學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 巴西的民族同化政策
Politica Etnica Assimilacionista do Brasil
作者 守般若
貢獻者 林修澈
守般若
關鍵詞 印第安人
非洲系人
民族同化政策
混種
白化政策
保護區政策
多元化
Indios
Afros
Política Étnica Assimilacionista
Miscigenação
Política de Branqueamento
Política Protecionista
multiculturalismo
日期 2005
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 10:40:48 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文探討500年來巴西政府對印第安人以及對非洲系人的民族同化政策。首先,殖民政府以利用印第安人勞力為目的,試圖使印第安人融入主體社會中,但最後印第安人受到保護區的隔離;其次,為了解決非洲系人的差異問題,且受到社會達爾文主義的影響,巴西在1890年開始採取以混種為目標的白化政策,卻在1970年代受到國內外輿論的壓力而被迫放棄白化政策。

本論文運用各種歷史文獻來探討巴西印第安人和巴西非洲人的民族同化過
程,分析政府在不同時期的同化政策有什麼轉變,並且解釋民族同化政策的結果為什麼走向失敗,最後演變為多元化的局面。

為了呈現巴西民族同化政策的全貌,將政策區分為三個階段來分析。第一階段,從殖民開始到巴西獨立為止(1500~1822),是政府對印第安人納為臣民的奠基期;第二階段,從巴西帝國時期到巴西成立共和國前夕(1823~1889),是印第安人受到監護對待的時期;第三階段,自建立共和國並採取白化政策起,到放棄白化政策為止(1890~1970),是非洲系人受到強制同化的時期。

本研究發現,16世紀以來政府對印第安人的同化政策,以及1890年以後政府對非洲系人的同化政策,都趨向失敗,歸納有以下三個因素:(1)非洲系人與歐洲系人的人口數量有懸殊差異;(2)印第安人及非洲系人兩者,並未與做為主體民族的歐洲系人混居,且印第安人在20世紀因政府實施保留地政策而免於被同化;(3)相較於南美其他國家,巴西政府對非洲系人的民族同化政策起步緩慢。這些因素進而促使巴西走向多元化。
參考文獻 中文
一 專書
Fontette, François de(著),王若璧(譯)
1990《種族歧視》台北:遠流出版公司。
Mcevedy, Colin and Richard Johns
1985《世界人口歷史圖集》England:Penguin Books。
Shillington, Kelvin(著),蔡百銓(譯)
1995《非洲通史》台北:國立編譯館。
王雲五(總編輯)
1971《雲五社會科學大辭典—歷史學》台北:台灣商務印書館。
吳主惠
1958《民族社會學》東京:東洋大學出版部。
邢鑑生
1969《移民巴西研究》台北:實踐出版社。
郝名瑋、徐世澄、汝信(主編)
1999《拉丁美洲文明》北京:中國社會科學出版社。
郝時遠、趙錦元(主編)
1995《世界民族與文化—美洲大洋洲篇》北京:中央民族大學出版社。
張家哲
1999《精粹世界史—拉丁美洲:從印第安文明到現代化》北京:中國青年出版社。
戴佩麗(編)
1993《世界民族概論》北京:中央民族學院出版社。
簡漢生
1991《巴西華僑概況》台北:正中書局。
二 論文
杜慶海
1975《巴西華僑社會之研究》台北:中國文化大學民族與華僑研究所(碩士論文)。
英文
一 專書
Bakewell, Peter.
1997 A History of Latin America:c. 1450 to the Presen t.USA: Blackwell Publishing.
Baroni, David
2000 The Abolition of Slavery in Brazil:The “Liberaton” of Africans Through the Emancipation of Capital. London:Greenwood Press.
Black, Jan Knippers
1984 Latin America, Its Problems And Its Promise - A Multidisciplinary Introduction. London: Westview Press.
Bethell, Leslie
1989 Brazil - Empire and Republic 1822-1930.New York: Cambridge University Press.
Blanchard, Peter
1949 Slavery and Abolition in Early Republican Peru. Wilmington, Delaware.
Borah, Woodrow
1994 Race and Class in Mexico in Dominguez, Jorge I. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. New York: Garland Pub.
Borrie, W. D.
1959 The Cultural Integration of Immigrants : a survey based upon the papers and proceedings of the Unesco Conference held in Havanna, April 1956. Paris: UNESCO.
Boxer, C.R.
1969 The Golden Age of Brazil--1695~1750. USA: Univer sity of California Press.
Bowser, Frederick P.
1974 The African slave in Colonial Peru, 1524-1650. Stanford, Calif, Stanford University Press.
Burkholder, Mark A. and Lyman L. Johnson
1990 Colonial Latin America. New York: Oxford Univer sity Press.
Burns, E. Bradford
1980 A History of Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press.
Burns, Edward Mcnall, Philip Lee Rallph, Robert E. Lerner, Standish Meacham
1986 World Civilizations- Their History and Their Cul ture. New York. London W.W. Norton & Company.
Cadena, Marisol de la
2000 Indigenous Mestizos: the politics of race and cul ture in Cuzco, Peru, 1919-1991. Durham: Duke University Pre ss.
Carvalho, Jose Jorge de
1999 The Multiplicity of Black Identities in Brazilian Popular Music - in Crook, Larry and Randal Johnson. Black Brazil: Culture, Identity and Social Mobilization. Los An geles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications University of California.
Calogeras João Pandiá
1959 A History of Brazil. Translated by Percy Alvez Martin. USA: The University Carolina Press, 1959 Conrad, Robert Edgar
1972 The Destruction of Brazilian Slavery 1850-1888. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Crook, Larry and Randal Johnson
1999 Black Brazil: Culture, identity, and social mobile zation. USA: University of California.
Davis, Darien J.
1995 Slavery and Beyond:The African Impact on Latin America and the Caribbean. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc.
2000 Afro-Brazilans: Time For Recognition. Translated by Felipe Lindoso, Sao Paulo: Selo Negro, 2000.
Davis, Harold Eugene
1972 Latin American Thought-A Historical Introduction. USA:Louisiana State University Press, p.105.
Davis, Shelton H.
1978 Victims of the Miracle. Translated by Jorge Alexandre Faure Pontual Rio de Janeiro: Zahar Editores.
Degler, Carl N.
1971 Neither Black nor white : slavery and race relati ons in Brazil and the United States. New York: Macmillan.
Diggs, Ellen Irene, 1906
1983 Black Chronology: from 4000 B.C. to the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Boston, Mass: G.K. Hall.
Dominguez, Jorge I.
1994 Race and ethnicity in Latin America. New York: Gar land Pub.
Edward Mcnall Burns, Philip Lee Rallph, Robert E. Lerner, Standish Meacham
1986 World Civilizations-Their History and Their Culture. New York. London W. W. Norton &Company.
Eltis, David and James Walvin
1981 The Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade - Ori gins and Effects in Europe, Africa and Americas. London: The University of Wiscon sin Press.
Fausto, Boris
1999 A Concise History of Brazil. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Forbes, Jack D.
1988 Blacks Africans and Native Americans-Color, Race and Caste in the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples. Oxford: Ba sil Blackwell.
Grahan, Richard
1999 The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870~1940. Aus tin: University of Texas.
Gratus, Jack
1973 The Great White Lie : Slavery, Emancipation, and Changing Racial Attitudes. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Gruzinski, Serg.
1993 Colonisation de l`imaginaire. The Conquest of Mexico : the in corporation of Indian societies into the Western world, 16th~18th centuries. Translated by Eileen Corrigan Cambridge, UK: Polity Press; Oxford, UK; Cambridge, MA, USA: distributed by Black well Publishers.
Guibernau, Monteserrat and John Rex
1997 The Ethnicity reader: Nationalism, Multicultura lism, and Migration. Cambridge, U.K. : Polity Press; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers.
Harris, Joseph E
1971 The African Presence in Asia. Evaston: Northwestern University Press.
Hillman, Richard S.
1997 Understanding Contemporary Latin America. USA: Ly nne Rienner Publishers.
Himelblau, Jack J
1994 The Indian in Spanish America : Centuries of Remo val, Survival, and Integration : a Critical Anthology. Calif: Labyrinthos, pp.22/437.
Klein, Herbert S.
1986 African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986 Knight, Alan.
2002 Mexico: The Colonial Era. Cambridge, UK; New York, N.Y.; USA: Cambridge University Press.
Kubler, George
1952 The Indian Caste of Peru, 1795~1940 - A Populati on Study Based Upon Tax Records And Census Reports. Washington: USA Government Printing Office.
Lesser, Jeffrey
1999 Negotiating National Identity. Immigrants, Minorities, and Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil. Translation: Patricia de Queiroz Carvalho Zimbre. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.
McAlister, Lyle N.
1984 Spain and Portugal in the New World: 1492~1700. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press.
Marger, Martin N.
1985 Race and Ethnic Relations - American and Global Perspectives. California: Belmont.
Marx, Anthony W.
