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題名 Financial Liberalization under the WTO: Assessment, Impact on Growth, and Determinants
作者 梁景洋
貢獻者 沈中華
梁景洋
關鍵詞 Financial Liberalization
WTO
日期 2007
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 11:03:52 (UTC+8)
摘要 無
The focus of this dissertation maintains three parts. The first contribution is mainly to improve and modify the approach to measuring the financial liberalization index based on the financial services commitments which have submitted to the WTO. These improvements include further scoring for partial commitments, covering four modes of supply on trade in services and all activities listed in the Annex on Financial Services, and assigning weights to four modes of supply. The second purpose of this dissertation attempts to investigate the effect of financial liberalization on economic growth by employing our newly constructed financial liberalization index under the WTO. The third aim is concerned with the examination of what determines a country’s level of commitments in financial services under the WTO.
Our newly calculated financial liberalization index displays that the degree of financial liberalization is positively correlated with income level under modes 1, mode 2, and mode 3, but not mode 4. We also detect that East Asian and Pacific, and Latin American and Caribbean countries are inclined to accept more liberal commitments on mode 3 compared to other modes, whereas European and Central Asian, and North American countries tend to approve a smaller degree of liberalization on mode 3 as compared with mode 1 and mode 2. In addition, the liberalization in relation to market access and national treatment is highly correlated. Furthermore, a member country with a high degree of liberalization in one of the two financial subsectors, insurance and banking, tends to also have a high degree of liberalization in the other subsector.
There are two main empirical results. First, we find that there is a positive relationship between banking sector competition and our new measure of liberalization index of banking services, and between economic growth and banking industry competition. The commitment of a country to a more liberal banking sector does serve to increase its growth rate. This positive effect of banking liberalization on growth is reinforced when a government has more supervisory power and is more effective. This positive effect, however, is alleviated when there are more stringent requirements regarding capital regulations and higher level of institutional environment quality. In addition, the positive effects are assuaged when the liberalization is implemented in East Asian and Pacific, and Latin American and Caribbean countries. Furthermore, we detect that the relationship between economic growth and overall liberalization of financial services trade is better described as the form of a U-shaped curve.
Our second empirical result is that European and Central Asian countries, high-income countries, higher per capita GDP, higher financial trade size, greater control of corruption, lower degree of corruption, more power of the legal system, higher quality of bureaucracy, lower level of perceived corruption, and more liberal trade and financial policy altogether contribute to the explanation of greater degree of liberalization in banking services commitments, whereas Latin American and Caribbean countries, countries with membership in either Cairns Group or so-called MFA group, higher volatility of inflation rate, and more restriction on bank’s activities in securities, insurance, real estate, and nonfinancial firms entirely play a role in the determination of lower level of banking services commitments.
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Barro, R., and X. Sala-i-Martin (2004), Economic Growth, 2nd edition, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Barth, J., G. Caprio Jr., and R. Levine (2006), Rethinking Bank Regulation: Till Angels Govern, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Beck, T., A. Demirgüç-Kunt, and R. Levine (2000), "A New Database on Financial Development and Structure," World Bank Economic Review, 14, 597-605.
Bekaert, G., and C. R. Harvey (2000), “Foreign Speculators and Emerging Equity Markets,” Journal of Finance, 55(2), 565-613.
Bekaert, G., C. R. Harvey, and C. Lundblad (2001), “Emerging Equity Markets and Economic Development,” Journal of Development Economics, 66, 465-504.
Bekaert, G., C. R. Harvey, and C. Lundblad (2005), “Does Financial Liberalization Spur Growth?” Journal of Financial Economics, 77, 3-55.
Bikker, J. A., and K. Haaf (2002), “Competition, Concentration and Their Relationship: An Empirical Analysis of the Banking Industry,” Journal of Banking and Finance, 26, 2191-2214.
Bosworth, M., C. Findlay, R. Trewin, and T. Warren (2000), “Price-impact Measures of Impediments to Services Trade,” in Impediments to Trade in Services: Measurement and Policy Implications, eds. C. Findlay and T. Warren, 42-51, London: Routledge
Claessens, S., A. Demirgüç-Kunt, and H. Huizinga (2001), “How Does Foreign Entry Affect Domestic Banking Markets?” Journal of Banking and Finance, 25, 891-911.
