麼走向失敗，最後演變為多元化的局面。

為了呈現巴西民族同化政策的全貌，將政策區分為三個階段來分析。第一階段，從殖民開始到巴西獨立為止（1500～1822），是政府對印第安人納為臣民的奠基期；第二階段，從巴西帝國時期到巴西成立共和國前夕（1823～1889），是印第安人受到監護對待的時期；第三階段，自建立共和國並採取白化政策起，到放棄白化政策為止（1890～1970），是非洲系人受到強制同化的時期。

本研究發現，16世紀以來政府對印第安人的同化政策，以及1890年以後政府對非洲系人的同化政策，都趨向失敗，歸納有以下三個因素：（1）非洲系人與歐洲系人的人口數量有懸殊差異；（2）印第安人及非洲系人兩者，並未與做為主體民族的歐洲系人混居，且印第安人在20世紀因政府實施保留地政策而免於被同化；（3）相較於南美其他國家，巴西政府對非洲系人的民族同化政策起步緩慢。這些因素進而促使巴西走向多元化。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 緒 論 01
第 一 節 研究目的與設計 01
第 二 節 巴西的民族構成 07
第 三 節 鄰近三國的案例 22
第一章 同化政策的歷史背景 36
第 一 節 思潮對政策的推動 36
第 二 節 學者對政策的影響 42
第二章 同化政策於不同階段 56
第 一 節 奠基期間的政策 (1530～1822) 56
第 二 節 興盛期間的政策 (1822～1889) 71
第 三 節 轉化期間的政策 (1890～1970) 82
第三章 同化政策的敗因 106
第 一 節 人口數量差異懸殊 106
第 二 節 民族分布的區隔 112
第 三 節 同化政策起步慢 116
結 論 122
參考文獻 125
附 錄
附錄1 印第安語言狀況與地理分布 142
附錄2 巴西的印第安人口（依照各州） 143
附錄2 巴西印第安人的分布（依照各區） 144
附錄3 巴西印第安人220民族（etnia） 145
附錄4 巴西印第安人政策大事記 161
附錄5 巴西非洲系人政策大事記 165
附錄6 巴西印第安人的社團組織 166
附錄7 非洲系巴西人（Afro-Brasileiro）的社團組織 177
附錄8 基隆坡（quilombo）的遺跡 179
附錄9 巴西憲法民族條款 180
附錄10 巴西日本人分布地區 181
表0-1 同化政策方向模式 03
表0-2 巴西的民族構成 07
表0-3 部落與都市的印第安人口（CIMI）2003 10
表0-4 印第安語言使用百分比 10
表0-5 巴西印第安人的地理分布（依照百分比） 10
表0-6 巴西的印第安人情況 11
表0-7 巴西非洲人的民族分類 12
表0-8 1558年的非洲人人口 12
表0-9 1755年非洲人人口的分布 13
表0-10 巴西奴隸貿易（奴隸輸入的人數，1831～1855） 14
表0-11 巴西所輸入的黑奴 15
表0-12 非洲人的身分認定 16
表0-13 巴西的日本人後裔人口依照性別及地區（1987～1988） 18
表0–14 巴西的歐洲系移民 (依照國家)（1872～1974） 20
表0-15 各州的民族人口與分布 21
表0-16 印第安人人口下降 22
表0-17 1570年墨西哥的城市人口 25
表0–18 墨西哥的非洲人與印第安人口 26
表0-19 墨西哥人口依照種族 27
表0-20 智利的民族構成 1540～1813 30
表 0-21 黑種人人口普查依照百分比－1778年 31
表 0-22 布宜諾斯艾利斯(Buenos Aires)的人口普查資料 32
表 0-23 巴西、墨西哥、秘魯、智利及阿根廷各國的總人口 - 依照種族 35
表 2-1 同化政策的三階段 56
表 2-2 巴西經濟發展 66
表 2-3 對印第安人與非洲人同化政策 I 71
表 2-4 各地區之間的奴隸貿易於里約所引進的黑奴（1852～1862) 79
表 2-5 黑奴制度的廢(1850～1888) 80
表 2-6 對印第安人與非洲人同化政策 II 81
表 2-7 巴西人口的民族構成 (照膚色)％ 87
表 2-8 十九世紀期間所運送到巴西的華人(苦力)人數估計 97
表 2-9 對印第安人與非洲人同化政策 III 105
表3-1 美洲所引進黑奴－1451～1870年（Thousands） 106
表3-2 美洲非洲系人口－ 依照國 107
表3-3 墨西哥的非洲人輸入階段 108
表 3-4 人口變化 110
表 3-5 黑奴人口的地理分佈，依照比例與巴西的某些地區－1823～1887
115
表 3-6 對印第安人與非洲人同化政策 IV 116
表 3-7 巴西的民族同化政策 117
表 3-9 巴西人口依照地理分佈與膚色 119
表 3-10 巴西人口數依照地理分佈與膚色百分比－1950年 (＊) 119
表 3-11 人口數依照膚色 120

圖目次
圖0-1 作用力與反作用力模式 03
圖0-2 巴西印第安諸語言的系譜分類 08
圖0-3 美洲奴隸貿易路線 16
圖0-4 各民族人口的分布（1884～1954） 21
圖0-5 巴西黑奴分佈 66
圖3-6 墨西印第安人口下降 108
圖3-7 巴西印第安人口突然下跌與復原清況（1500-2003 111
圖3-8 鄰近諸國政策 117		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0902590201en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 印第安人zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非洲系人zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民族同化政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 混種zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 白化政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 保護區政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多元化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Indiosen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Afrosen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Política Étnica Assimilacionistaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Miscigenaçãoen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Política de Branqueamentoen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Política Protecionistaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) multiculturalismoen_US
dc.title (題名) 巴西的民族同化政策zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Politica Etnica Assimilacionista do Brasilen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.A Politica "Indigenista”. http://xavantes.com.sapo.pt/x2.htm（Download in 2005.03.07）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.A Chegada do Homem na América. http://samjack.virtualave.net/ trab/homemamerica.htm（Download in 2003）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Arapaso－Especializações e TrocasIntercomunitárias. http://www.socioambiental.org /pib/epi/nwam/nwam.shtm（Download in 2006.01.13）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) _____.Catequese. http://www.bangue.com.br/n11b.htm（Download in 2003）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Chiquitano. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/chiquitano/chiquitano.shtm（Download in 2006.01.13）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Encarta Africana. http://www.africana.com/research/encarta/tt_1034.asp（Download in 2004.09.28）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____Estatisticas Gerais: Imigrantes e Descententes. http://www.memorialdoimigrante.Sp.gov.br/estatest/Estati 07.html（Download in 2004.07.17）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Guaja. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/guaja /situation.shtm（Download in 2003）zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Indios do Brasil. http://paginas.terra.com.br/arte/mundoantigo/indios（Download in 2006.01.13）zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Movimento Indígena. http://www.cimi.org.br/movimento.htm（Download in 2006.01.13）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Os indígenas-Habitantes primitivos do Brasil. http://www.filomenamatarazzo.com. br/indios_orige m.htmzh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Pantanal Povos Indígenas. http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/1820/indios.htm（Download in 2006.01.13）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Paumari. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/paumari/ativ.shtm（Download in 2003）zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Povos Indigenas. http://www.geocities.com/indiosbrasil/povos_indigenas.htm.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guimarães, Antonio Sérgio Alfredo. Manoel Querino e a Formação do “Pensa mento Negro” no Brasil, entre 1890 e 1920. http://www.fflch.usp.br/sociologia/pdf（Download in 2006.02.15）zh_TW
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