1998 Making Race and Nation : a comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Merrick, Thomas William
1979 Population and Economic Development in Brazil, 1800 to the Present. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ng, Bickleen Fong
1959 The Chinese in New Zealand-A Study in Assimilation. Hong Kong University Press, Oxford University Press.
Palmer, Colin A.
1981 Human Cargoes: The British Slave Trade to Spanish America, 1700~1739. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Park, Robert E.
1921 Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago: The Univ. of Chicago Press.
Parry, J. H.
1961 The Establishment of the European Hegemony 1415~ 1715: Trade and Exploration in the Age of the Renaissance. New York: Harper & Row, p.177.
Pike, Frederick B.
1967 The Modern History of Peru. N.Y.: Frederick A. Praeger.
Poppino, Rollie E.
1968 Brazil: the land and people. New York: Oxford University Press.
Postma, Johannes Mennes
1990 The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade 1600~1815. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.
Rex, John.
1996 Ethnic Minorities in the Modern Nonstate : working papers in the theory of multiculturalism and political inte egration. Basingstoke, Hampshire (England): by MacMillan Pr ess; New York: St. Martin`s Press.
Rippy, J. Fred.
1968 Latin America- A Modern History .N.Y.: The University of Michigan Press.
Shapiro, Harry Lionel (1902)
1953 Race mixture. Paris: UNESCO.
Skidmore, Thomas E.
1999 Brazil: five centuries of change. New York: Oxford University Press.
Skidmore, Thomas E.
1974 Black into White:Race and Nationality in Brazi lian Thought. Translated by Raul de Sá Barbosa.Rio de Janeiro: Paze Terra.
Skidmore, Thomas E. and Peter H. Smith
1992 Modern Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Spitzer, Leo.
1989 Lives in Between :Assimilation and Marginality in Austria, Brazil, West Africa, 1780~1945. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Schneider, Ronald M.
1996 Brazil: Culture and Politic in a New Industrial Powerhouse. USA: West view Press.
Smith, T. Lynn.
1946 Brazil: People and Institutions. Louisiana State University Press.
Stein, Stanley J. and Barbara H. Stein
1970 The Colonial Heritage of Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Toplin, Robert Brent
1974 Slavery and Race Relation in Latin America. London: Green wood Press.
Treece, Dave
2000 Exiles, Allies, Rebels: Brazil`s Indianist Move ment, Indigenist Politics and the Imperial Nation-State. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Wade, Peter
1997 Race and ethnicity in Latin America. London: Chica go, Ill.: Pluto Press.
Wilbert, Johannes
1994 Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume VII South America. Boston: Massachusetts.
Wilgus, Curtis and Raul d’Eça
1963 Latin American History. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc.
Williamson, Robert C.
1997 Latin American Societies in Transition. London: Westport, Connecticut.
Willet, Cynthia
1998 Theorizing Multiculturalism: A Guide to the Current Debate. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers.
二 網路資料
____. “Common Features of Colonialism” http://www.tibet.com/Humanrights/Unpo/chap5.html(Download in 2005.03.06)
____“Modalidad: Humanidadesy Cs. Sociales.” http://pdf.rincondelvago.com/misiones-jesuiticas.html(Download in 2005.02.22)
____. “The Triumph of Neo Colonialism.” http://www.Smithsonianeducation.org/migrations /legacy /almleg.html(Download in 2005.01.18)
____.”The Population of African Descent in Latin America.” http://darkwing.uoregon.Edu /~caguirre/210_16.html(Download in 2005.02.18)
Barickman, B.J. “Tame Indians, "wild heathens," and settlers in southern Bahia in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.” http://www.galindo.demon.nl/ethnos3/barickman.html(Download in 2005.03.06)
David Cleary. Race, “Nationalism and Social Theory in Brazil: rethinking Gilber to Freyre.” http://www.Transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working20papers/cleary.pdf/p.6(Download in 2005.03.09)
Fülöpp, Tomáš J. “Latin America and the Concept of Social Race.” http://www.vacilando. net/writing/index.phpgolacsr(Download in 2005.02.20)
Simms, Ellen. “Miscegenagtion and Racism: The Afro-Mexican in Colonial Mexico” http://www.theblacklist.net/ Afro-Mexicans.htm(Download in 2005.02.04)
Palmer, Colin A. “A Legacy of Slavery-Africa`s Legacy in Mexico.” http://www.smithso nianeducation.org/migrations/legacy/almleg.html(Download in 2005.01.18)
Cruz, Shamil. “African Americans in the Caribbean and Latin America.” http://www.saxakali. Com/carib bean/shamil.htm(Download in 2004.08.26)
Triner, Gail D. “Race, With or Without Color? Reconciling Brazilian Historiography.” http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/X_1/triner.html(Download in 2006.02.15)
Wilhelm, Michael. “Slavery in the 16th Century” http://honors.org/AHR/AHR04/wilhelm.html(Download in 2005.03.06)
三 電子文獻
____.Brazil • South Africa • The United States-Beyond Racism: Embracing an In terdependent Future. http://www.beyondracism.org/Three20Nations/Three Nation s1-32.pdf(Download in 2005.02.17)
____.The history of Anti-Slavery International http://www.antislavery.org/homepagean tislavery/history.pdf(Download in 2005.02.12)
____. Resistance: African Resistance to Slavery. http://learnet.palmbeach.k12.fl.us/Afri can American/document s/Unit2.pdf(Download in 2005.01.25)
Cleary, David. Race, Nationalism and Social Theory in Brazil: rethinking Gilber to Freyre. http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working20papers/cleary.pdf(Download in 2006.02.15)
Collier, Simon and William F. Sater. A History of Chile, 1808-2002. http://assets.cambrid ge.org/ 0521 53/4844/ex cerpt/0521534844_ excerpt.pdf(Download in 2005.02.20)
Correa, Karla. Slavery: Was it beneficial to the economy of Latin America? http://www. columbia.edu/~a d245/ Correak.pdf(Download in 2005.01.25)
Cyntha M.A.R: Michel Agier. Racism Culture and Black Identity in Brazil , Bulletin of Latin American Research : 14 , September 1995. http://coursenligne.sciences-po.fr(Download in 2003.11.13)
Gudmundson, Lowell. Slavery and Aboliton. A Journal of Comparative Studies Vol. 5: No. 1-May 1984 _____Black into White in Nineteenth Century Spanish America: Afro-American Assimilation in Argentina and Costa Rica. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/latam/Slavery -Aboliton.html(Download in 2005.02.12)
Hakomagazine. http://www.hakomagazine.net/summary/hako21.pdf,p.52(Download in 2004.03.29)
Heckscher, Zahara .Long Before Seattle: Historical Antecedents to the Current Global Justice Movement an d Lessons for Increasing Movement Effectiveness-Trans national Resistance to Economic Globalization. http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/ad vocacy/protest/general/2003/0625history.pdf(Download in 2005.02.03)
Kellog, Susan. Depicting Mestizaje: Gendered Images of Ethnorace in Colonial Mexican Texts. http://www.majbill.vt.edu/history/arnold/GradFall04/W4.3Kellogg.pdf(Download in 2004.05.05)
Lipski, John M. Afro-Asian and Afro-indigenous Linguistic Contacts in Spanish America. http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/afroasia.pdf(Download in 2005.01.26)
Richmond, Douglas.The Legacy of African Slavery in Colonial Mexico, 1519~1810-http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.0022-3840.2001.00001.x/pdf(Download in 2005.01.20)
Schwartz, Stuart B. Blacks and Indians: Common Cause and Confrontation in Colonial Brazil. http://www.Yale.edu/glc/maroon/schwartz.pdf(Download in 2005.02.20)
Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. Not Black, not White: just the opposite. Culture, Race and National Identity in Brazil. http://www.brazil.ox.ac.uk/workingpa pers/Schwarcz47.pd f/pp.11-12
Taylor, Quintard. The African American Experience: A History of Black Americans from 1619 to 1890. http://www.people.memphis.edu/~ggholson/unitus/tut/AFRO-1.PDF(Download in 2005.02.08)
四 工具書
Bolaffi, Guido, Raffaele Bracalenti, Peter Brahm and Sandro Gindo
2003 Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity and Culture. London: Sage Publications.
巴西葡文
一 專書
Carneiro J. Fernado
1950 Imigração e Colonização no Brasil. serie resumos:Rio de Janei ro, Brasil.
Castro, fernando Moreira de
1979 50 Anos da Imigração Japonesa na Amazônia. Para- Belém.
Cunha, Manuela Carneiro da
1985 Negros Estrangeiros-Os Escravos Libertos e Sua Volta a Africa.Sao Paulo: E ditora Brasiliense.
D’Adesky, Jacques
2001 Pluralismo Etnico e Multiculturalismos-Racismo e Anti-Racis mo no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas.
