學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 台灣各縣市地方社會福利支出對人口遷移之影響
作者 康琪珮
貢獻者 黃智聰
康琪珮
關鍵詞 社會福利
跨縣市人口遷移
台灣
固定效果模型
social welfare
migration
two-way fixed effect model
Taiwan
日期 2006
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 10:59:17 (UTC+8)
摘要 本篇文章之研究目的,主要是探討台灣地區人口遷移受到各縣市的社會福利支出的影響究竟如何。本文將利用台灣23個縣市別的追蹤資料(panel data),涵蓋期間為1995年至2005年。採雙因子固定效果模型(two-way fixed-effect model)分析社會福利支出對於人口遷移,究竟存在著什麼樣的貢獻。於本研究中,將回顧現有文獻中,關於人口遷移之相關理論與實證文獻,且特別著重在以福利遷移(Welfare Migration)為研究主體之相關文獻。此外,本文也將清楚地介紹與說明,近幾年來台灣社會福利體制的發展,以及各縣市會福利支出水準與人口遷移間關係之現況。最後,為了進一步探討社會福利支出,對於男性與女性遷移者所產生之影響是否一致,本研究將建立三種實證模型。試圖更全面的探析台灣各縣市的社會福利支出,對於跨縣市的人口遷移之完整影響效果如何。本文主要的發現為,若某一地區每人可享之社會福利的程度高於鄰近的縣市,會吸引較多人口移入該地區。此外,女性移民較男性移民,受到社會福利支出之效果較為顯著。
This study undertakes a study of cross-regional migration in Taiwan during the 1995 to 2005 period, particularly the effect of the social welfare system on migration decisions. The local places include the 23 cities and counties in Taiwan. Using data set from Taiwan-Fukien demographic fact book Republic of China and Expenditure conducted by Directorate-General of Budget. The hypothesis of this study is that movers would choose to the places with higher welfare to maximum their utilities. The empirical results from two-way fixed effect model support for the hypothesis that social welfare benefits influence migration decisions, especially for females.
參考文獻 一、中文文獻
王明輝(2004),「臺灣外籍配偶結構性弱勢情境之分析」,《社區發展季刊》,107,320-334。
王素英(1986),《台灣內部人口遷移之經濟分析》。台中市:逢甲大學經濟研究所碩士論文。
王淑芬(2005),《社會福利服務》。台北市:保成文化出版。
王麗容(1992),《職業婦女與兒童福利需求之研究》。台北市:台北市政府社會局委託研究。
李貞儀(2004),《原住民遷徙決策的影響因素之探究》。台北市:國立政治大學財政研究所碩士論文。
李靜雯(1996),《地方財政差異與人口遷徙關係之研究》。台中市:逢甲大學土地管理研究所碩士論文。
沈映春(1998),「論西斯蒙第的人口經濟思想 」,《北京航空航天大學學報(社會科學版)》(北京市),2,21-25。
林季平(2005),「台灣的人口遷徙及勞工流動問題回顧:1980-2000」,《台灣社會學刊》,34,147-209。
施妤錚(2004),《地方生活品質與人口遷移關係之研究》。台中市:逢甲大學土地管理學系碩士班碩士論文。
洪嘉瑜、陶宏麟、蔡智發(2003),「影響台灣內部遷徙的經濟因素探討」,《經濟論文叢刊》,31(2),253-277。
徐揚(2007),「評台北縣準直轄市化的謬誤」,中國時報,2007年5月2日。
許道欣(1992),《人口遷移決策及其影響因素-台灣地區人口內部遷移之研究》。台中市:國立中興大學都市計劃研究所碩士論文。
陳琇惠(2001),「繳費制與非繳費制給付之本質、意涵及其關聯性」,《社區發展季刊》,95,96-110。
黃台心(2005),《計量經濟學》。台北市:雙葉書廊有限公司。
黃碧霞(2002),《社會福利經費設算制度對福利資源分配影響之研究》。嘉義縣:國立中正大學社會福利系碩士論文。
詹火生、林慧芬(2003),「台灣社會福利過去、現在與未來」,《國家政策論壇季刊》,92(3),207-212。
劉小蘭、劉念華(1995),「台北都會區遷入人口特性之探討」,《政治大學學報》,70,197-225。
蔡宏進(2004),《台灣人口與人力研究》。台北市:唐山出版社。
薛立敏、李中文、曾喜鵬(2003),「台灣區域人口遷移及其與就業市場、住宅市場關係之實證研究」,《都市與計劃》,30(1),37-61。
二、政府出版品
內政部統計處(1994-2005),《中華民國台閩地區人口統計》。台北市:行政院內政部戶政司。
內政部警政署(1994-2005),《中華民國臺灣地區警政統計年報》。台北市:內政部警政署。
行政院內政部(2006),「2015年經濟發展願景」。台北市:行政院內政部。
