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題名 年齡別死亡率對兩性平均餘命成長與差異之影響分析: 1950-2004
Decomposition Analysis of the Gender Differences in Life Expectancy at Birth in Taiwan: Evolution and Changes,1950-2004
作者 郭貞蘭
Kuo, Chen-Lan
貢獻者 陳信木
郭貞蘭
Kuo, Chen-Lan
關鍵詞 預期壽命
兩性壽命差距
年齡別平均餘命
貢獻度
Life Expectancy
Gender Difference in Life Expectancy
Contribution
日期 2005
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 10:52:29 (UTC+8)
摘要 人口預期壽命的變化一直以來皆被視為是人類發展與進步的指標之一,其成長更為人們所樂見。當人類預期壽命普遍成長且達一定壽命水準時,兩性存活年數的差距仍為一常見的現象。假設社會的發展與變遷對同一社會中的兩性人口造成相異的衝擊,此種差異性會進一步透過兩者間壽命差距的狀況加以反映時,在追求兩性平等與均衡發展此社會目標之驅動下,對兩性壽命水準差距狀況的瞭解乃為提升兩性存活狀況、創造均衡之兩性社會並進而採取相關策略前重要的一步。

本研究利用內政府統計處所編列之台灣地區簡易生命表做為主要的分析資料,從透過對台灣地區兩性壽命差距於國民政府遷台後之1950起至2004年此55年間變化之關注做為出發點,發現兩性壽命於55年間其增長變化上雖然呈現相似的變動狀態,然而女性於各時期內優於男性之成長幅度則是造成日趨擴大之兩性壽命差距之由來。又兩性出生時平均餘命其變動上所呈現的階段性則與兩性壽命差距水準變化上所出現的四階段有其關聯性。此外,兩性於各年齡別平均餘命之增長,大致來說,主要發生在10-60歲組中,70歲以後之較高年齡組中,兩性存活餘命的成長則較不顯著,且兩性餘命差距隨著年齡別的增加而減少。兩性於各年齡別上餘命之差距,在研究觀察的55年間呈現穩定,只是,1960年以前兩性出生時平均餘命與其他較高年齡組上之平均餘命間呈現較為特殊的型態,此乃說明造成兩性壽命差距之年齡別死亡率有異。

本研究將Arriaga(1984)所提,用以分解兩相異之平均餘命,而以不同年齡別中兩性死亡率差異分別對兩性預期壽命差距所作之貢獻加以表示時,發現,兩性在40-79歲間死亡率的差異是造成兩性壽命差距最主要的貢獻年齡別,其中以60-69歲組為最。此外,面對0-9歲組中兩性死亡率差異狀況對該時期兩性預期壽命差距之貢獻型態於1960年前後所呈現之相異性時,一方面有對該時期兩性死亡率之資料加以檢定之必要性外,其所可能象徵之女性生存狀況受其地位改善之影響,抑或為男性存活狀況變化等推測的驗證雖不在本研究所觸及之範圍內,然而透過本研究分析結果中所掌握造成兩性壽命差距之年齡組別,則有助於日後在企圖釐清造成兩性壽命差距之因以進一步改善兩性存活狀況時一切入點。
Life Expectancy of human beings, one of the indices of human development, has been generally growing since the beginning of the 20th century and the increase in the life span of human is also taken as the result of the improved medical techniques and social conditions. In the face of the growth in life expectancy at birth both of the male and female populations in Taiwan during the past 55 years, 1950-2004, the gender differential of life expectancy at birth or at any other specific age still exited and even got expanding. The difference in life expectancy at birth between the male and the female was 2.64 years and in the year of 2004, it came to be 6.24 years. Suppose the growth of human life expectancy at birth or at any specific age in both female and male populations implies that social changes and developments brought positive impacts not only on the female but also on the male during the observation period of 55 years. Obviously, the existing and expanding gender differences in life expectancy somewhat indicates that the impact of the social changes and developments on the male and the female weren’t comparable in qualities.

The main concern of this article is about the change of the differences in life expectancy at birth between the male and the female in Taiwan during the past 55 years, 1950-2004. Dismissing the discussion and investigation of the practical and real causes of the gender difference in life expectancy, the researcher intended to give the reason to the expanding gender difference in life expectancy by comparing the way male and female life expectancies evolved. In addition, adopting the decomposition method developed by Arriaga(1984) originally for decomposition of changes in expectation of life at birth, the researcher was using this method to decompose the gender differential in life expectancy at birth and evaluated the contribution of the gender differential in mortality within each specific age group to the ultimate differential in life expectancy at birth between the male and the female each year during the observation period and the shifts in the significance of these age groups in the past 55 years. In this article, the researcher separated a person’s life into several age groups,0-9,10-19,20-29,30-39,40-49,50-59,60-69,70-79 and 80 above, to symbolize the different stage of a person’s life.