Del Roio, Jose Luiz
1990 Trabalhadores no Brasil-Imigração e industrialização. Translated by Ivan Esperança Rocha. São Paulo: Icone.
Freitas, Sonia Maria de and O. Antonio Rodrigues
2000 A Imigração Espanhola no Estado de São Paulo-serie resumos. São Paulo: Memorial do Imigrante.
Goulart, José Alpinio
1967 O Mascate no Brasil.Rio de Janeiro: Conquista.
Grupioni, Luis Donizete Benzi
1998 Indios no Brasil.São Paulo: Editora Global.
Hajar, Claude Fahd
1985 Imigração Arabe 100 Anos de Reflexão. São Paulo: ícone Edito ra.
Ianni, Octavio
1972 Raças e Classes Sociais no Brasil . Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Civilização Brasileira.
Izumi Seichi
1973 A Estrutura psicologica da Colonia Japonesa no Brasil, in Estudos Brasileiros- Assimilação e Integração dos Japoneses no Brasil.
Kawai Taeko
1980 Italianos e Sirios Libaneses: uma visão comparativa com os ja poneses, in Saito Hiroshi. A Presença Japonesa no Brasil. São Paulo: EDUS P.
Koyam Tsuguo
1980 Japoneses na Amazonia:alguns aspectos do processo de inte gração socio-cultural in Saito Hiroshi. A Presença Japonesa No Brasil. São Pa ulo: EDUSP, p.14.
Lambert, Jacques
1973 Os dois Brasis. São Paulo: companhia editora nacio nal.
Laytano, Dante de
1980 Japoneses no sul: Rio Grande e Santa Catarina in Saito Hiro shi. A Presença do Japonês no Brasil. São Paulo: EDUSP, p.53.
Leite, José Roberto Teixeira
1999 A China no Brasil-Influencias, Marcas, Ecos e Sobre vivencias Chinesas na So ciedade e Nas Artes Brasileiras. São Paulo: Edi tora da UNICAMP, p.111.
Maia, Mario Sinibaldi
1954 Movimento da Populaçã-Imigração e Emigração. R de.Ja neiro.: SGIBGE, p.06.
Maeyama Takashi
1973 Religião, Parentesco e as Classes Medias dos Japoneses no Brasil Urbano, in Estudos Brasileiros- Assimilação e integração dos Japoneses no Brasil.
Mellatti, Julio Cesar
1989 Indios do Brasil. São Paulo: Editora Hucitec.
Montserrat, Ruth Maria Fonini
1998 Línguas Indígenas no Brazil Contemporâneo in Indi os no Brasil. São Paulo: Global Editora.
Nogueira, Arlinda Rocha
1973 Considerações Gerais Sobre A Imigração Japonesa Pa ra O Estado de São Paulo Entre 1908 e 1922. São Paulo: Edi tora Vozes.
Paiva, Odair da Cruz
2001 Breve História da Hospedaria de Imigrantes e da I migra ção em São Paulo. São Pau lo: Memorial do Imigrante.
Prezia, Benedito, Eduardo Hoornaert
2000 Essa Terra Tinha Dono. São Paulo: Editora FTD S.A.
Ribeiro, Darcy
1970 Os índios e a Civilizção. São Paulo: Editora Vozes.
Rodrigues, Raimundo Nina
1935 Os Africanos no Brasil. São Paulo: Companhia Edito ra Nacio nal.
Saito Hiroshi
1973 Mobilidade e Assimilação dos Japoneses, in Estudos Brasileiros – As similação e Integração dos Japoneses no Brasil.
Saito Hiroshi and Maeyama Takashi
1980 Estudos Brasileiros: Assimilação e Integração dos Japoneses no Brazil (Petropolis: Editora Vozes; São Paulo: Universidade de Sã o Paulo,19 73),p.33 in Saito Hiroshi. A presença Japonesa no Brasil. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo.
Schaden, Egon
1980 Alemães e Japoneses: uma visão comparativa in Saito Hiroshi. A Presença Japonesa no Brasil. São Paulo: EDUSP.
Shindo, Tsugyo
Brasil e Japão.Translation Julia Hosoya Sasaki and Olivia Ozaki Makibara,São Paulo: Associa ção Cultural Recreativa do Brasil.
Silva, Antonio Carlos Arruda da
1996 Questões Legais e Racismo na História do Brasil in Munanga, Kabengele. Estratégias e Políticas de Combate a Discriminação Racial. Sã o Paulo: Edusp, pp. 122~127. Antonio C. A.Silva.
Viotti, Emilia
1997 Da Senzala a Colonia. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.
二 期刊
______.
1942 “Revista de Imigração e Colonização”, Ano III, no.1 April.
______.
1969 “O japones em São Paulo e no Brasil”, Relatorio da Sociedade Latino Ame ricana, Tokyo, Japan.
______.
1990 “Centro de Estudos Nipo Brasileiros”, São Paulo, October.
______.
1990 “Pesquisa da População de Descendente de Japoneses Residentes no Brasil-1987-1888”. São Paulo: Centro de Estudos Nipo-Brasileiros, October.
Elias, Maria Jose
1970 “Introdução ao Estudo da Imigração Chinesa”, in Anais do Museu Paulista-Tomo XXIV, São Paulo.
International Migration Review-Conrad, Robert
1975 “The Planter Class and the Debate Over Chinese Immigration to Brasil, 1850~1893”, Volume IX, no. 1, Spring.
Paula, Euripedes Simões de
1967 “Anais do I Coloquio Brasil-Japão”(26~27 de Julho)
Yang, Alexander(楊宗元)
1989 “Os Imigrantes Chineses no Brasil”, Leitura, São Paulo, Setember 08.
三 論文
Munanga, Kabengele
1997 Rediscutindo a Mestiçagem no Brasil—Identidade Nacional Versus Identida de Negra. São Paulo: São Paulo University.
四 報告書
CIMI (Indian missionary council-N.G.O)
2003
Socio Ambiental (socio-ambient-N.G.O)

五 網路資料
____.A Politica "Indigenista”. http://xavantes.com.sapo.pt/x2.htm(Download in 2005.03.07)
____.A Chegada do Homem na América. http://samjack.virtualave.net/ trab/homemamerica.htm(Download in 2003)
____.Arapaso-Especializações e TrocasIntercomunitárias. http://www.socioambiental.org /pib/epi/nwam/nwam.shtm(Download in 2006.01.13)
_____.Catequese. http://www.bangue.com.br/n11b.htm(Download in 2003)
____.Chiquitano. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/chiquitano/chiquitano.shtm(Download in 2006.01.13)
____.Encarta Africana. http://www.africana.com/research/encarta/tt_1034.asp(Download in 2004.09.28)
____Estatisticas Gerais: Imigrantes e Descententes. http://www.memorialdoimigrante.Sp.gov.br/estatest/Estati 07.html(Download in 2004.07.17)
____.Guaja. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/guaja /situation.shtm(Download in 2003)
____.Guajajar. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/guajajar/sitcomt.shtm(Download in 2003)
____.Indios do Brasil. http://paginas.terra.com.br/arte/mundoantigo/indios(Download in 2006.01.13)
____.Kraho. http:// www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/kraho/aspectos.shtm
____.Kwaza. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/kwaza/catual2.shtm(Download in 2003)
____.Manoki. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/manoki/econ.shtm(Download in 2006.01.13)
____.Movimento Indígena. http://www.cimi.org.br/movimento.htm(Download in 2006.01.13)
____.Os indígenas-Habitantes primitivos do Brasil. http://www.filomenamatarazzo.com. br/indios_orige m.htm
____.Origens dos Amerindios. http://www.geocities.com/igorfb/indios/11.htm(Download in 2003)
____.Pantanal Povos Indígenas. http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/1820/indios.htm(Download in 2006.01.13)
____.Paumari. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/paumari/ativ.shtm(Download in 2003)
____.Povos Indigenas. http://www.geocities.com/indiosbrasil/povos_indigenas.htm.
____.Poloneses no Brasil. http://www.polonia.org.br/expo/conteudo2.htm(Download in 2003)
____.Satere. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/satere/subsist.shtm(Download in 2003)
____.SociedadeIndigena. http://www.presidencia.gov.br/publi_04/Colecao/Indiop.htm(Download in 2006.01.13)
____Surui. http://www.socioambien tal.org/website/pib/epi/surui/aspe ctos.shtm(Download in 2003)
____Suya. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/suya/loc.shtm(Download in 2006.01.13)
____.Tapeba. http://ww w.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/tapeba/situa.shtm(Download in 2003)
____.Tenharim. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/tenharim/atual.shtm.(Download in 2006.01.13)
____.Encarta Africana. http://www.africana.com/research/encarta/tt_1034.asp(Download in 2004.09.28)
____.Historia. http://www.pablodesant.hpg.ig.com.br/universidades/histF3ria20conteudo.ht m#1(Download in 2004.03.25)
____.História da população brasileira. http://geocities.yahoo.com.br/ vinicrashbr/historia/brasil/historiadapopulaçãobrasileira. htm(Download in 2005.03.03)
____.O Negro na America. http://www.ccerqueira.hpg.ig.com.br/Populacao_Negra.htm(Download in 2005.03.06)
____.Os Índios e a Alfabetizacao-aspectos da educação escolar entre os Guaranide Ribeirão Silveira. http://www.fflch.usp.br/dlcv/lport/WFNetto06_EducInd06.pdf(Download in 2005.03.08)
Bittencourt, Libertad Borges. O Movimento Indígena Organizado na América Lati na –A luta para superar a exclusão. http://www.anphlac.hpg.ig.com.br/ ensaio b1 5.htm(Download in 2003)
Borges, Luiz C., A Lingua Geral e a Companhia de Jesus (Politca e Milenaris mo). http://ww w.fflch.usp.br/dl/Anpoll2/borgesnetoartigo_htm.htm(Download in 2005.03.06)
Guimarães, Antonio Sérgio Alfredo. Manoel Querino e a Formação do “Pensa mento Negro” no Brasil, entre 1890 e 1920. http://www.fflch.usp.br/sociologia/pdf(Download in 2006.02.15)
Iraburu, José María.