行政院內政部社會司(2005),《社政年報》。台北市:行政院內政部社會司。
行政院主計處(1994-2005),《中華民國台灣地區人力資源統計調查年報》。台北市:行政院主計處。
行政院主計處(1994-2005),《中華民國臺灣地區家庭收支調查報告》。台北市:行政院主計處。
教育部統計處(1994-2005),《中華民國教育統計》。台北市:行政院教育部。
監察院審計部(1994-2005),《直轄市及縣市地方決算審核結果綜合報告》。台北市:監察院審計部。
三、英文文獻
Berger, M. C. and G. C. Blomquist (1992), “Mobility and Destination in Migration Decisions: The Roles of Earnings, Quality of Life, and Housing Prices.” Journal of Housing Economics, 2(1), 37-59.
Berry, W., R. Fording and R. Hanson (2003), “Reassessing the ‘Race to the Bottom’ in State Welfare Policy.” Journal of Politics, 65, 327-349.
Blank, Rebecca M. (1988), “The Effect of Welfare and Wage Levels on the Location Decisions of Female-Headed Households.” Journal of Urban Economics, 24, 186-211.
Bogue, D. J. (1959), “Internal Migration.” in P. M. Hauser and O. D. Duncan (eds.), The Study of Population: An Inventory and Appraisal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 486-509.
Borjas, J. G., (1999), “Immigration and Welfare Magnets.” Journal of Labor Economics, 1(17), 607-637.
Breusch, T. S. and A. R. Pagan (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics.” Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-254.
Buchanan, J. M. and C. J. Goetz (1972), “Efficiency Limits of Fiscal Mobility: An Assessment of the Tiebout Model.” Journal of Public Economics, 1(1), 25-43.
Cebula, R. J. (1978), “An Empirical Note on the Tiebout-Tullock Hypothesis.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 92(4), 705-711.
Cebula, R. J. and R. K. Vedder (1973), “A Note on Migration, Economic Opportunity, and the Quality of Life.” Journal of Regional Science, 13(2), 205-221
Cushing, Brian (2005), “The Role of Welfare and Space in the Migration of the Poor.” The 52nd Annual North American Meetings of the Regional Science Association International, Las Vegas, NV, November 10-13, 2005.
Cushing, Brian (1993), “The Effect of the Social Welfare System on Metropolitan Migration, by Income Group, Gender, and Family Structure.” Urban Studies, 30, 325-337.
Enchautegui, M. E. (1997), “Welfare Payments and Other Economic Determinants of Female Migration.” Journal of Labor Economics, 1(15), 529-554.
Frey, W. H. (1988), “Migration and Metropolitan Decline in Developed Countries: A Comparative Study.” Population and Development Review, 14, 595-628。
Gramlich, Edward M. and Deborah S. Laren (1984), “Migration and Income Redistribution Responsibilities.” Journal of Human Resources, 19, 489-511.