The male and the female experienced similar pattern in the changes of life expectancy. However, the improvement of female life expectancy was greater than that of the male’s in any specific period of the past 55 years , which caused the increasing difference in life expectancy between the male and female in Taiwan. The higher the age is, the less the gender difference in life expectancy at that specific age is. As the male is able to live long enough to a higher age, they are more likely to overcome the survival predominance of the female and the gender difference in life expectancy at a specific age would diminish.

In addition, as for the contributions made by each specific age group, during the observation period of 55 years, gender differential life expectancy at birth had been coming from the gender differential in death rates within 40 to 80 years old. The contribution made by the age group of 60-69 made had been the most significant one. Mostly, the living ability of the female was much more superior to that of the male at any specific age even if the significance, each age groups held, somewhat had been shifting during the 55 years. Noticeably, the type of the contribution, age group of 0-9 made, was very different after 1960. Before 1960, men demonstrated a better survival ability than women did within this age group; however, after 1960, the superiority of men came into disappearance. As for the change of the contribution this age group of 0-9 made, we need to have more information and data to gain the further ideas it might bring about.
參考文獻 Alho, Juha M. 1989. "Relating Changes in Life Expectancy to Changes in Mortality." Demography 26:705-709.
Arriaga, E. E. 1984. "Measuring and Explaining the Change in Life Expectancies." Demography 21:83-96.
Crimmins, E. M. 1981. "The Changing Pattern of American Mortality Decline, 1940-77, and Its Implications for the Future." Population and Development Review 7:229-254.
Case, A. & Paxson, C. 2005. "Sex Differences in Morbidity and Mortality." Demography 42:189-214.
Coale, A. J. 1996. "Age Patterns and Time Sequence of Mortality in National Populations with the Highest Expectation of Life at Birth." Population and Development Review 22:127-135.
Fries, J. F. 1980. "Aging, natural death, and the compression of morbidity." New England Journal of Medicine 303:130-135.
—. 1983. "The Compression of Morbidity." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly,Health and Society 61:394-419.
Gjonca, A. & Tomsassini, C. & Vaupel, J. W. 1999. "Male-female Difference in Mortality in the Developed World." MPIDR WORKING PAPER:1-8.
Kalben, B. B. 2002. "Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex." North American Actuarial Journal 4:83-111.
Lemaire, Jean. 2002. "Why Do Females Live Longer Than Males?" North American Actuarial Journal 6:21-37.
Pollard, J. H. 1982. "The Expectation of Life and Its Relationship to Mortality " Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 109:225-240.
—. 1988. "On the Don of Changes in Expectation of Life and Differentials in Life Expectancy." Demography 25(2):256-276.
Ponnapalli, K. M. 2005. "A Comparison of Different Methods for Decomposition of Changes in Expectation of Life at Birth aials in Life Expectancy at Birth." Demographic Research 12(7):141-172.
Rosa Gómez-Redondo, Carl Boe. 2005. "Decomposition analysis of Spanish life expectancy at birth: Evolution and changes in the components by sex and age." Demographic Research 13:521 - 546.
Vladimir M. S, & John R. W, & Dana A. G. 2005. "Introduction to the Special Collection of Human Mortality over Age, Time, Sex, and Place: The 1st HMD Symposium." Demographic Research 13:223-230.
Vaupel, J. W. 1986. "How Change in Age-specific Mortality Affects Life Expectancy " Population Studies 40(1):147-157.
Waldron. 1991. "Patterns and Causes of Gender Differences in Smoking." Social Science & Medicine 32:989-1005.
—. 2000. "Trends in Gender Differences in Mortality: Relationships to Changing Gender Differences in Behavior and Other Causes Factors " In: Anadale, E., Hunt, K. (Eds) Gender Inequalities in Health. Buckingham: Open University Press: 150-181.
Waldron, I. & McCloskey, C. & Earle, I. 2005. "Trends in Gender Differences in Accidents Mortality: Relationships to Changing Gender Roles and Other Societal Trends." Demography Research 13:415-454.
Y., Zhao Z. & Kinful. 2005. "Mortality Transition in East Asia." Asian Population Studies 1:4-29.
Zhao, Z. 1997. "Demographic Systems in Historic China: Some New Findings from Recent Research." Australian population association 1:201-232.
胡幼慧,1991,《社會流行病學》。台北:巨流。
涂肇慶,1985,"On Long-term Mortality Trends in Taiwan,1906-1980." 。中國社會學刊9:145-164。
陳寬政、劉正、涂肇慶,1999,“出生時平均餘命的長期趨勢分析” 。台灣社會學研究 3:87-114。
楊文山,1996, "台灣地區人口平均餘命與死因別變化趨勢之研究" 。人口變遷、國民健康與社會安全(37):31-61。
─.1999, "台灣地區老人醫療與照護問題及其因應對策"。發表於台灣社會問題研究學術研討會。
涂肇慶譯,約翰‧魏克斯著,1990,《人口學─觀念與研究課題導論》。台北:桂冠。
蔡宏進、廖正宏,1988,《人口學》。台北:巨流。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
社會學研究所
92254016
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0922540161
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳信木zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 郭貞蘭zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Kuo, Chen-Lanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 郭貞蘭zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Kuo, Chen-Lanen_US
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 10:52:29 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 10:52:29 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 10:52:29 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0922540161en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34669-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 社會學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92254016zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 人口預期壽命的變化一直以來皆被視為是人類發展與進步的指標之一,其成長更為人們所樂見。當人類預期壽命普遍成長且達一定壽命水準時,兩性存活年數的差距仍為一常見的現象。假設社會的發展與變遷對同一社會中的兩性人口造成相異的衝擊,此種差異性會進一步透過兩者間壽命差距的狀況加以反映時,在追求兩性平等與均衡發展此社會目標之驅動下,對兩性壽命水準差距狀況的瞭解乃為提升兩性存活狀況、創造均衡之兩性社會並進而採取相關策略前重要的一步。