Evangelización del Brasil. http://members.tripod.com/~hispanidad/he chos29.htm(Download in 2004.03.30)
Lemos, Maria Alzira Brum. O Conceito de Raca no Brasil. http://www.triplov.com/alzira/ra cism/racism4.html(Download in 2005.03.09)
Silva, Severino Vicente da. Uma Introdução a Questão dos Direitos das Popula ções Indίgena-Resenha. http://www.biblio.ufpe.br/libvirt/revistas/ethnos/severino.htm(Download in 2004.05)
六 電子文獻
____. Breve Recuento Historico Sobre las Legislaciones y los Indios. http://www.cdi.gob.mx/conadepi/iii/cletus/capitulo_3.pdf(Download in 2004.05.06)
____. O Lugar do Índio: Imagens no Seculo XIX. http://www.biblio.ufpe.br/libvirt/teses/historia/ ehs95-doc/ca p1.doc(Download in 2005.02.22)
Edusp: Seyferth, Giralda. Colonizacao, Imigracao e A Questao Racial no Brasil. http://www.usp.br/revista usp/n53/fgiraldatexto.html(Download in 2006.02.08)
López, Laura. Etnicidade e Cidadania. O Caso dos Negros em Buenos Aires. http://www.antropologia.com.br/arti/colab/vram2003/a13-llopez.pdf(Download in 2005.02.03)
西班牙文
一 專書
Vazques, German and Nelson Martinez Diaz
1990 Historia de America Latina. Madrid: Ediproy ectos.
二 論文
Garcia, Iliana Paris
2002 IdeologÌa y Proceso de Blanqueamiento Una Aproximación Construccionista a su Posible Influencia en la Identidad y la Auto imagen de Tres Mujeres Negras Venezolanas. Departamento de Publicaciones Universidad Central de Venezuela Cuidad Univeresitaria. Caracas Venezuela: Fondo Editorial de Humanidades y Educación.
三 網路資料
____.El Dominio Europeo Del Mundo: Colonialismo e Imperialismo. http://html.rincon delvago.com/domi nio-europeo-del-mundo_
colonialismo-e-imperialis mo.html(Download in 2005.03.05)
____.El Concepto de Raza Social en la America Hispana-paper. http://histogeo.ula gos.cl/apuntes/7.raza_so cial.doc(Download in 2003.11.29)
____.Evangelización del Brasil. http://members.tripod.com/~hispanidad/ hechos29.htm(Download in 2005.03.08)
____.El Primer Descubrimento De América. http://www.iagusp.usp.br/~jorge/saa/prime rarq.html(Download in 2003.06.08)
____.La poblacion negra en México. http://www.humanities-interactive.org/ newworld/afri ca/la_poblacion_ negra _en_mexi co.htm(Download in 2005.03.08)
____.Lucas Fernandez Precursor del Socialismo en el Río de la Plata. http://www.gale on.com/elortiba/losne gros.html(Download in 2005.03.06)
____.Miramar Prehistorica - Un Testimonio del Pasado Bonaerense. http://ar.geocitie s.com/miramarpre historica/divulga16.htm(Download in 2003.06.05)
____.¿Se originó el Hombre en América? http://webs.sinectis.com.ar/mcagliani/orige nam. htm(Download in 2003)
____.America Latina Siglo19
http://html.rincondelvago.com/america-latina-en-el-siglo-xix. html(Download in 2005.03.06)
Gomes, Miriam Victoria.
La Presencia Negroafricana en la Argentina Pasado y Permanencia. http://www.bcnbib. gov.ar/bibliopress/bibliopress9-2.htm(Download in 2005.03.06)
四 電子文獻
____. Discriminación étnico-racial y xenofobia en América Latina y el Caribe. http://www.eclac.cl/ publicacio nes/DesarrolloSocial/6/LCL1546PE/lcl1546e_.pdf(Download in 2005.03.05)
____. El Derecho de los Pueblos Indígenas a la Tierra y al Territorio en Amé rica Latina: Antecedentes _____Históricos y Tendencias Actuales. http://www.oas.org/(Download in 2003.11.29)
____. Las Grandes Epidemias en la America Colonial. http://www.uco.es/organiza/ servicios/publica/az/articu los/2001/192/pdf/09cordero.pdf(Download in 2004.12.30)
____. Negros en Argentina : integración e identidad. http://www.univ-brest.fr/amnis/documents/ Yao2002.pdf(Download in 2005.02.03)
____. Presentacion Ante el Comite Para la Eliminacion de la Discriminacion Racial. http://www.cels.org.ar /site_cels/documentos/falternativos/alternativos_pdf/ 5.f. 4. pdf(Download in 2005.02.03)
____. Ubicacion y Situacion Legal de Asentamientos Indigenas http://www.cdi.gob.mx/conadepi /iii/cletus/bra sil.pdf(Download in 2005.02.17)
____. Condiciones Historicas Sociales Que Regulan el Acceso a la Tierra en el Espacio Agrario de Brasil. Scripta Nova.Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Cienci as Sociales. U niversidad de Barcelona (ISSN 1138-9788) Nº 6, 1 de agosto de 1997. http://www.ub.es/ge ocrit/sn-6.htm(Download in 2004.03)
La Demografia en Brasil. Asig. Historia de América Portuguesa. http://pdf.rincondelvago.com/brasil_1.html(Download in 2005.02.18)
Martha Ojeda.Introducción a Nicomedes Santa Cruz:Ecos de África en Perú. http://www.andes.mis souri.edu/andes/comentario/MO_Nicomedes.html(Download in 2005.01.25)
Pombo, María Dolores París.Estudios sobre el racismo en América Latina. http://polcul.xoc.uam.mx/~polcul/pyc17/12-paris.pdf(Download in 2005.03.09)
Yao, Jean Arsène. Negros en Argentina : integración e identidad. http://www.univ-
brest.fr/ amnis/documents/Ya o2002.pdf/p.12(Download in 2005.03.06)
法文
網路資料
____.Amérindiens. http://fr.encyclopedia.yahoo.com/articles/ni/ni_529_p0.html#ni_529.69(Download in 2004.03)
____.La Culture des Peuples Indiens. http://www.mre.gov.br/ndsg/textos/cultin-f.htm(Download in 2004.03)
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
民族研究所
90259020
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0902590201
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林修澈zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 守般若zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 守般若zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 10:40:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 10:40:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 10:40:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0902590201en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34592-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 民族研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90259020zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文探討500年來巴西政府對印第安人以及對非洲系人的民族同化政策。首先,殖民政府以利用印第安人勞力為目的,試圖使印第安人融入主體社會中,但最後印第安人受到保護區的隔離;其次,為了解決非洲系人的差異問題,且受到社會達爾文主義的影響,巴西在1890年開始採取以混種為目標的白化政策,卻在1970年代受到國內外輿論的壓力而被迫放棄白化政策。

本論文運用各種歷史文獻來探討巴西印第安人和巴西非洲人的民族同化過
程,分析政府在不同時期的同化政策有什麼轉變,並且解釋民族同化政策的結果為什麼走向失敗,最後演變為多元化的局面。

為了呈現巴西民族同化政策的全貌,將政策區分為三個階段來分析。第一階段,從殖民開始到巴西獨立為止(1500~1822),是政府對印第安人納為臣民的奠基期;第二階段,從巴西帝國時期到巴西成立共和國前夕(1823~1889),是印第安人受到監護對待的時期;第三階段,自建立共和國並採取白化政策起,到放棄白化政策為止(1890~1970),是非洲系人受到強制同化的時期。

本研究發現,16世紀以來政府對印第安人的同化政策,以及1890年以後政府對非洲系人的同化政策,都趨向失敗,歸納有以下三個因素:(1)非洲系人與歐洲系人的人口數量有懸殊差異;(2)印第安人及非洲系人兩者,並未與做為主體民族的歐洲系人混居,且印第安人在20世紀因政府實施保留地政策而免於被同化;(3)相較於南美其他國家,巴西政府對非洲系人的民族同化政策起步緩慢。這些因素進而促使巴西走向多元化。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 緒 論 01
第 一 節 研究目的與設計 01
第 二 節 巴西的民族構成 07
第 三 節 鄰近三國的案例 22
第一章 同化政策的歷史背景 36
第 一 節 思潮對政策的推動 36
第 二 節 學者對政策的影響 42
第二章 同化政策於不同階段 56
第 一 節 奠基期間的政策 (1530~1822) 56
第 二 節 興盛期間的政策 (1822~1889) 71
第 三 節 轉化期間的政策 (1890~1970) 82
第三章 同化政策的敗因 106
第 一 節 人口數量差異懸殊 106
第 二 節 民族分布的區隔 112
第 三 節 同化政策起步慢 116
結 論 122
參考文獻 125
附 錄
附錄1 印第安語言狀況與地理分布 142
附錄2 巴西的印第安人口(依照各州) 143
附錄2 巴西印第安人的分布(依照各區) 144
附錄3 巴西印第安人220民族(etnia) 145
附錄4 巴西印第安人政策大事記 161
附錄5 巴西非洲系人政策大事記 165
附錄6 巴西印第安人的社團組織 166
附錄7 非洲系巴西人(Afro-Brasileiro)的社團組織 177
附錄8 基隆坡(quilombo)的遺跡 179
附錄9 巴西憲法民族條款 180
附錄10 巴西日本人分布地區 181
表0-1 同化政策方向模式 03
表0-2 巴西的民族構成 07
表0-3 部落與都市的印第安人口(CIMI)2003 10
表0-4 印第安語言使用百分比 10
表0-5 巴西印第安人的地理分布(依照百分比) 10
表0-6 巴西的印第安人情況 11
表0-7 巴西非洲人的民族分類 12
表0-8 1558年的非洲人人口 12
表0-9 1755年非洲人人口的分布 13
表0-10 巴西奴隸貿易(奴隸輸入的人數,1831~1855) 14
表0-11 巴西所輸入的黑奴 15
表0-12 非洲人的身分認定 16
表0-13 巴西的日本人後裔人口依照性別及地區(1987~1988) 18
表0–14 巴西的歐洲系移民 (依照國家)(1872~1974) 20
表0-15 各州的民族人口與分布 21
表0-16 印第安人人口下降 22
表0-17 1570年墨西哥的城市人口 25
表0–18 墨西哥的非洲人與印第安人口 26
表0-19 墨西哥人口依照種族 27
表0-20 智利的民族構成 1540~1813 30
表 0-21 黑種人人口普查依照百分比-1778年 31
表 0-22 布宜諾斯艾利斯(Buenos Aires)的人口普查資料 32
表 0-23 巴西、墨西哥、秘魯、智利及阿根廷各國的總人口 - 依照種族 35
表 2-1 同化政策的三階段 56
表 2-2 巴西經濟發展 66
表 2-3 對印第安人與非洲人同化政策 I 71
表 2-4 各地區之間的奴隸貿易於里約所引進的黑奴(1852~1862) 79
表 2-5 黑奴制度的廢(1850~1888) 80
表 2-6 對印第安人與非洲人同化政策 II 81
表 2-7 巴西人口的民族構成 (照膚色)% 87
表 2-8 十九世紀期間所運送到巴西的華人(苦力)人數估計 97
表 2-9 對印第安人與非洲人同化政策 III 105
表3-1 美洲所引進黑奴-1451~1870年(Thousands) 106
表3-2 美洲非洲系人口- 依照國 107
表3-3 墨西哥的非洲人輸入階段 108
表 3-4 人口變化 110
表 3-5 黑奴人口的地理分佈,依照比例與巴西的某些地區-1823~1887
115
表 3-6 對印第安人與非洲人同化政策 IV 116
表 3-7 巴西的民族同化政策 117
表 3-9 巴西人口依照地理分佈與膚色 119
表 3-10 巴西人口數依照地理分佈與膚色百分比-1950年 (*) 119
表 3-11 人口數依照膚色 120

圖目次
圖0-1 作用力與反作用力模式 03
圖0-2 巴西印第安諸語言的系譜分類 08
圖0-3 美洲奴隸貿易路線 16
圖0-4 各民族人口的分布(1884~1954) 21
圖0-5 巴西黑奴分佈 66
圖3-6 墨西印第安人口下降 108
圖3-7 巴西印第安人口突然下跌與復原清況(1500-2003 111
圖3-8 鄰近諸國政策 117
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 108979 bytes-
dc.format.extent 173907 bytes-
dc.format.extent 304082 bytes-
dc.format.extent 215398 bytes-
dc.format.extent 1529650 bytes-
dc.format.extent 1049480 bytes-
dc.format.extent 1290612 bytes-
dc.format.extent 891425 bytes-
dc.format.extent 249104 bytes-
dc.format.extent 383581 bytes-
dc.format.extent 1357554 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0902590201en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 印第安人zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非洲系人zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民族同化政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 混種zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 白化政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 保護區政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多元化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Indiosen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Afrosen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Política Étnica Assimilacionistaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Miscigenaçãoen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Política de Branqueamentoen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Política Protecionistaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) multiculturalismoen_US