Claessens, S., and T. Glaessner (1998), “The Internationalization of Financial Services in Asia,” Policy Research Working Paper no. 1911, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Deardorff, A. V. (1985), “Comparative Advantage and International trade and Investment in Services,” in Trade and Investment in Services: Canada/US Perspectives, eds. R. M. Stern, 39-71, Toronto: Ontario Economic Council.
Deardorff, A. V. (2001), “International Provision of Trade Services, Trade, and Fragmentation,” Review of International Economics, 9(2), 233-248.
De Gregorio, J., and P. E. Guidotti (1995), “Financial Development and Economic Growth,” World Development, 23, 433-448.
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., and E. Detragiache (2001), “Financial Liberalization and Financial Fragility,” in Financial Liberalization: How Far, How Fast? eds. G. Caprio, P. Honohan, and J. E. Stiglitz, 96-124, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., and R. Levine (1996a), “Stock Market, Corporate Finance, and Economic Growth: An Overview,” The World Bank Economic Review, 10, 223-239.
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., and R. Levine (1996b), “Stock Market Development and Financial Intermediaries: Stylized Facts,” The World Bank Economic Review, 10, 291-321.
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., and R. Levine (2001), “Bank-Based and Market-Based Financial Systems: Cross-Country Comparisons,” in Financial Structure and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Comparison of Banks, Markets, and Development, eds. A. Demirgüç-Kunt and R. Levine, 81-140, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Eschenbach, F., J. F. Francois, and L. Schuknecht (2000), “Financial Sector Openness and Economic Growth,” in The Internationalization of Financial Services: Issues and Lessons for Developing Countries, eds. S. Claessens and M. Jansen, 103-115, London: Kluwer Law International.
Finger, J. M., and L. Schuknecht (2001), “Market Access Advances and Retreats: The Uruguay Round and Beyond,” in Developing Countries and the WTO: A Pro-Active Agenda, eds. B. Hoekman and W. Martin, Oxford: Blackwell.
Francois, J. F., and L. Schuknecht (1999), “International Trade in Financial Services, Competition, and Growth Performance,” CEPR Discussion Paper no. 2144, London: Centre for Economic Policy Research.
Gawande, K. (1998), “Comparing Theories of Endogenous Protection: Bayesian Comparison of Tobit Models using Gibbs Sampling Output,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 80, 128-140.
Gawande, K., and U. Bandyopadhyay (2000), “Is Protection for Sale? Evidence on the Grossman-Helpman Theory of Endogenous Protection,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 82, 139-152.
Greenaway, D., W. Morgan, and P. Wright (1998), “Trade Reform, Adjustment and Growth: What Does the Evidence Tell Us?” Economic Journal, 108, 1547-1561.
Grossman, G. M., and E. Helpman (1994), “Protection for Sale,” American Economic Review, 84, 833-850.
Grossman, G. M., and E. Helpman (1995), “Trade Wars and Trade Talks,” Journal of Political Economy, 103, 675-708.
Harms, P., A. Mattoo, and L. Schuknecht (2003), “Explaining Liberalization Commitments in Financial Services Trade,” Review of World Economics, 139, 82-113.
Henry, P. B. (2000), “Do Stock Market Liberalizations Cause Investment Booms?” Journal of Financial Economics, 58, 301-334.
Hillman, A. L. (1989), The Political Economy of Protection, New York: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Hoekman, B., and M. Kostecki (2001), The Political Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and Beyond, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Hoekman, B. (1995), “Tentative First Step: An Assessment of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Services,” Policy Research Working Paper no. 1455, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Hoekman, B. (1996), “Assessing the General Agreement on Trade in Services,” in The Uruguay Round and the Developing Countries, eds. W. Martin and L. A. Winters, 88-124, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Hoekman, B., and C. A. Primo Braga (1997), “Protection and Trade in Services: A Survey,” Open Economies Review, 8, 285-308.
International Monetary Fund (1993), Balance of Payments Manual, fifth edition, Washington, D. C.: International Monetary Fund.
Kaminsky, G. L., and S. L. Schmukler (2003), “Short-Run Pain, Long-Run Gain: The Effects of Financial Liberalization,” IMF Working Paper WP/03/34, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
Kaufmann, D., A. Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi (2005), "Governance Matters IV: Governance Indicators for 1996-2004," Draft, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Kawakatsu, H., and M. R. Morey (1999), “An Empirical Examination of Financial Liberalization and the Efficiency of Emerging Market Stock Prices,” Journal of Financial Research, 22, 385–411.