本研究利用內政府統計處所編列之台灣地區簡易生命表做為主要的分析資料,從透過對台灣地區兩性壽命差距於國民政府遷台後之1950起至2004年此55年間變化之關注做為出發點,發現兩性壽命於55年間其增長變化上雖然呈現相似的變動狀態,然而女性於各時期內優於男性之成長幅度則是造成日趨擴大之兩性壽命差距之由來。又兩性出生時平均餘命其變動上所呈現的階段性則與兩性壽命差距水準變化上所出現的四階段有其關聯性。此外,兩性於各年齡別平均餘命之增長,大致來說,主要發生在10-60歲組中,70歲以後之較高年齡組中,兩性存活餘命的成長則較不顯著,且兩性餘命差距隨著年齡別的增加而減少。兩性於各年齡別上餘命之差距,在研究觀察的55年間呈現穩定,只是,1960年以前兩性出生時平均餘命與其他較高年齡組上之平均餘命間呈現較為特殊的型態,此乃說明造成兩性壽命差距之年齡別死亡率有異。

本研究將Arriaga(1984)所提,用以分解兩相異之平均餘命,而以不同年齡別中兩性死亡率差異分別對兩性預期壽命差距所作之貢獻加以表示時,發現,兩性在40-79歲間死亡率的差異是造成兩性壽命差距最主要的貢獻年齡別,其中以60-69歲組為最。此外,面對0-9歲組中兩性死亡率差異狀況對該時期兩性預期壽命差距之貢獻型態於1960年前後所呈現之相異性時,一方面有對該時期兩性死亡率之資料加以檢定之必要性外,其所可能象徵之女性生存狀況受其地位改善之影響,抑或為男性存活狀況變化等推測的驗證雖不在本研究所觸及之範圍內,然而透過本研究分析結果中所掌握造成兩性壽命差距之年齡組別,則有助於日後在企圖釐清造成兩性壽命差距之因以進一步改善兩性存活狀況時一切入點。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Life Expectancy of human beings, one of the indices of human development, has been generally growing since the beginning of the 20th century and the increase in the life span of human is also taken as the result of the improved medical techniques and social conditions. In the face of the growth in life expectancy at birth both of the male and female populations in Taiwan during the past 55 years, 1950-2004, the gender differential of life expectancy at birth or at any other specific age still exited and even got expanding. The difference in life expectancy at birth between the male and the female was 2.64 years and in the year of 2004, it came to be 6.24 years. Suppose the growth of human life expectancy at birth or at any specific age in both female and male populations implies that social changes and developments brought positive impacts not only on the female but also on the male during the observation period of 55 years. Obviously, the existing and expanding gender differences in life expectancy somewhat indicates that the impact of the social changes and developments on the male and the female weren’t comparable in qualities.

The main concern of this article is about the change of the differences in life expectancy at birth between the male and the female in Taiwan during the past 55 years, 1950-2004. Dismissing the discussion and investigation of the practical and real causes of the gender difference in life expectancy, the researcher intended to give the reason to the expanding gender difference in life expectancy by comparing the way male and female life expectancies evolved. In addition, adopting the decomposition method developed by Arriaga(1984) originally for decomposition of changes in expectation of life at birth, the researcher was using this method to decompose the gender differential in life expectancy at birth and evaluated the contribution of the gender differential in mortality within each specific age group to the ultimate differential in life expectancy at birth between the male and the female each year during the observation period and the shifts in the significance of these age groups in the past 55 years. In this article, the researcher separated a person’s life into several age groups,0-9,10-19,20-29,30-39,40-49,50-59,60-69,70-79 and 80 above, to symbolize the different stage of a person’s life.