dc.title (題名) 巴西的民族同化政策zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Politica Etnica Assimilacionista do Brasilen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一 專書zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fontette, François de(著),王若璧(譯)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1990《種族歧視》台北:遠流出版公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mcevedy, Colin and Richard Johnszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1985《世界人口歷史圖集》England:Penguin Books。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shillington, Kelvin(著),蔡百銓(譯)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1995《非洲通史》台北:國立編譯館。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王雲五(總編輯)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1971《雲五社會科學大辭典—歷史學》台北:台灣商務印書館。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳主惠zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1958《民族社會學》東京:東洋大學出版部。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 邢鑑生zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1969《移民巴西研究》台北:實踐出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 郝名瑋、徐世澄、汝信(主編)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1999《拉丁美洲文明》北京:中國社會科學出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 郝時遠、趙錦元(主編)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1995《世界民族與文化—美洲大洋洲篇》北京:中央民族大學出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張家哲zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1999《精粹世界史—拉丁美洲:從印第安文明到現代化》北京:中國青年出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 戴佩麗(編)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1993《世界民族概論》北京:中央民族學院出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 簡漢生zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1991《巴西華僑概況》台北:正中書局。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二 論文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 杜慶海zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1975《巴西華僑社會之研究》台北:中國文化大學民族與華僑研究所(碩士論文)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 英文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一 專書zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bakewell, Peter.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1997 A History of Latin America:c. 1450 to the Presen t.USA: Blackwell Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baroni, Davidzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2000 The Abolition of Slavery in Brazil:The “Liberaton” of Africans Through the Emancipation of Capital. London:Greenwood Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Black, Jan Knipperszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1984 Latin America, Its Problems And Its Promise - A Multidisciplinary Introduction. London: Westview Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bethell, Lesliezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1989 Brazil - Empire and Republic 1822-1930.New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blanchard, Peterzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1949 Slavery and Abolition in Early Republican Peru. Wilmington, Delaware.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Borah, Woodrowzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1994 Race and Class in Mexico in Dominguez, Jorge I. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. New York: Garland Pub.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Borrie, W. D.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1959 The Cultural Integration of Immigrants : a survey based upon the papers and proceedings of the Unesco Conference held in Havanna, April 1956. Paris: UNESCO.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boxer, C.R.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1969 The Golden Age of Brazil--1695~1750. USA: Univer sity of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bowser, Frederick P.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1974 The African slave in Colonial Peru, 1524-1650. Stanford, Calif, Stanford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burkholder, Mark A. and Lyman L. Johnsonzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1990 Colonial Latin America. New York: Oxford Univer sity Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burns, E. Bradfordzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1980 A History of Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burns, Edward Mcnall, Philip Lee Rallph, Robert E. Lerner, Standish Meachamzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1986 World Civilizations- Their History and Their Cul ture. New York. London W.W. Norton & Company.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cadena, Marisol de lazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2000 Indigenous Mestizos: the politics of race and cul ture in Cuzco, Peru, 1919-1991. Durham: Duke University Pre ss.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carvalho, Jose Jorge dezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1999 The Multiplicity of Black Identities in Brazilian Popular Music - in Crook, Larry and Randal Johnson. Black Brazil: Culture, Identity and Social Mobilization. Los An geles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications University of California.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Calogeras João Pandiázh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1959 A History of Brazil. Translated by Percy Alvez Martin. USA: The University Carolina Press, 1959 Conrad, Robert Edgarzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1972 The Destruction of Brazilian Slavery 1850-1888. Los Angeles: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Crook, Larry and Randal Johnsonzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1999 Black Brazil: Culture, identity, and social mobile zation. USA: University of California.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Davis, Darien J.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1995 Slavery and Beyond:The African Impact on Latin America and the Caribbean. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2000 Afro-Brazilans: Time For Recognition. Translated by Felipe Lindoso, Sao Paulo: Selo Negro, 2000.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Davis, Harold Eugenezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1972 Latin American Thought-A Historical Introduction. USA:Louisiana State University Press, p.105.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Davis, Shelton H.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1978 Victims of the Miracle. Translated by Jorge Alexandre Faure Pontual Rio de Janeiro: Zahar Editores.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Degler, Carl N.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1971 Neither Black nor white : slavery and race relati ons in Brazil and the United States. New York: Macmillan.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Diggs, Ellen Irene, 1906zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1983 Black Chronology: from 4000 B.C. to the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Boston, Mass: G.K. Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dominguez, Jorge I.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1994 Race and ethnicity in Latin America. New York: Gar land Pub.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Edward Mcnall Burns, Philip Lee Rallph, Robert E. Lerner, Standish Meachamzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1986 World Civilizations-Their History and Their Culture. New York. London W. W. Norton &Company.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eltis, David and James Walvinzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1981 The Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade - Ori gins and Effects in Europe, Africa and Americas. London: The University of Wiscon sin Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fausto, Boriszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1999 A Concise History of Brazil. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Forbes, Jack D.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1988 Blacks Africans and Native Americans-Color, Race and Caste in the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples. Oxford: Ba sil Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grahan, Richardzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1999 The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870~1940. Aus tin: University of Texas.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gratus, Jackzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1973 The Great White Lie : Slavery, Emancipation, and Changing Racial Attitudes. New York: Monthly Review Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gruzinski, Serg.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1993 Colonisation de l`imaginaire. The Conquest of Mexico : the in corporation of Indian societies into the Western world, 16th~18th centuries. Translated by Eileen Corrigan Cambridge, UK: Polity Press; Oxford, UK; Cambridge, MA, USA: distributed by Black well Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guibernau, Monteserrat and John Rexzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1997 The Ethnicity reader: Nationalism, Multicultura lism, and Migration. Cambridge, U.K. : Polity Press; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Harris, Joseph Ezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1971 The African Presence in Asia. Evaston: Northwestern University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hillman, Richard S.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1997 Understanding Contemporary Latin America. USA: Ly nne Rienner Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Himelblau, Jack Jzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1994 The Indian in Spanish America : Centuries of Remo val, Survival, and Integration : a Critical Anthology. Calif: Labyrinthos, pp.22/437.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Klein, Herbert S.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1986 African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986 Knight, Alan.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2002 Mexico: The Colonial Era. Cambridge, UK; New York, N.Y.; USA: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kubler, Georgezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1952 The Indian Caste of Peru, 1795~1940 - A Populati on Study Based Upon Tax Records And Census Reports. Washington: USA Government Printing Office.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lesser, Jeffreyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1999 Negotiating National Identity. Immigrants, Minorities, and Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil. Translation: Patricia de Queiroz Carvalho Zimbre. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McAlister, Lyle N.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1984 Spain and Portugal in the New World: 1492~1700. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marger, Martin N.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1985 Race and Ethnic Relations - American and Global Perspectives. California: Belmont.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marx, Anthony W.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1998 Making Race and Nation : a comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Merrick, Thomas Williamzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1979 Population and Economic Development in Brazil, 1800 to the Present. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ng, Bickleen Fongzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1959 The Chinese in New Zealand-A Study in Assimilation. Hong Kong University Press, Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Palmer, Colin A.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1981 Human Cargoes: The British Slave Trade to Spanish America, 1700~1739. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Park, Robert E.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1921 Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago: The Univ. of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Parry, J. H.