Graves, P. E. and P. D. Linneman (1979), “Household Migration:Theoretical and Empirical Results.” Journal of Urban Economics, 6, 383-404.
Greene, W. H. (2003), Econometric Analysis. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Hausman, Jerry A. (1978), “Specification Tests in Econometrics.” Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
Hill, C. R., William E. Griffiths, and George E. Judge (2001), Undergraduate Econometrics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, c2001.
Lee, E. S. (1966), “A Theory of Migration.” Demography, 3(1), 45-57.
Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman (1999), “An Empirical Analysis of the Welfare Magnet Debate Using the NLSY.” Journal of Population Economics, 12 ,391-409.
McKinnish, Terra (2005), “Importing the Poor: Welfare Magnetism and Cross-Border Welfare Migration.” Journal of Human Resources, 40(1), 57-76.
Meyer, Bruce D. (1998), “Do the Poor Move to Receive Higher Welfare Benefits?” JCPR Working Papers 58, Northwestern University/University of Chicago Joint Center for Poverty Research.
Ravenstein, E. G. (1889), “The Laws of Migration.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 7, 241-301.
Samuelson, P. A. (1954), “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure.” Review of Economics and Statistic, 36, 387-389.
Sjaastad, L. A. (1962), “The Cost and Returns of Human Migration.” Journal of Political Economy, 70, 80-93.
Tiebout, C. M. (1956), “A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures.” Journal of Political Economy, 2, 416-424.
Titmuss, R. M. (1958), Essays on the Welfare State. London: Allen & Unwin.
White, Halbert (1980), “A Heterokedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity.” Econometrica, 48(4), 817-838.
Zipf, G. K. (1949), Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
財政研究所
94255014
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094255014
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃智聰zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 康琪珮zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 康琪珮zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 10:59:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 10:59:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 10:59:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094255014en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34712-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 財政研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94255014zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本篇文章之研究目的,主要是探討台灣地區人口遷移受到各縣市的社會福利支出的影響究竟如何。本文將利用台灣23個縣市別的追蹤資料(panel data),涵蓋期間為1995年至2005年。採雙因子固定效果模型(two-way fixed-effect model)分析社會福利支出對於人口遷移,究竟存在著什麼樣的貢獻。於本研究中,將回顧現有文獻中,關於人口遷移之相關理論與實證文獻,且特別著重在以福利遷移(Welfare Migration)為研究主體之相關文獻。此外,本文也將清楚地介紹與說明,近幾年來台灣社會福利體制的發展,以及各縣市會福利支出水準與人口遷移間關係之現況。最後,為了進一步探討社會福利支出,對於男性與女性遷移者所產生之影響是否一致,本研究將建立三種實證模型。試圖更全面的探析台灣各縣市的社會福利支出,對於跨縣市的人口遷移之完整影響效果如何。本文主要的發現為,若某一地區每人可享之社會福利的程度高於鄰近的縣市,會吸引較多人口移入該地區。此外,女性移民較男性移民,受到社會福利支出之效果較為顯著。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study undertakes a study of cross-regional migration in Taiwan during the 1995 to 2005 period, particularly the effect of the social welfare system on migration decisions. The local places include the 23 cities and counties in Taiwan. Using data set from Taiwan-Fukien demographic fact book Republic of China and Expenditure conducted by Directorate-General of Budget. The hypothesis of this study is that movers would choose to the places with higher welfare to maximum their utilities. The empirical results from two-way fixed effect model support for the hypothesis that social welfare benefits influence migration decisions, especially for females.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 前言…………………………………………………1
第二章 相關文獻回顧………………………………………9
第三章 台灣的社會福利支出與人口遷移……………… 26
第四章 研究設計……………………………………………45
第五章 實證結果與模型檢定………………………………64
第六章 結論與政策意涵……………………………………79
參考文獻 ………………………………………………………82
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 44704 bytes-
dc.format.extent 88408 bytes-
dc.format.extent 67766 bytes-
dc.format.extent 79369 bytes-
dc.format.extent 145989 bytes-
dc.format.extent 212168 bytes-
dc.format.extent 376813 bytes-
dc.format.extent 328311 bytes-
dc.format.extent 260388 bytes-
dc.format.extent 124927 bytes-