Kono, M., P. Low, M. Luanga, A. Mattoo, M. Oshikawa, L. Schuknecht (1997), “Opening Markets in Financial Services and the Role of the GATS,” WTO Special Studies No.1, Geneva: World Trade Organization.
Lee, J. W., and P. Swagel (1997), “Trade Barriers and Trade Flows across Countries and Industries,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 79, 372-382.
Levine, R. (2001), “International Financial Liberalization and Economic Growth,” Review of International Economics, 9, 688-702.
Levine, R., N. Loayza, and T. Beck (2000). “Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes.” Journal of Monetary Economics 46, 31-77.
Levine, R., and S. Zervos (1998), “Stock Market, Banks and Economic Growth,” American Economic Review, 88(3), 537-558.
Magee, S. P. (1997), “Endogenous Protection: A Survey,” in Perspectives on Public Choice: A Handbook, eds. D. C. Mueller, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Magee, S. P., W. A. Brock, and L. Young (1989), Black Hole Tariffs and Endogenous Policy Theory: Political Economy in General Equilibrium, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Marvel, H. P., and E. J. Ray (1983), “The Kennedy Round: Evidence on the Regulation of International Trade in the United States,” American Economic Review, 73, 190-197.
Marvel, H. P., and E. J. Ray (1985), “Intraindustry Trade: Sources and Effects on Protection,” Journal of Political Economy, 95, 1278-1291.
Mattoo, A. (1998), “Financial Services and the WTO: Liberalization in the Developing and Transition Economies,” Staff Working Paper TISD9803, Geneva: World Trade Organization.
Mattoo, A. (2000), “Financial Services and the WTO: Liberalization Commitments of the Developing and Transition Economies,” World Economy, 23(3), 351-386.
Mattoo, A., R. Rathindran, and A. Subramanian (2006), “Measuring Services Trade Liberalization and Its Impact on Economic Growth: An Illustration,” Journal of Economic Integration, 21, 64-98.
Maurer, A. (2005), “Economic Importance of Cross-border Trade in Services—Recent Developments,” Symposium on the Cross-border Supply of Services, 28-29 April 2005, Geneva: World Trade Organization.
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McGuire, G., and M. Schuele (2000), “Restrictiveness of International Trade in Banking Services,” in Impediments to Trade in Services: Measurement and Policy Implications, eds. C. Findlay and T. Warren, 172-188, London: Routledge.
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Qian, Y. (2000), “Financial Services Liberalization and GATS,” in The Internationalization of Financial Services: Issues and Lessons for Developing Countries, eds. S. Claessens and M. Jansen, 63-101, London: Kluwer Law International.
Ray, E. J. (1981a), “The Determinants of Tariff and Nontariff Trade Restrictions in the U.S.,” Journal of Political Economy, 89, 105-121.
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Rodrik, D. (1995), “Political Economy of Trade Policy,” in Handbook of International Economics, Vol. III, eds. G. M. Grossman and K. Rogoff, 1457-1494, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Rousseau, P. L., and P. Wachtel (2000), “Equity Markets and Growth: Cross Country Evidence on Timing and Outcomes, 1980—95,” Journal of Banking and Finance, 24, 1933-1957.
Sachs, J. D., and A. Warner (1995), “Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995, 1-118.
Shen, C. H., and C. C. Lee (2006), “Same Financial Development Yet Different Economic Growth—Why?” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 38(7), 1907-1944.
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Tamirisa, N., P. Sorsa, G. Bannister, B. McDonald, and J. Wieczorek (2000), “Trade Policy in Financial Services,” IMF Working Paper WP/00/31, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
Tornell, A., F. Westermann, and L. Martinez (2004), “The Positive Link between Financial Liberalization Growth and Crises,” NBER Working Paper no. 10293, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Trefler, D. (1993), “Trade Liberalization and the Theory of Endogenous Protection: An Econometric Study of U.S. Import Policy,” Journal of Political Economy, 101, 138-160.
Valckx, N. (2002), “WTO Financial Services Liberalization: Measurement, Choice and Impact on Financial Stability,” Research Memorandum Wo no. 705, Amsterdam: De Nederlandsche Bank.
Valckx, N. (2004), “WTO financial services commitments: Determinants and impact on financial stability,” International Review of Financial Analysis, 13, 517-541.