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1961 The Establishment of the European Hegemony 1415~ 1715: Trade and Exploration in the Age of the Renaissance. New York: Harper & Row, p.177.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pike, Frederick B.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1967 The Modern History of Peru. N.Y.: Frederick A. Praeger.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Poppino, Rollie E.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1968 Brazil: the land and people. New York: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Postma, Johannes Menneszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1990 The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade 1600~1815. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rex, John.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1996 Ethnic Minorities in the Modern Nonstate : working papers in the theory of multiculturalism and political inte egration. Basingstoke, Hampshire (England): by MacMillan Pr ess; New York: St. Martin`s Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rippy, J. Fred.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1968 Latin America- A Modern History .N.Y.: The University of Michigan Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shapiro, Harry Lionel (1902)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1953 Race mixture. Paris: UNESCO.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Skidmore, Thomas E.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1999 Brazil: five centuries of change. New York: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Skidmore, Thomas E.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1974 Black into White:Race and Nationality in Brazi lian Thought. Translated by Raul de Sá Barbosa.Rio de Janeiro: Paze Terra.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Skidmore, Thomas E. and Peter H. Smithzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1992 Modern Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Spitzer, Leo.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1989 Lives in Between :Assimilation and Marginality in Austria, Brazil, West Africa, 1780~1945. New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schneider, Ronald M.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1996 Brazil: Culture and Politic in a New Industrial Powerhouse. USA: West view Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Smith, T. Lynn.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1946 Brazil: People and Institutions. Louisiana State University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stein, Stanley J. and Barbara H. Steinzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1970 The Colonial Heritage of Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Toplin, Robert Brentzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1974 Slavery and Race Relation in Latin America. London: Green wood Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Treece, Davezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2000 Exiles, Allies, Rebels: Brazil`s Indianist Move ment, Indigenist Politics and the Imperial Nation-State. Westport: Greenwood Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wade, Peterzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1997 Race and ethnicity in Latin America. London: Chica go, Ill.: Pluto Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wilbert, Johanneszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1994 Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume VII South America. Boston: Massachusetts.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wilgus, Curtis and Raul d’Eçazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1963 Latin American History. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Williamson, Robert C.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1997 Latin American Societies in Transition. London: Westport, Connecticut.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Willet, Cynthiazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1998 Theorizing Multiculturalism: A Guide to the Current Debate. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二 網路資料zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____. “Common Features of Colonialism” http://www.tibet.com/Humanrights/Unpo/chap5.html(Download in 2005.03.06)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____“Modalidad: Humanidadesy Cs. Sociales.” http://pdf.rincondelvago.com/misiones-jesuiticas.html(Download in 2005.02.22)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____. “The Triumph of Neo Colonialism.” http://www.Smithsonianeducation.org/migrations /legacy /almleg.html(Download in 2005.01.18)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.”The Population of African Descent in Latin America.” http://darkwing.uoregon.Edu /~caguirre/210_16.html(Download in 2005.02.18)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barickman, B.J. “Tame Indians, "wild heathens," and settlers in southern Bahia in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.” http://www.galindo.demon.nl/ethnos3/barickman.html(Download in 2005.03.06)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) David Cleary. Race, “Nationalism and Social Theory in Brazil: rethinking Gilber to Freyre.” http://www.Transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working20papers/cleary.pdf/p.6(Download in 2005.03.09)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fülöpp, Tomáš J. “Latin America and the Concept of Social Race.” http://www.vacilando. net/writing/index.phpgolacsr(Download in 2005.02.20)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Simms, Ellen. “Miscegenagtion and Racism: The Afro-Mexican in Colonial Mexico” http://www.theblacklist.net/ Afro-Mexicans.htm(Download in 2005.02.04)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Palmer, Colin A. “A Legacy of Slavery-Africa`s Legacy in Mexico.” http://www.smithso nianeducation.org/migrations/legacy/almleg.html(Download in 2005.01.18)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cruz, Shamil. “African Americans in the Caribbean and Latin America.” http://www.saxakali. Com/carib bean/shamil.htm(Download in 2004.08.26)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Triner, Gail D. “Race, With or Without Color? Reconciling Brazilian Historiography.” http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/X_1/triner.html(Download in 2006.02.15)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wilhelm, Michael. “Slavery in the 16th Century” http://honors.org/AHR/AHR04/wilhelm.html(Download in 2005.03.06)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 三 電子文獻zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Brazil • South Africa • The United States-Beyond Racism: Embracing an In terdependent Future. http://www.beyondracism.org/Three20Nations/Three Nation s1-32.pdf(Download in 2005.02.17)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.The history of Anti-Slavery International http://www.antislavery.org/homepagean tislavery/history.pdf(Download in 2005.02.12)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____. Resistance: African Resistance to Slavery. http://learnet.palmbeach.k12.fl.us/Afri can American/document s/Unit2.pdf(Download in 2005.01.25)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cleary, David. Race, Nationalism and Social Theory in Brazil: rethinking Gilber to Freyre. http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working20papers/cleary.pdf(Download in 2006.02.15)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Collier, Simon and William F. Sater. A History of Chile, 1808-2002. http://assets.cambrid ge.org/ 0521 53/4844/ex cerpt/0521534844_ excerpt.pdf(Download in 2005.02.20)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Correa, Karla. Slavery: Was it beneficial to the economy of Latin America? http://www. columbia.edu/~a d245/ Correak.pdf(Download in 2005.01.25)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cyntha M.A.R: Michel Agier. Racism Culture and Black Identity in Brazil , Bulletin of Latin American Research : 14 , September 1995. http://coursenligne.sciences-po.fr(Download in 2003.11.13)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gudmundson, Lowell. Slavery and Aboliton. A Journal of Comparative Studies Vol. 5: No. 1-May 1984 _____Black into White in Nineteenth Century Spanish America: Afro-American Assimilation in Argentina and Costa Rica. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/latam/Slavery -Aboliton.html(Download in 2005.02.12)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hakomagazine. http://www.hakomagazine.net/summary/hako21.pdf,p.52(Download in 2004.03.29)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Heckscher, Zahara .Long Before Seattle: Historical Antecedents to the Current Global Justice Movement an d Lessons for Increasing Movement Effectiveness-Trans national Resistance to Economic Globalization. http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/ad vocacy/protest/general/2003/0625history.pdf(Download in 2005.02.03)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kellog, Susan. Depicting Mestizaje: Gendered Images of Ethnorace in Colonial Mexican Texts. http://www.majbill.vt.edu/history/arnold/GradFall04/W4.3Kellogg.pdf(Download in 2004.05.05)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lipski, John M. Afro-Asian and Afro-indigenous Linguistic Contacts in Spanish America. http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/afroasia.pdf(Download in 2005.01.26)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Richmond, Douglas.The Legacy of African Slavery in Colonial Mexico, 1519~1810-http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.0022-3840.2001.00001.x/pdf(Download in 2005.01.20)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schwartz, Stuart B. Blacks and Indians: Common Cause and Confrontation in Colonial Brazil. http://www.Yale.edu/glc/maroon/schwartz.pdf(Download in 2005.02.20)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. Not Black, not White: just the opposite. Culture, Race and National Identity in Brazil. http://www.brazil.ox.ac.uk/workingpa pers/Schwarcz47.pd f/pp.11-12zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taylor, Quintard. The African American Experience: A History of Black Americans from 1619 to 1890. http://www.people.memphis.edu/~ggholson/unitus/tut/AFRO-1.PDF(Download in 2005.02.08)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 四 工具書zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bolaffi, Guido, Raffaele Bracalenti, Peter Brahm and Sandro Gindozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2003 Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity and Culture. London: Sage Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 巴西葡文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一 專書zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carneiro J. Fernadozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1950 Imigração e Colonização no Brasil. serie resumos:Rio de Janei ro, Brasil.