dc.format.extent 90605 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094255014en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會福利zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨縣市人口遷移zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 固定效果模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) social welfareen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) migrationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) two-way fixed effect modelen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwanen_US
dc.title (題名) 台灣各縣市地方社會福利支出對人口遷移之影響zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文文獻zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王明輝(2004),「臺灣外籍配偶結構性弱勢情境之分析」,《社區發展季刊》,107,320-334。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王素英(1986),《台灣內部人口遷移之經濟分析》。台中市:逢甲大學經濟研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王淑芬(2005),《社會福利服務》。台北市:保成文化出版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王麗容(1992),《職業婦女與兒童福利需求之研究》。台北市:台北市政府社會局委託研究。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李貞儀(2004),《原住民遷徙決策的影響因素之探究》。台北市:國立政治大學財政研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李靜雯(1996),《地方財政差異與人口遷徙關係之研究》。台中市:逢甲大學土地管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 沈映春(1998),「論西斯蒙第的人口經濟思想 」,《北京航空航天大學學報(社會科學版)》(北京市),2,21-25。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林季平(2005),「台灣的人口遷徙及勞工流動問題回顧:1980-2000」,《台灣社會學刊》,34,147-209。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 施妤錚(2004),《地方生活品質與人口遷移關係之研究》。台中市:逢甲大學土地管理學系碩士班碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 洪嘉瑜、陶宏麟、蔡智發(2003),「影響台灣內部遷徙的經濟因素探討」,《經濟論文叢刊》,31(2),253-277。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 徐揚(2007),「評台北縣準直轄市化的謬誤」,中國時報,2007年5月2日。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 許道欣(1992),《人口遷移決策及其影響因素-台灣地區人口內部遷移之研究》。台中市:國立中興大學都市計劃研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳琇惠(2001),「繳費制與非繳費制給付之本質、意涵及其關聯性」,《社區發展季刊》,95,96-110。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃台心(2005),《計量經濟學》。台北市:雙葉書廊有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃碧霞(2002),《社會福利經費設算制度對福利資源分配影響之研究》。嘉義縣:國立中正大學社會福利系碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 詹火生、林慧芬(2003),「台灣社會福利過去、現在與未來」,《國家政策論壇季刊》,92(3),207-212。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉小蘭、劉念華(1995),「台北都會區遷入人口特性之探討」,《政治大學學報》,70,197-225。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蔡宏進(2004),《台灣人口與人力研究》。台北市:唐山出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 薛立敏、李中文、曾喜鵬(2003),「台灣區域人口遷移及其與就業市場、住宅市場關係之實證研究」,《都市與計劃》,30(1),37-61。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、政府出版品zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 內政部統計處(1994-2005),《中華民國台閩地區人口統計》。台北市:行政院內政部戶政司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 內政部警政署(1994-2005),《中華民國臺灣地區警政統計年報》。台北市:內政部警政署。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 行政院內政部(2006),「2015年經濟發展願景」。台北市:行政院內政部。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 行政院內政部社會司(2005),《社政年報》。台北市:行政院內政部社會司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 行政院主計處(1994-2005),《中華民國台灣地區人力資源統計調查年報》。台北市:行政院主計處。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 行政院主計處(1994-2005),《中華民國臺灣地區家庭收支調查報告》。台北市:行政院主計處。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 教育部統計處(1994-2005),《中華民國教育統計》。台北市:行政院教育部。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 監察院審計部(1994-2005),《直轄市及縣市地方決算審核結果綜合報告》。台北市:監察院審計部。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 三、英文文獻zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berger, M. C. and G. C. Blomquist (1992), “Mobility and Destination in Migration Decisions: The Roles of Earnings, Quality of Life, and Housing Prices.” Journal of Housing Economics, 2(1), 37-59.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berry, W., R. Fording and R. Hanson (2003), “Reassessing the ‘Race to the Bottom’ in State Welfare Policy.” Journal of Politics, 65, 327-349.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blank, Rebecca M. (1988), “The Effect of Welfare and Wage Levels on the Location Decisions of Female-Headed Households.” Journal of Urban Economics, 24, 186-211.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bogue, D. J. (1959), “Internal Migration.” in P. M. Hauser and O. D. Duncan (eds.), The Study of Population: An Inventory and Appraisal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 486-509.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Borjas, J. G., (1999), “Immigration and Welfare Magnets.” Journal of Labor Economics, 1(17), 607-637.