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描述 博士
國立政治大學
財政研究所
91255503
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0912555032
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 沈中華zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 梁景洋zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 梁景洋zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 11:03:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 11:03:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 11:03:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0912555032en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34744-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 財政研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91255503zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 無zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The focus of this dissertation maintains three parts. The first contribution is mainly to improve and modify the approach to measuring the financial liberalization index based on the financial services commitments which have submitted to the WTO. These improvements include further scoring for partial commitments, covering four modes of supply on trade in services and all activities listed in the Annex on Financial Services, and assigning weights to four modes of supply. The second purpose of this dissertation attempts to investigate the effect of financial liberalization on economic growth by employing our newly constructed financial liberalization index under the WTO. The third aim is concerned with the examination of what determines a country’s level of commitments in financial services under the WTO.
Our newly calculated financial liberalization index displays that the degree of financial liberalization is positively correlated with income level under modes 1, mode 2, and mode 3, but not mode 4. We also detect that East Asian and Pacific, and Latin American and Caribbean countries are inclined to accept more liberal commitments on mode 3 compared to other modes, whereas European and Central Asian, and North American countries tend to approve a smaller degree of liberalization on mode 3 as compared with mode 1 and mode 2. In addition, the liberalization in relation to market access and national treatment is highly correlated. Furthermore, a member country with a high degree of liberalization in one of the two financial subsectors, insurance and banking, tends to also have a high degree of liberalization in the other subsector.
There are two main empirical results. First, we find that there is a positive relationship between banking sector competition and our new measure of liberalization index of banking services, and between economic growth and banking industry competition. The commitment of a country to a more liberal banking sector does serve to increase its growth rate. This positive effect of banking liberalization on growth is reinforced when a government has more supervisory power and is more effective. This positive effect, however, is alleviated when there are more stringent requirements regarding capital regulations and higher level of institutional environment quality. In addition, the positive effects are assuaged when the liberalization is implemented in East Asian and Pacific, and Latin American and Caribbean countries. Furthermore, we detect that the relationship between economic growth and overall liberalization of financial services trade is better described as the form of a U-shaped curve.
Our second empirical result is that European and Central Asian countries, high-income countries, higher per capita GDP, higher financial trade size, greater control of corruption, lower degree of corruption, more power of the legal system, higher quality of bureaucracy, lower level of perceived corruption, and more liberal trade and financial policy altogether contribute to the explanation of greater degree of liberalization in banking services commitments, whereas Latin American and Caribbean countries, countries with membership in either Cairns Group or so-called MFA group, higher volatility of inflation rate, and more restriction on bank’s activities in securities, insurance, real estate, and nonfinancial firms entirely play a role in the determination of lower level of banking services commitments.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter One Introduction 1
Chapter Two The WTO Commitments and the Financial Liberalization Index 6
2.1 Introduction to the WTO schedules of commitments on financial services sector 6
2.2 Construction of the financial liberalization index under the WTO 10
2.3 The patterns of the financial liberalization under the WTO 18
Chapter Three The Financial Liberalization under the WTO and Economic Growth 44
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Econometric model 46
3.3 Descriptions and sources of data 50
3.4 Empirical results 53
Chapter Four Determinants of the Banking Liberalization under the WTO 67
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Econometric model 68
4.3 Descriptions and sources of data 76
4.4 Empirical results 79
Chapter Five Conclusions 92
References 96		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0912555032en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Financial Liberalizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) WTOen_US