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Castro, fernando Moreira dezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1979 50 Anos da Imigração Japonesa na Amazônia. Para- Belém.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cunha, Manuela Carneiro dazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1985 Negros Estrangeiros-Os Escravos Libertos e Sua Volta a Africa.Sao Paulo: E ditora Brasiliense.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) D’Adesky, Jacqueszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2001 Pluralismo Etnico e Multiculturalismos-Racismo e Anti-Racis mo no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Del Roio, Jose Luizzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1990 Trabalhadores no Brasil-Imigração e industrialização. Translated by Ivan Esperança Rocha. São Paulo: Icone.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freitas, Sonia Maria de and O. Antonio Rodrigueszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2000 A Imigração Espanhola no Estado de São Paulo-serie resumos. São Paulo: Memorial do Imigrante.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goulart, José Alpiniozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1967 O Mascate no Brasil.Rio de Janeiro: Conquista.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grupioni, Luis Donizete Benzizh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1998 Indios no Brasil.São Paulo: Editora Global.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hajar, Claude Fahdzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1985 Imigração Arabe 100 Anos de Reflexão. São Paulo: ícone Edito ra.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ianni, Octaviozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1972 Raças e Classes Sociais no Brasil . Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Civilização Brasileira.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Izumi Seichizh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1973 A Estrutura psicologica da Colonia Japonesa no Brasil, in Estudos Brasileiros- Assimilação e Integração dos Japoneses no Brasil.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kawai Taekozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1980 Italianos e Sirios Libaneses: uma visão comparativa com os ja poneses, in Saito Hiroshi. A Presença Japonesa no Brasil. São Paulo: EDUS P.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Koyam Tsuguozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1980 Japoneses na Amazonia:alguns aspectos do processo de inte gração socio-cultural in Saito Hiroshi. A Presença Japonesa No Brasil. São Pa ulo: EDUSP, p.14.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lambert, Jacqueszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1973 Os dois Brasis. São Paulo: companhia editora nacio nal.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Laytano, Dante dezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1980 Japoneses no sul: Rio Grande e Santa Catarina in Saito Hiro shi. A Presença do Japonês no Brasil. São Paulo: EDUSP, p.53.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Leite, José Roberto Teixeirazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1999 A China no Brasil-Influencias, Marcas, Ecos e Sobre vivencias Chinesas na So ciedade e Nas Artes Brasileiras. São Paulo: Edi tora da UNICAMP, p.111.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Maia, Mario Sinibaldizh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1954 Movimento da Populaçã-Imigração e Emigração. R de.Ja neiro.: SGIBGE, p.06.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Maeyama Takashizh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1973 Religião, Parentesco e as Classes Medias dos Japoneses no Brasil Urbano, in Estudos Brasileiros- Assimilação e integração dos Japoneses no Brasil.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mellatti, Julio Cesarzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1989 Indios do Brasil. São Paulo: Editora Hucitec.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Montserrat, Ruth Maria Foninizh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1998 Línguas Indígenas no Brazil Contemporâneo in Indi os no Brasil. São Paulo: Global Editora.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nogueira, Arlinda Rochazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1973 Considerações Gerais Sobre A Imigração Japonesa Pa ra O Estado de São Paulo Entre 1908 e 1922. São Paulo: Edi tora Vozes.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Paiva, Odair da Cruzzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2001 Breve História da Hospedaria de Imigrantes e da I migra ção em São Paulo. São Pau lo: Memorial do Imigrante.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Prezia, Benedito, Eduardo Hoornaertzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2000 Essa Terra Tinha Dono. São Paulo: Editora FTD S.A.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ribeiro, Darcyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1970 Os índios e a Civilizção. São Paulo: Editora Vozes.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rodrigues, Raimundo Ninazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1935 Os Africanos no Brasil. São Paulo: Companhia Edito ra Nacio nal.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Saito Hiroshizh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1973 Mobilidade e Assimilação dos Japoneses, in Estudos Brasileiros – As similação e Integração dos Japoneses no Brasil.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Saito Hiroshi and Maeyama Takashizh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1980 Estudos Brasileiros: Assimilação e Integração dos Japoneses no Brazil (Petropolis: Editora Vozes; São Paulo: Universidade de Sã o Paulo,19 73),p.33 in Saito Hiroshi. A presença Japonesa no Brasil. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schaden, Egonzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1980 Alemães e Japoneses: uma visão comparativa in Saito Hiroshi. A Presença Japonesa no Brasil. São Paulo: EDUSP.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shindo, Tsugyozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brasil e Japão.Translation Julia Hosoya Sasaki and Olivia Ozaki Makibara,São Paulo: Associa ção Cultural Recreativa do Brasil.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Silva, Antonio Carlos Arruda dazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1996 Questões Legais e Racismo na História do Brasil in Munanga, Kabengele. Estratégias e Políticas de Combate a Discriminação Racial. Sã o Paulo: Edusp, pp. 122~127. Antonio C. A.Silva.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Viotti, Emiliazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1997 Da Senzala a Colonia. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二 期刊zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1942 “Revista de Imigração e Colonização”, Ano III, no.1 April.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1969 “O japones em São Paulo e no Brasil”, Relatorio da Sociedade Latino Ame ricana, Tokyo, Japan.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1990 “Centro de Estudos Nipo Brasileiros”, São Paulo, October.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1990 “Pesquisa da População de Descendente de Japoneses Residentes no Brasil-1987-1888”. São Paulo: Centro de Estudos Nipo-Brasileiros, October.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Elias, Maria Josezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1970 “Introdução ao Estudo da Imigração Chinesa”, in Anais do Museu Paulista-Tomo XXIV, São Paulo.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) International Migration Review-Conrad, Robertzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1975 “The Planter Class and the Debate Over Chinese Immigration to Brasil, 1850~1893”, Volume IX, no. 1, Spring.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Paula, Euripedes Simões dezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1967 “Anais do I Coloquio Brasil-Japão”(26~27 de Julho)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yang, Alexander(楊宗元)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1989 “Os Imigrantes Chineses no Brasil”, Leitura, São Paulo, Setember 08.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 三 論文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Munanga, Kabengelezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1997 Rediscutindo a Mestiçagem no Brasil—Identidade Nacional Versus Identida de Negra. São Paulo: São Paulo University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 四 報告書zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) CIMI (Indian missionary council-N.G.O)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2003zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Socio Ambiental (socio-ambient-N.G.O)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 五 網路資料zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.A Politica "Indigenista”. http://xavantes.com.sapo.pt/x2.htm(Download in 2005.03.07)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.A Chegada do Homem na América. http://samjack.virtualave.net/ trab/homemamerica.htm(Download in 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Arapaso-Especializações e TrocasIntercomunitárias. http://www.socioambiental.org /pib/epi/nwam/nwam.shtm(Download in 2006.01.13)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) _____.Catequese. http://www.bangue.com.br/n11b.htm(Download in 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Chiquitano. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/chiquitano/chiquitano.shtm(Download in 2006.01.13)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Encarta Africana. http://www.africana.com/research/encarta/tt_1034.asp(Download in 2004.09.28)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____Estatisticas Gerais: Imigrantes e Descententes. http://www.memorialdoimigrante.Sp.gov.br/estatest/Estati 07.html(Download in 2004.07.17)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Guaja. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/guaja /situation.shtm(Download in 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Guajajar. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/guajajar/sitcomt.shtm(Download in 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Indios do Brasil. http://paginas.terra.com.br/arte/mundoantigo/indios(Download in 2006.01.13)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Kraho. http:// www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/kraho/aspectos.shtmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Kwaza. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/kwaza/catual2.shtm(Download in 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Manoki. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/manoki/econ.shtm(Download in 2006.01.13)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Movimento Indígena. http://www.cimi.org.br/movimento.htm(Download in 2006.01.13)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Os indígenas-Habitantes primitivos do Brasil. http://www.filomenamatarazzo.com. br/indios_orige m.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Origens dos Amerindios. http://www.geocities.com/igorfb/indios/11.htm(Download in 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Pantanal Povos Indígenas. http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/1820/indios.htm(Download in 2006.01.13)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Paumari. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/paumari/ativ.shtm(Download in 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Povos Indigenas. http://www.geocities.com/indiosbrasil/povos_indigenas.htm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Poloneses no Brasil. http://www.polonia.org.br/expo/conteudo2.htm(Download in 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Satere. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/satere/subsist.shtm(Download in 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.SociedadeIndigena. http://www.presidencia.gov.br/publi_04/Colecao/Indiop.htm(Download in 2006.01.13)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____Surui. http://www.socioambien tal.org/website/pib/epi/surui/aspe ctos.shtm(Download in 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____Suya. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/suya/loc.shtm(Download in 2006.01.13)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Tapeba. http://ww w.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/tapeba/situa.shtm(Download in 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Tenharim. http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/epi/tenharim/atual.shtm.(Download in 2006.01.13)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Encarta Africana. http://www.africana.com/research/encarta/tt_1034.asp(Download in 2004.09.28)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Historia. http://www.pablodesant.hpg.ig.com.br/universidades/histF3ria20conteudo.ht m#1(Download in 2004.03.25)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.História da população brasileira. http://geocities.yahoo.com.br/ vinicrashbr/historia/brasil/historiadapopulaçãobrasileira. htm(Download in 2005.03.03)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.O Negro na America. http://www.ccerqueira.hpg.ig.com.br/Populacao_Negra.htm(Download in 2005.03.06)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Os Índios e a Alfabetizacao-aspectos da educação escolar entre os Guaranide Ribeirão Silveira. http://www.fflch.usp.br/dlcv/lport/WFNetto06_EducInd06.pdf(Download in 2005.03.08)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bittencourt, Libertad Borges. O Movimento Indígena Organizado na América Lati na –A luta para superar a exclusão. http://www.anphlac.hpg.ig.com.br/ ensaio b1 5.htm(Download in 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Borges, Luiz C., A Lingua Geral e a Companhia de Jesus (Politca e Milenaris mo). http://ww w.fflch.usp.br/dl/Anpoll2/borgesnetoartigo_htm.htm(Download in 2005.03.06)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guimarães, Antonio Sérgio Alfredo. Manoel Querino e a Formação do “Pensa mento Negro” no Brasil, entre 1890 e 1920. http://www.fflch.usp.br/sociologia/pdf(Download in 2006.02.15)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Iraburu, José María.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Evangelización del Brasil. http://members.tripod.com/~hispanidad/he chos29.htm(Download in 2004.03.30)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lemos, Maria Alzira Brum. O Conceito de Raca no Brasil. http://www.triplov.com/alzira/ra cism/racism4.html(Download in 2005.03.09)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Silva, Severino Vicente da. Uma Introdução a Questão dos Direitos das Popula ções Indίgena-Resenha. http://www.biblio.ufpe.br/libvirt/revistas/ethnos/severino.htm(Download in 2004.05)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 六 電子文獻zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____. Breve Recuento Historico Sobre las Legislaciones y los Indios. http://www.cdi.gob.mx/conadepi/iii/cletus/capitulo_3.pdf(Download in 2004.05.06)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____. O Lugar do Índio: Imagens no Seculo XIX. http://www.biblio.ufpe.br/libvirt/teses/historia/ ehs95-doc/ca p1.doc(Download in 2005.02.22)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Edusp: Seyferth, Giralda. Colonizacao, Imigracao e A Questao Racial no Brasil. http://www.usp.br/revista usp/n53/fgiraldatexto.html(Download in 2006.02.08)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) López, Laura. Etnicidade e Cidadania. O Caso dos Negros em Buenos Aires. http://www.antropologia.com.br/arti/colab/vram2003/a13-llopez.pdf(Download in 2005.02.03)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 西班牙文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一 專書zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vazques, German and Nelson Martinez Diazzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1990 Historia de America Latina. Madrid: Ediproy ectos.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二 論文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Garcia, Iliana Pariszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2002 IdeologÌa y Proceso de Blanqueamiento Una Aproximación Construccionista a su Posible Influencia en la Identidad y la Auto imagen de Tres Mujeres Negras Venezolanas. Departamento de Publicaciones Universidad Central de Venezuela Cuidad Univeresitaria. Caracas Venezuela: Fondo Editorial de Humanidades y Educación.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 三 網路資料zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.El Dominio Europeo Del Mundo: Colonialismo e Imperialismo. http://html.rincon delvago.com/domi nio-europeo-del-mundo_zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) colonialismo-e-imperialis mo.html(Download in 2005.03.05)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.El Concepto de Raza Social en la America Hispana-paper. http://histogeo.ula gos.cl/apuntes/7.raza_so cial.doc(Download in 2003.11.29)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Evangelización del Brasil. http://members.tripod.com/~hispanidad/ hechos29.htm(Download in 2005.03.08)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.El Primer Descubrimento De América. http://www.iagusp.usp.br/~jorge/saa/prime rarq.html(Download in 2003.06.08)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.La poblacion negra en México. http://www.humanities-interactive.org/ newworld/afri ca/la_poblacion_ negra _en_mexi co.htm(Download in 2005.03.08)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Lucas Fernandez Precursor del Socialismo en el Río de la Plata. http://www.gale on.com/elortiba/losne gros.html(Download in 2005.03.06)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Miramar Prehistorica - Un Testimonio del Pasado Bonaerense. http://ar.geocitie s.com/miramarpre historica/divulga16.htm(Download in 2003.06.05)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.¿Se originó el Hombre en América? http://webs.sinectis.com.ar/mcagliani/orige nam. htm(Download in 2003)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.America Latina Siglo19zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://html.rincondelvago.com/america-latina-en-el-siglo-xix. html(Download in 2005.03.06)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gomes, Miriam Victoria.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) La Presencia Negroafricana en la Argentina Pasado y Permanencia. http://www.bcnbib. gov.ar/bibliopress/bibliopress9-2.htm(Download in 2005.03.06)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 四 電子文獻zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____. Discriminación étnico-racial y xenofobia en América Latina y el Caribe. http://www.eclac.cl/ publicacio nes/DesarrolloSocial/6/LCL1546PE/lcl1546e_.pdf(Download in 2005.03.05)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____. El Derecho de los Pueblos Indígenas a la Tierra y al Territorio en Amé rica Latina: Antecedentes _____Históricos y Tendencias Actuales. http://www.oas.org/(Download in 2003.11.29)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____. Las Grandes Epidemias en la America Colonial. http://www.uco.es/organiza/ servicios/publica/az/articu los/2001/192/pdf/09cordero.pdf(Download in 2004.12.30)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____. Negros en Argentina : integración e identidad. http://www.univ-brest.fr/amnis/documents/ Yao2002.pdf(Download in 2005.02.03)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____. Presentacion Ante el Comite Para la Eliminacion de la Discriminacion Racial. http://www.cels.org.ar /site_cels/documentos/falternativos/alternativos_pdf/ 5.f. 4. pdf(Download in 2005.02.03)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____. Ubicacion y Situacion Legal de Asentamientos Indigenas http://www.cdi.gob.mx/conadepi /iii/cletus/bra sil.pdf(Download in 2005.02.17)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____. Condiciones Historicas Sociales Que Regulan el Acceso a la Tierra en el Espacio Agrario de Brasil. Scripta Nova.Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Cienci as Sociales. U niversidad de Barcelona (ISSN 1138-9788) Nº 6, 1 de agosto de 1997. http://www.ub.es/ge ocrit/sn-6.htm(Download in 2004.03)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) La Demografia en Brasil. Asig. Historia de América Portuguesa. http://pdf.rincondelvago.com/brasil_1.html(Download in 2005.02.18)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Martha Ojeda.Introducción a Nicomedes Santa Cruz:Ecos de África en Perú. http://www.andes.mis souri.edu/andes/comentario/MO_Nicomedes.html(Download in 2005.01.25)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pombo, María Dolores París.Estudios sobre el racismo en América Latina. http://polcul.xoc.uam.mx/~polcul/pyc17/12-paris.pdf(Download in 2005.03.09)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yao, Jean Arsène. Negros en Argentina : integración e identidad. http://www.univ-zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) brest.fr/ amnis/documents/Ya o2002.pdf/p.12(Download in 2005.03.06)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 法文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 網路資料zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.Amérindiens. http://fr.encyclopedia.yahoo.com/articles/ni/ni_529_p0.html#ni_529.69(Download in 2004.03)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ____.La Culture des Peuples Indiens. http://www.mre.gov.br/ndsg/textos/cultin-f.htm(Download in 2004.03)zh_TW