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Breusch, T. S. and A. R. Pagan (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics.” Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-254.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Buchanan, J. M. and C. J. Goetz (1972), “Efficiency Limits of Fiscal Mobility: An Assessment of the Tiebout Model.” Journal of Public Economics, 1(1), 25-43.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cebula, R. J. (1978), “An Empirical Note on the Tiebout-Tullock Hypothesis.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 92(4), 705-711.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cebula, R. J. and R. K. Vedder (1973), “A Note on Migration, Economic Opportunity, and the Quality of Life.” Journal of Regional Science, 13(2), 205-221zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cushing, Brian (2005), “The Role of Welfare and Space in the Migration of the Poor.” The 52nd Annual North American Meetings of the Regional Science Association International, Las Vegas, NV, November 10-13, 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cushing, Brian (1993), “The Effect of the Social Welfare System on Metropolitan Migration, by Income Group, Gender, and Family Structure.” Urban Studies, 30, 325-337.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Enchautegui, M. E. (1997), “Welfare Payments and Other Economic Determinants of Female Migration.” Journal of Labor Economics, 1(15), 529-554.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frey, W. H. (1988), “Migration and Metropolitan Decline in Developed Countries: A Comparative Study.” Population and Development Review, 14, 595-628。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gramlich, Edward M. and Deborah S. Laren (1984), “Migration and Income Redistribution Responsibilities.” Journal of Human Resources, 19, 489-511.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Graves, P. E. and P. D. Linneman (1979), “Household Migration:Theoretical and Empirical Results.” Journal of Urban Economics, 6, 383-404.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greene, W. H. (2003), Econometric Analysis. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hausman, Jerry A. (1978), “Specification Tests in Econometrics.” Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hill, C. R., William E. Griffiths, and George E. Judge (2001), Undergraduate Econometrics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, c2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, E. S. (1966), “A Theory of Migration.” Demography, 3(1), 45-57.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman (1999), “An Empirical Analysis of the Welfare Magnet Debate Using the NLSY.” Journal of Population Economics, 12 ,391-409.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McKinnish, Terra (2005), “Importing the Poor: Welfare Magnetism and Cross-Border Welfare Migration.” Journal of Human Resources, 40(1), 57-76.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Meyer, Bruce D. (1998), “Do the Poor Move to Receive Higher Welfare Benefits?” JCPR Working Papers 58, Northwestern University/University of Chicago Joint Center for Poverty Research.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ravenstein, E. G. (1889), “The Laws of Migration.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 7, 241-301.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Samuelson, P. A. (1954), “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure.” Review of Economics and Statistic, 36, 387-389.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sjaastad, L. A. (1962), “The Cost and Returns of Human Migration.” Journal of Political Economy, 70, 80-93.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tiebout, C. M. (1956), “A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures.” Journal of Political Economy, 2, 416-424.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Titmuss, R. M. (1958), Essays on the Welfare State. London: Allen & Unwin.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) White, Halbert (1980), “A Heterokedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity.” Econometrica, 48(4), 817-838.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zipf, G. K. (1949), Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, Massachusetts.zh_TW