dc.title (題名) Financial Liberalization under the WTO: Assessment, Impact on Growth, and Determinantsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baldwin, R. E. (1985), The Political Economy of U.S. Import Policy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barro, R., and X. Sala-i-Martin (2004), Economic Growth, 2nd edition, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barth, J., G. Caprio Jr., and R. Levine (2006), Rethinking Bank Regulation: Till Angels Govern, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beck, T., A. Demirgüç-Kunt, and R. Levine (2000), "A New Database on Financial Development and Structure," World Bank Economic Review, 14, 597-605.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bekaert, G., and C. R. Harvey (2000), “Foreign Speculators and Emerging Equity Markets,” Journal of Finance, 55(2), 565-613.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bekaert, G., C. R. Harvey, and C. Lundblad (2001), “Emerging Equity Markets and Economic Development,” Journal of Development Economics, 66, 465-504.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bekaert, G., C. R. Harvey, and C. Lundblad (2005), “Does Financial Liberalization Spur Growth?” Journal of Financial Economics, 77, 3-55.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bikker, J. A., and K. Haaf (2002), “Competition, Concentration and Their Relationship: An Empirical Analysis of the Banking Industry,” Journal of Banking and Finance, 26, 2191-2214.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bosworth, M., C. Findlay, R. Trewin, and T. Warren (2000), “Price-impact Measures of Impediments to Services Trade,” in Impediments to Trade in Services: Measurement and Policy Implications, eds. C. Findlay and T. Warren, 42-51, London: Routledgezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Claessens, S., A. Demirgüç-Kunt, and H. Huizinga (2001), “How Does Foreign Entry Affect Domestic Banking Markets?” Journal of Banking and Finance, 25, 891-911.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Claessens, S., and T. Glaessner (1998), “The Internationalization of Financial Services in Asia,” Policy Research Working Paper no. 1911, Washington, DC: World Bank.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Deardorff, A. V. (1985), “Comparative Advantage and International trade and Investment in Services,” in Trade and Investment in Services: Canada/US Perspectives, eds. R. M. Stern, 39-71, Toronto: Ontario Economic Council.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Deardorff, A. V. (2001), “International Provision of Trade Services, Trade, and Fragmentation,” Review of International Economics, 9(2), 233-248.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) De Gregorio, J., and P. E. Guidotti (1995), “Financial Development and Economic Growth,” World Development, 23, 433-448.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Demirgüç-Kunt, A., and E. Detragiache (2001), “Financial Liberalization and Financial Fragility,” in Financial Liberalization: How Far, How Fast? eds. G. Caprio, P. Honohan, and J. E. Stiglitz, 96-124, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Demirgüç-Kunt, A., and R. Levine (1996a), “Stock Market, Corporate Finance, and Economic Growth: An Overview,” The World Bank Economic Review, 10, 223-239.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Demirgüç-Kunt, A., and R. Levine (1996b), “Stock Market Development and Financial Intermediaries: Stylized Facts,” The World Bank Economic Review, 10, 291-321.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Demirgüç-Kunt, A., and R. Levine (2001), “Bank-Based and Market-Based Financial Systems: Cross-Country Comparisons,” in Financial Structure and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Comparison of Banks, Markets, and Development, eds. A. Demirgüç-Kunt and R. Levine, 81-140, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eschenbach, F., J. F. Francois, and L. Schuknecht (2000), “Financial Sector Openness and Economic Growth,” in The Internationalization of Financial Services: Issues and Lessons for Developing Countries, eds. S. Claessens and M. Jansen, 103-115, London: Kluwer Law International.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Finger, J. M., and L. Schuknecht (2001), “Market Access Advances and Retreats: The Uruguay Round and Beyond,” in Developing Countries and the WTO: A Pro-Active Agenda, eds. B. Hoekman and W. Martin, Oxford: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Francois, J. F., and L. Schuknecht (1999), “International Trade in Financial Services, Competition, and Growth Performance,” CEPR Discussion Paper no. 2144, London: Centre for Economic Policy Research.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gawande, K. (1998), “Comparing Theories of Endogenous Protection: Bayesian Comparison of Tobit Models using Gibbs Sampling Output,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 80, 128-140.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gawande, K., and U. Bandyopadhyay (2000), “Is Protection for Sale? Evidence on the Grossman-Helpman Theory of Endogenous Protection,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 82, 139-152.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greenaway, D., W. Morgan, and P. Wright (1998), “Trade Reform, Adjustment and Growth: What Does the Evidence Tell Us?” Economic Journal, 108, 1547-1561.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grossman, G. M., and E. Helpman (1994), “Protection for Sale,” American Economic Review, 84, 833-850.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grossman, G. M., and E. Helpman (1995), “Trade Wars and Trade Talks,” Journal of Political Economy, 103, 675-708.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Harms, P., A. Mattoo, and L. Schuknecht (2003), “Explaining Liberalization Commitments in Financial Services Trade,” Review of World Economics, 139, 82-113.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Henry, P. B. (2000), “Do Stock Market Liberalizations Cause Investment Booms?” Journal of Financial Economics, 58, 301-334.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hillman, A. L. (1989), The Political Economy of Protection, New York: Harwood Academic Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hoekman, B., and M. Kostecki (2001), The Political Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and Beyond, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hoekman, B. (1995), “Tentative First Step: An Assessment of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Services,” Policy Research Working Paper no. 1455, Washington, DC: World Bank.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hoekman, B. (1996), “Assessing the General Agreement on Trade in Services,” in The Uruguay Round and the Developing Countries, eds. W. Martin and L. A. Winters, 88-124, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hoekman, B., and C. A. Primo Braga (1997), “Protection and Trade in Services: A Survey,” Open Economies Review, 8, 285-308.zh_TW
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