The male and the female experienced similar pattern in the changes of life expectancy. However, the improvement of female life expectancy was greater than that of the male’s in any specific period of the past 55 years , which caused the increasing difference in life expectancy between the male and female in Taiwan. The higher the age is, the less the gender difference in life expectancy at that specific age is. As the male is able to live long enough to a higher age, they are more likely to overcome the survival predominance of the female and the gender difference in life expectancy at a specific age would diminish.

In addition, as for the contributions made by each specific age group, during the observation period of 55 years, gender differential life expectancy at birth had been coming from the gender differential in death rates within 40 to 80 years old. The contribution made by the age group of 60-69 made had been the most significant one. Mostly, the living ability of the female was much more superior to that of the male at any specific age even if the significance, each age groups held, somewhat had been shifting during the 55 years. Noticeably, the type of the contribution, age group of 0-9 made, was very different after 1960. Before 1960, men demonstrated a better survival ability than women did within this age group; however, after 1960, the superiority of men came into disappearance. As for the change of the contribution this age group of 0-9 made, we need to have more information and data to gain the further ideas it might bring about.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章、前言................................................1

第貳章、文獻探討............................................5
第一節、兩性死亡風險差異之可能因素..........................5
第二節、台灣地區兩性之死亡風險差異..........................8

第參章、研究設計...........................................10第一節、研究問題...........................................10第二節、分析方法...........................................11
第三節、資料來源...........................................19

第肆章、分析結果...........................................22
第一節、兩性預期壽命成長趨勢與壽命差距之變化...............22
第二節、兩性特定年齡別平均餘命及其差異之趨勢變化...........31
第三節、年齡別死亡率對兩性平均餘命差距之影響與貢獻.........33
第四節、兩性存活水準差異之變化.............................40

第伍章、結論與討論.........................................44

參考書目...................................................47

附錄一:1960-2003 OECD三十個主要國家兩性出生時平均餘命與兩性差異表.....................................................51

附錄二:1950-2004台灣地區歷年兩性出生時平均餘命差異之年齡組貢獻狀況.....................................................55
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0922540161en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 預期壽命zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 兩性壽命差距zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 年齡別平均餘命zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 貢獻度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Life Expectancyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gender Difference in Life Expectancyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Contributionen_US
dc.title (題名) 年齡別死亡率對兩性平均餘命成長與差異之影響分析: 1950-2004zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Decomposition Analysis of the Gender Differences in Life Expectancy at Birth in Taiwan: Evolution and Changes,1950-2004en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alho, Juha M. 1989. "Relating Changes in Life Expectancy to Changes in Mortality." Demography 26:705-709.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Arriaga, E. E. 1984. "Measuring and Explaining the Change in Life Expectancies." Demography 21:83-96.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Crimmins, E. M. 1981. "The Changing Pattern of American Mortality Decline, 1940-77, and Its Implications for the Future." Population and Development Review 7:229-254.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Case, A. & Paxson, C. 2005. "Sex Differences in Morbidity and Mortality." Demography 42:189-214.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coale, A. J. 1996. "Age Patterns and Time Sequence of Mortality in National Populations with the Highest Expectation of Life at Birth." Population and Development Review 22:127-135.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fries, J. F. 1980. "Aging, natural death, and the compression of morbidity." New England Journal of Medicine 303:130-135.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) —. 1983. "The Compression of Morbidity." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly,Health and Society 61:394-419.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gjonca, A. & Tomsassini, C. & Vaupel, J. W. 1999. "Male-female Difference in Mortality in the Developed World." MPIDR WORKING PAPER:1-8.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kalben, B. B. 2002. "Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex." North American Actuarial Journal 4:83-111.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lemaire, Jean. 2002. "Why Do Females Live Longer Than Males?" North American Actuarial Journal 6:21-37.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pollard, J. H. 1982. "The Expectation of Life and Its Relationship to Mortality " Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 109:225-240.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) —. 1988. "On the Don of Changes in Expectation of Life and Differentials in Life Expectancy." Demography 25(2):256-276.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ponnapalli, K. M. 2005. "A Comparison of Different Methods for Decomposition of Changes in Expectation of Life at Birth aials in Life Expectancy at Birth." Demographic Research 12(7):141-172.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rosa Gómez-Redondo, Carl Boe. 2005. "Decomposition analysis of Spanish life expectancy at birth: Evolution and changes in the components by sex and age." Demographic Research 13:521 - 546.zh_TW
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